Submitted by Secretaria Pós de Produção (tpp@vm.uff.br) on 2017-07-27T20:01:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 D2014 - Helder Cesar Tinoco.pdf: 6602828 bytes, checksum: c205d6b3a325570344d5e51284eee91e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-27T20:01:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 D2014 - Helder Cesar Tinoco.pdf: 6602828 bytes, checksum: c205d6b3a325570344d5e51284eee91e (MD5) / O ruído ocupacional é responsável por cerca de 20% das perdas auditivas induzidas por ruído (PAIR). Doença oriunda da exposição aos níveis elevados de pressão sonora ao longo dos anos gera perdas auditivas progressivas e irreversíveis, além de sintomas tais como: zumbidos, tontura, dor de cabeça, distúrbios gástricos, estresse e alterações transitórias na pressão arterial, podendo ainda prejudicar a visão, atenção, memória, sono e humor. Neste contexto, o objetivo desta pesquisa é apresentar uma sistemática para verificação dos fatores de risco que impactam na perda auditiva induzida pelo ruído na indústria e na utilização de equipamento de proteção individual auditiva – EPI. Para isso, inicialmente foi realizado um levantamento do estado da arte, com base na estruturação de um quadro referencial teórico dos subconstructos relacionados ao assunto em tela, desde agosto de 2012 até setembro de 2014, baseado numa pesquisa bibliográfica de publicações indexadas ou catalogadas na base de dados do portal de Periódicos Capes. Como opção metodológica, a partir da revisão de literatura definiu-se um total de 14 subconstructos para a pesquisa, sendo eles: idade; sexo; perdas auditivas; conforto do EPI; índice de risco; formação; barreiras; cultura de segurança; percepção do risco; percepção dos efeitos; expectativa; valorização dos resultados; comportamento de risco e produtos químicos ototóxicos. O presente trabalho - incidindo sobre uma amostra de 278 trabalhadores industriais expostos a níveis de pressões sonoras superiores a 80 dB (A) – utilizou como instrumento de análise de dados a análise multivariada pelas técnicas de correlação de Pearson e regressão linear múltipla, aplicadas sobre as variáveis identificadas. Para consolidação dos resultados, a análise fatorial permitiu obter uma estimativa dos efeitos diretos e indiretos de um conjunto de fatores relacionados à PAIR e ao uso do EPI. Concluiu-se que um efetivo entendimento dos empregados acerca do risco ocupacional perante o agente físico ruído mostrou influenciar no uso do EPI auditivo. Verificou-se ainda que a percepção dos efeitos gerados pela PAIR parece influenciar no desenvolvimento desta doença ocupacional, podendo inclusive influenciar positivamente para o desenvolvimento de comportamentos seguros pelos empregados. / Occupational noise is responsible for about 20% of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Disease arising from exposure to high sound pressure levels over the years causes progressive and irreversible hearing loss, and symptoms such as tinnitus, dizziness, headache, stomach upset, transient changes in blood pressure, stress, vision disturbances, attention, memory, sleep and mood. In this context, the objective of this research is to present a systematic check of the risk factors that impact the industry in noise-induced hearing loss in industry and in the use of hearing protective equipment - PPE. A survey of the state of the art was done based on the structure of a framework of theoretical subconstructs related to the subject was conducted from August 2012 until September 2014, based on a literature search of publications indexed or cataloged in the database of the website Capes. As a methodological option, from the literature review defined a total of 13 subconstructs for research, which are: age; sex; hearing loss; risk index; training; barriers; safety culture; risk perception; perception of effects; expectation and valuation of results; risk behavior and chemicals ototoxic drugs. This work - focusing on a sample of 278 industrial workers exposed to sound pressure levels above 80 dB (A) - used as a tool for data analysis multivariate analysis by multiple linear techniques Pearson correlation and regression, applied on variables identified. To consolidate the results, the factor analysis yielded an estimate of direct and indirect of a set of factors related to NIHL effects. It was concluded that an effective understanding of employees about occupational exposures to physical agents showed noise influence the use of hearing PPE. It was also found that the perception of the effects generated by PAIR appears to influence the development of this occupational disease, and may also positively influence the development of safety behavior by employees.

Personnel who work on the flight deck of an aircraft carrier are exposed to extreme levels of jet engine noise often in excess of 140 decibels (dB). The current circumaural hearing protective devices (CAHPD) employed by flight deck crewmen are inadequate for the level of protection required for these extreme levels of noise. Fiber-reinforced thermoset polymer composite (FRPC) materials such as aramid fibers used in body armor, have high theoretical values of acoustic impedance due to a fundamentally high modulus of elasticity and may offer a superior level of hearing protection over original equipment (OE) thermoplastic CAHPDs. The objective of this project was to measure and evaluate the attenuation of CAHPD’s constructed from FRPC materials. FRPC CAHPD ear cups were paired with OE thermoplastic CAHPD ear cups of equal shape and thickness, and the protected and unprotected A-weighted sound pressure level (SPL) was measured in continuous and impulse noise environments >80 dBA using a JOLENE manikin. These data were evaluated for paired differences between the protected and unprotected mean SPL, and OE protected and FRPC protected mean SPL and indicates that OE thermoplastic CAHPDs provide greater sound attenuation of continuous noise >80 dBA and aramid FRPC CAHPDs provide greater sound attenuation of impulse noise >80 dBA.

Abstract Military aviation is characterised by challenging working environments. Even though flying is a heavily visual task, much of the most important information is expressed aurally, via radio. The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of radio communication in military aviation environments, the effect of workload on radio communication, as well as the functionality of a new hearing protection system. Flight simulator (F/A-18 Hornet simulator) and heart rate analysis were used to analyse the effect of an increased workload on radio communication. In addition to this, two survey studies were conducted, the first to investigate the prevalence and nature of radio communication problems in military aviation environments, and the second for evaluating the functionality of a new hearing protection solution (moulded communication ear plugs, m-CEPs) for military pilots. In the flight simulator, pilots’ heart rate reflected the level of mental workload. Changes in radio communication were observed during a high workload: The total amount of communication, as well as informing and requesting messages increased. A decrease in acknowledgements was observed. This reflects a change in the team communication tactics during information-loaded flight phases. In survey studies, radio speech communication problems occurred during 14% of the flight time. The most prevalent problems included multiple speakers and overlapping speech on the radio frequency band, missing acknowledgments, and high background noise, especially during helicopter operations. During their career, 18% of the respondents had encountered a potentially dangerous event caused by radio communication problems. The pilots reported a high motivation to use enhanced hearing protection systems. m-CEPs were shown to be a promising tool for improving hearing protection and radio communication: they were considered to be better than the previous hearing protectors, and the pilots reported that they improve the experienced speech intelligibility. However, discomfort and technical problems remain a problem. In the challenging hearing conditions of military aviation, the high quality of radio communication and hearing protection remain important. In the future, radio communication training should be improved and focused on team communication training. The technical development of hearing protection devices should be continued to assure the best possible comfort and technical reliability. / Tiivistelmä Sotilaslentäjä työskentelee fyysisesti, psyykkisesti ja kognitiivisesti hyvin haastavassa monitehtäväympäristössä. Radiopuheviestinnän onnistuminen on lentoturvallisuuden ja tehtävätehokkuuden kannalta olennaista, sillä merkittävä osa turvallisuuden kannalta kriittisestä informaatiosta välitetään puheella radioteitse. Tämän väitöstutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää radiopuheviestinnän ongelmien esiintymistä ja luonnetta, kuormituksen vaikutusta radiopuheviestintään sekä uuden kuulonsuojausjärjestelmän toimivuutta sotilaslentäjän työssä. Tutkimus toteutettiin lentosimulaattorissa sekä kahdella kyselytutkimuksella. F/A-18 Hornet -simulaattorissa tutkittiin sykeanalyysin avulla lentotehtävän psyykkisen kuormituksen vaikutusta radiopuheviestintään. Kyselytutkimuksilla selvitettiin radiopuheviestintäongelmien yleisyyttä ja luonnetta sekä uuteen kuulonsuojausjärjestelmään (yksilöllisesti valettu kommunikaatiokuulosuojain) liittyviä tekijöitä. Sykeanalyysi osoittautui käyttökelpoiseksi psyykkisen kuormituksen arviontiin simulaattorissa. Radiopuheviestintä muuttui kuormittavassa lentovaiheessa: viestinnän määrä lisääntyi; informoivat ja kysyvät viestit lisääntyivät; ja kuittaukset vähenivät. Kyselytutkimuksissa lennon aikaisia radiopuheviestinnän ongelmia raportoitiin esiintyvän 14 % lentoajasta. Suuri puhujien määrä ja päällekkäinen puhe radiojaksolla, kuittausten puuttuminen sekä taustamelu varsinkin helikopteritoiminnassa olivat merkittävimpiä ongelmia. Vastaajista 18 % kertoi kohdanneensa urallaan läheltä piti- tai vaaratilanteen, johon radiopuheviestinnän ongelma oli myötävaikuttanut. Lentäjät olivat hyvin motivoituneita käyttämään uusia kuulonsuojausjärjestelmiä. Yksilöllisesti valetut kommunikaatiokuulosuojaimet vaikuttavat lupaavalta ratkaisulta kuulonsuojauksen ja viestinnän parantamiseen. Lentäjät pitivät niitä parempina kuin aiemmat kuulonsuojausjärjestelmät, ja niiden raportoitiin parantavan puheen ymmärrettävyyttä sotilasilmailun haastavissa kuunteluolosuhteissa. Mukavuusongelmia ja teknisiä ongelmia esiintyi kuitenkin edelleen runsaasti. Sotilasilmailun haastavissa kuunteluolosuhteissa laadukas radioviestintä ja toimiva kuulonsuojaus ovat tärkeitä. Radiopuheviestinnän harjoittelussa tulisi panostaa tehtäviä suorittavien ryhmien keskinäisen viestinnän (team communication) parantamiseen. Kuulonsuojausjärjestelmiä tulee edelleen kehittää.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the Quiet earplug noise protectors worn by a group of South African industrial workers exposed to excessive noise in the workplace. This was achieved by investigating the prevalence and amplitudes of distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs), as they have been found to be sensitive to the effects of noise on the cochlea (Vinck, Van Cauwenberge, Leroy,&Corthals, 1999, p. 52). DPOAEs were recorded before and after noise exposure and were compared in order to determine whether the earplugs are providing sufficient protection against cochlear damage. DPOAEs were recorded using a test protocol where the primaries are fixed at L1 = 60dB SPL and L2 = 35dB SPL (L1 - L2 = 25dB) with an f2/f1 ratio of 1.18. The f2 frequencies were selected to correspond closely to the audiometric test frequencies of 2000Hz, 3000Hz, 4000Hz, 6000Hz and 8000Hz. The study found the prevalence of DPOAEs to be statistically stable and repeatable. This was true for DPOAEs measured successively during the same test sitting, as well as comparing prevalence determined before and after exposure to eight hours of noise. DPOAE prevalence alone was therefore not found to be a good indication of the temporary threshold shift (TTS) associated with the effects of noise on the cochlea. However, a significant finding of the study was that normal DPOAEs were recorded in only six right ears (24%) and seven left ears (28%) before noise exposure, even though all the subjects presented with hearing thresholds better than 25dB SPL. This may mean that cochlear pathology is already evident in some of the subjects tested. Further results of the study showed DPOAE amplitudes to be sensitive to the negative effects of excessive noise, as there was a significant difference between DPOAE amplitudes measured before and after the noise exposure. DPOAE amplitudes, specifically in the frequencies that are known to be affected by noise such as 4000Hz and 6000Hz, measured after the work-shift were significantly smaller than those measured before exposure to noise. Although correct usage of the earplugs could not be controlled for the duration of the noise exposure, each subject was instructed on the correct usage of the hearing protection before entering the noise zone. Bearing this limitation of the study in mind, because DPOAE amplitudes were reduced the implication is that the Quiet earplugs are not providing sufficient protection against the harmful effects of noise. / Dissertation (M (Communication Pathology))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / Unrestricted

Dans de nombreuses situations civiles ou militaires, la protection de l'audition du personnel est cruciale. La perception et l'interprétation de l'environnement sonore par l'auditeur doivent cependant être préservées. Les Systèmes Tactiques de Communication et Protection (TCAPS) sont des protections auditives qui, à la fois, protègent suffisamment les oreilles de l'auditeur contre les bruits dangereux, et préservent l'intelligibilité, permettant ainsi la communication vocale à bas niveau. Des études précédentes ont cependant démontré que les TCAPS continuent de détériorer la perception de l'environnement sonore de l'auditeur, en particulier sa capacité à localiser les sources sonores. Sur le plan horizontal, la dégradation des indices acoustiques empêchant, en temps normal, l'auditeur de confondre les sources avant et arrière, en est la principale explication. Dans ce travail de thèse, une expérience subjective de localisation sonore est conduite avec six TCAPS: deux bouchons d'oreille passifs, deux bouchons d'oreilles actifs et deux casques actifs. Si aucun protecteur ne permet de retrouver les performances de la condition d'écoute normale, l'expérience permet de classifier les TCAPS du point de vue de la localisation sonore: les performances des bouchons passifs sont meilleures que celles des bouchons actifs, et les casques actifs engendrent les plus mauvaises performances. Dans le cadre de la conception et de l'évaluation des TCAPS, une méthode prédisant leur dégradation des performances de localisation sonore, basée sur des mesures électroacoustiques, serait plus adaptée que des expériences comportementales très chronophages. Dans ce contexte, deux méthodes basées sur les Fonctions de Transfert Relatives à la Tête (HRTF) mesurées sur tête artificielle sont étudiées: un processus d'appariement et un réseau de neurones à trois couches. Ils sont optimisés pour reproduire les performances de localisation humaine en condition d'écoute normale. Les méthodes sont ensuite appliquées aux HRTF mesurées avec les six TCAPS, et prédisent des probabilités de localisation en fonction de la position. Comparé aux résultats de l'expérience subjective, le réseau de neurones prédit des performances réalistes avec les bouchons d'oreille, mais surestime les erreurs avec les casques. Le modèle d'appariement prédit correctement les performances de localisation. Toutefois, la vraisemblance de ses distributions de probabilité avec les observations subjectives demeure plus faible que celle du réseau de neurones. Pour finir, les deux méthodes développées dans cette étude sont indépendantes de la tête artificielle utilisée, et peuvent être utilisées pour évaluer non seulement des prototypes de TCAPS, mais aussi des prothèses auditives. / In many civilian or military situations, hearing protection is of major importance. The listener's acoustical situational awareness must however also be preserved. Tactical Communication and Protective Systems (TCAPS) are hearing protection devices that sufficiently protect the listener's ears from hazardous sounds and preserve speech intelligibility, thus allowing low-level speech communication. However, previous studies demonstrated that TCAPS still deteriorate the listener's situational awareness, in particular the ability to locate sound sources. On the horizontal plane, this is mainly explained by the degradation of the acoustical cues normally preventing the listener from making front-back confusions. In the present PhD work, a behavioral sound localization experiment is conducted with six TCAPS: two passive and two active earplugs, and two active earmuffs. The performance in open ear condition is not retrieved with any protector, but the experiment ranks the TCAPS by type: passive earplugs lead to better performance than active earplugs, and active earmuffs induce the worst performance. As part of TCAPS development and assessment, a method predicting the protector-induced degradation of the sound localization capability, and based on electroacoustic measurements, would be more suitable than time-consuming behavioral experiments. In this context, two methods based on Head-Related Transfer Functions (HRTFs) measured on an artificial head are investigated: a template-matching model and a three-layer neural network. They are optimized to fit human sound localization performance in open ear condition. The methods are applied to the HRTFs measured with the six TCAPS, providing position-dependent localization probabilities. Compared with the behavioral results, the neural network predicts realistic performances with earplugs, but overestimates errors with earmuffs. The template-matching model predicts human performance well. However, the likelihood of the resulting probability distributions with the behavioral observations is lower than that of the neural network. Finally, both methods developed in this study are independent of the artificial head used, and can be applied to assess not only TCAPS prototypes, but also hearing aids.

<p>  </p> <p>Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a significant occupational health concern in the construction industry, necessitating effective hearing protection for workers. This project explores the detrimental consequences of environmental pollutants, specifically noise pollution common in construction settings. The research incorporates user interviews with construction workers and managers to identify challenges and motivations surrounding the use of hearing protection devices.</p> <p>My findings underscore the necessity of addressing pollution in the construction industry to safeguard the well-being of workers. Noise pollution emerges as a primary concern, leading to hearing loss, stress, decreased productivity, and safety hazards. The research revealed that workers grapple with obstacles, including discomfort, lack of awareness, and cost barriers, while also recognizing driving forces, including fear of hearing loss and the encouragement of supervisors. The design process involved thorough research, including a literature review, competitive analysis, and semi-structured user interviews, resulting in an advanced hearing protection device that prioritizes effective communication, cleanliness, and user comfort. The final product incorporates innovative features such as lighting indicators, a compact charging case, strategically positioned buttons, secure fit with magnets, and a range of color options. Furthermore, the accompanying application features customizable ambient sounds, performance feedback, and gamification elements.</p>

Noise pollution is widespread in today’s society, from traffic to industrial sources, and many people are confined to unhealthy acoustic environments through their employment. When noise cannot be eliminated at the sound source, the protective measure is usually to equip the employee with hearing protection devices (HPDs), e.g. earmuffs, that attenuates the noise. Applying excessive attenuation can render the wearer disconnected from her acoustic environment and present risks and social isolation. HPDs using level-dependent function (LDF) uses ambient microphones together with a signal processing unit and internal loudspeakers to achieve attenuation flexibility – if ambient noise is low, the loudspeakers can amplify the sound to combat an excessive passive attenuation of the HPD, and if ambient noise is high this amplification is decreased to maintain healthy sound levels. Appropriate levels of attenuation allows the user to detect ambient sounds which contributes to the their situational awareness. Besides attenuating the sounds however, HPDs does change the spectral content of the sound which may complicate the ability to identify them. This thesis has focused on exploring the human ability to identify sounds, design a method for measuring this ability, implement it and evaluate its result and the method itself. The thesis has been conducted in collaboration with 3MTM PeltorTM and was intended to evaluate the effect of earmuffs with LDF on the ability to identify sounds in a process industry soundscape. The progression of the thesis was structured within the Double Diamond process, where literature reviews, benchmarking and workshops informed the research and resulted in a method design that was analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA based on empirical data from 16 participants. Surprisingly, the results showed no statistically significant advantage from wearing a HPD using LDF, as opposed to no LDF, in the user accuracy or certainty in sound identification. The reasons for this are discussed with a focus on evaluating the usefulness of the designed method in future efforts to develop HPDs that afford reliable sound identification. / Bullerföroreningar är ett utbrett problem i dagens samhälle, från trafik till industriella källor, och många människor är låsta till en ohälsosam akustisk miljö via sin anställning. När buller inte kan elimineras vid ljudkällan är skyddsåtgärden vanligtvis att förse arbetstagaren med hörselskydd, exempelvis hörselkåpor, som dämpar bullret. Att använda en överdriven dämpning kan dock göra att användaren avskiljs helt från sin akustiska miljö och innebära risker samt social isolering. Hörselskydd utrustade med nivåberoende funktion (LDF) använder mikrofoner tillsammans med en signalbehandlingsenhet och interna högtalare för att uppnå flexibilitet i dämpningen – om omgivande buller är lågt kan högtalarna förstärka ljudet för att motverka en överdriven passiv dämpning erbjuden av hörselskyddet, om omgivande buller däremot är högt kan denna förstärkning minskas för att vidhålla sunda ljudnivåer. Lämpliga dämpningsnivåer gör att användaren kan upptäcka omgivande ljud som bidrar till deras situationsmedvetenhet. Förutom att dämpa ljuden så ändrar dock hörselskydd också det spektrala innehållet i ljudet vilket kan komplicera förmågan att identifiera ljuden. Denna masteruppsats har fokuserat på att utforska människans förmåga att identifiera ljud, utforma en metod för att mäta denna förmåga, implementera metoden och utvärdera dess resultat samt metoden i sig. Uppsatsen har genomförts i samarbete med 3MTM PeltorTM och var avsedd att utvärdera effekten av hörselkåpor, utrustade med LDF, på förmågan att identifiera ljud i ett ljudlandskap likt det i en processindustri. Projektet var strukturerad enligt Double Diamondprocessen, där litteraturstudier, benchmarking och workshops har informerat och väglett arbetet och resulterat i en metod som analyserats med hjälp av variansanalys baserat på empiriska data från 16 deltagare. Överraskande nog så visade resultaten ingen statistiskt signifikant fördel med att bära ett hörselskydd som är utrustat med LDF till skillnad från ett hörselskydd som saknar denna funktion, vad gäller användarens förmåga att korrekt identifiera ljud samt rapporterad säkerhet i svaren. Orsaker till detta diskuteras med fokus på att utvärdera användbarheten av den utformade metoden i framtida ansträngningar för att utveckla hörselskydd som erbjuder tillförlitlig ljudidentifiering.

El desarrollo de la presente tesis busco comprobar los errores en la aplicación de la identificación de peligros, evaluación de riesgos y Controles (IPERC), el grado de compromiso del trabajador y la política del sistema de gestión de seguridad y salud en el trabajo, con el objetivo determinar una propuesta para mejorar la aplicación del Sistema de gestión de seguridad y salud en el trabajo para reducir la perdida de la capacidad auditiva denominada “hipoacusia profesional” en los trabajadores del área de compactación de una Empresa Distribuidora de Gas Natural en Lima Metropolitana. Durante el desarrollo se identificó en el área de compactación un porcentaje del 55% de trabajadores con hipoacusia profesional. Para identificar el peligro potencial de esta enfermedad ocupacional se realizó mediciones de la exposición al ruido en los trabajadores, determinando que la contaminación presentada durante sus actividades alcanzaron niveles de 98.90 dB superando los limites máximos permisibles de 85 dB para una jornada de 8 horas (Decreto supremo 357, 2012) convirtiéndose en el mayor riesgo del lugar de trabajo. La propuesta de mejora en el Sistema de gestión de seguridad y salud en el trabajo fue el de proponer una nueva matriz de identificación de peligros, evaluación de riesgos y controles (IPERC) estableciendo nuevos controles para reducir el riesgo por la exposición del ruido, para esto se calculo la protección auditiva adecuada para resguardar la salud del trabajador, proponiendo una doble protección auditiva; se buscó tener un personal capacitado para el puesto proponiendo un programa de certificación de trabajadores del área de compactación. Además de proponer un programa de incentivos para mejorar el compromiso del trabajador que cumpla con los estándares de seguridad y salud en el trabajo. The development of this thesis looking check for errors in the application of hazard identification, risk assessment and controls (IPERC), the degree of commitment and political worker management system safety and health at work, with the aim to determine a proposal for improving the implementation of the management system of health and safety at work to reduce the loss of hearing called "professional hearing loss" workers in the area of compaction of a Natural Gas Distribution Company in Delhi . During development it was identified in the compaction area percentage of 55% of hearing loss professional workers. To identify the potential of this occupational disease risk exposure measurements were performed on workers to noise, pollution determining that presented during their activities reached 98.90 dB levels exceeding the maximum permissible limits of 85 dB for an 8-hour day (decree Supreme 357, 2012) becoming the greatest risk in the workplace. The proposed improvement in the management system of health and safety at work was to propose a new array of hazard identification, risk assessment and controls (IPERC) establishing new controls to reduce the risk of noise exposure to this proper hearing protection was calculated to protect worker health, proposing a double hearing protection; He sought to have qualified for the position proposing a certification program area workers compaction staff. In addition to proposing an incentive program to improve employee engagement that meets the standards of safety and health at work.