<div>Thermal management in next generation power electronic devices, radar applications and semiconductor packaging architectures is becoming increasingly challenging due to the need to reject localized high heat fluxes as well as large total powers. Air cooling has been considered as a simple and reliable method for thermal management compared to architectures that incorporate liquid cooling. However, air-cooled heat sinks typically require effective heat spreading to provide the requisite level of area enhancement to dissipate high heat fluxes. Compared to solid metallic heat spreaders, advanced heat sinks that incorporate two-phase heat transfer devices such as vapor chambers can significantly enhance the power dissipation capabilities in such configurations. Vapor chambers are devices that utilize evaporation/boiling processes within a sealed cavity to achieve efficient heat spreading. In high-heat-flux applications, boiling can occur within the internal wick structure of the vapor chamber at the location of the heat input (i.e., the evaporator). The maximum dryout heat flux and thermal resistance of the device is dictated by the resulting two-phase flow and heat transfer in the porous evaporator due to boiling. While various works in the literature have introduced new evaporator wick designs to improve the dryout heat flux during boiling, the enhancement is limited to small, millimeter scale hotspots or at a very high thermal resistance. In additixon, the effective design of such evaporator systems requires mechanistic models that can accurately predict the dryout limit and thermal performance. </div><div> This thesis first explores the usage of a novel ‘two-layer’ evaporator wick for passive high heat flux dissipation over large heater areas at a low thermal resistance. Moreover, a new mechanistic (first principles based) model framework is introduced for dryout limit and thermal performance prediction during boiling in capillary fed evaporators, by considering the resulting simultaneous flow of two phases (liquid and vapor) within the microscale porous media.</div><div> The novel two-layer wick concept uses a thick ‘cap’ layer of porous material to feed liquid to a thin ‘base’ layer through an array of vertical liquid-feeding ‘posts’. Vapor ‘vents’ in the cap layer allow for vapor formed during the boiling process (which is constrained to the base layer) to escape out of the wick. This two-layer structure decouples the functions of liquid resupply and capillary-fed boiling heat transfer, making the design realize high heat flux dissipation greater than 500 W/cm2 over large heat input areas of ~1 cm2. A reduced-order model is first developed to demonstrate the performance of a vapor chamber incorporating such a two-layer evaporator wick design. The model comprises simplified hydraulic and thermal resistance networks for predicting the capillary-limited maximum heat flux and the overall thermal resistance, respectively. The reduced-order model is validated against a higher fidelity numerical model and then used to analyze the performance of the vapor chamber with varying two-layer wick geometric feature sizes. The fabrication of the proposed two-layer wick is then presented. The thermal performance of the fabricated wicks is characterized using a boiling test facility that utilizes high speed visualization to identify the characteristic regimes of boiling operation in the wicks. The performance is also benchmarked to conventional single-layer wicks. </div><div> It is observed that single-layer wicks exhibit an unfavorable boiling regime where the center of the heater area dries out locally, leading to a high value of thermal resistance. The two-layer wicks avoid local dryout due to the distributed feeding provided by the posts and enhance the dryout heat flux significantly compared to single-layer wicks. A two-layer design that consists of a 10 × 10 array of liquid feeding posts provided a 400% improvement in the dryout heat flux. Following a parametric analysis of the effect of particle size, two-layer wicks composed of 180 – 212 µm particles and a 15 × 15 array of liquid feeding posts yielded a maximum heat flux dissipation of 485 W/cm2 over a 1 cm2 heat input area while also maintaining a low thermal resistance of only ~0.052 K/W. The effect of vapor venting and liquid-feeding areas is also experimentally studied. By understanding these effects, a parametrically optimized design is fabricated and shown to demonstrate an extremely high dryout limit of 512 W/cm2. We identify that the unique area-scalability of the two-layer wick design allows it to achieve an unprecedented combination of high total power and low-thermal-resistance heat dissipation over larger areas than was previously possible in the literature.</div><div> The results from the characterization of two-layer wicks revealed that the overall performance of the design was limited by the boiling process in the thin base wick layer. A fundamental model-based understanding of the resulting two-phase flow and heat transfer process in such thin capillary-fed porous media was still lacking. This lack of a mechanistic model precluded the accurate prediction of dryout heat flux and thermal performance of the two-layer wick. Moreover, such an understanding is needed for the optimal design of advanced hybrid evaporator wicks that leverage capillary-fed boiling. Despite the existence of various experimental works, there are currently no mechanistic approaches that model this behavior. To fill this unmet need, this thesis presents a new semi-empirical model for prediction of dryout and thermal resistance of capillary-fed evaporator systems. Thermal conduction across the solid and volumetric evaporation within the pores are solved to obtain the temperature distribution in the porous structure. Capillary-driven lateral liquid flow from the outer periphery of the evaporator to its center, with vapor flow across the thickness, is considered to obtain the local liquid and vapor pressures. Experiments are conducted on sintered copper particle evaporators of different particle sizes and heater areas to collect data for model calibration. To demonstrate the wider applicability of the model for other types of porous evaporators, the model is further calibrated against a variety of dryout limit and thermal resistance data collected from the literature. The model is shown to predict the experimentally observed trends in the dryout limit with mean particle/pore size, heater size, and evaporator thicknesses. This physics–based modeling approach is then implemented into a vapor chamber model to predict the thermal performance limits of air-cooled heat sinks with embedded vapor chambers. The governing energy and momentum equations of a low-cost analytical vapor chamber modeling approach is coupled with the evaporator model to capture the effect of boiling in the evaporator wick. An example case study illustrating the usage of the model is demonstrated and compared to a purely evaporation-based modeling approach, for quantifying the differences in dryout limit prediction, signifying the need to account for boiling in the evaporator wick. </div><div> The understanding gained from this thesis can be utilized for the prediction of dryout and thermal performance during boiling in capillary limited evaporator systems. The work also suggests the usage of a universal relative permeability correlation for the two-phase flow configuration studied herein for capillary-fed boiling, based on a wide calibration to experimental data. The modeling framework can also be readily leveraged to find novel and unexplored designs of advanced evaporator wicks. From an application standpoint, the new vapor chamber model developed here can be used for the improved estimation of performance limits specifically when high heat fluxes are encountered by the device. This will enable better and informed design of air-cooled heat sink architectures with embedded vapor chambers for high performance applications. </div><div><br></div>

Energy recovery ventilation (ERV) systems are designed to decrease the energy consumed by building HVAC systems. ERV’s scavenge sensible and latent energy from the exhaust air leaving a building or space and recycle this energy content to pre-condition the entering outdoor air. A few studies found in the open literature are dedicated to developing detailed numerical models to predict or simulate the performance of energy recovery wheels and desiccant wheels. However, the models are often computationally intensive, requiring a lot of time to perform parametric studies. For example, if the physical characteristics of a study target change (e.g., wheel diameter or depth) or if the system runs at different operating conditions (e.g., wheel rotation speed or airflow rate), the model parameters need to be recalculated. Hence, developing a mapping method with better computational efficiency, which will enable the opportunity to conduct extensive parametric or optimal design studies for different wheels is the goal of this research. In this work, finite difference method (FDM) numerical models of energy recovery wheels and desiccant wheels are established and validated with laboratory test results. The FDM models are then used to provide data for the development of performance mapping methods for an energy wheel or a desiccant wheel. After validating these new mapping approaches, they are employed using independent data sets from different laboratories and other sources available in the literature to identify their universality. One significant characteristic of the proposed mapping methods that makes the contribution unique is that once the models are trained, they can be used to predict performance for other wheels with different physical geometries or different operating conditions if the desiccant material is identical. The methods provide a computationally efficient performance prediction tool; therefore, they are ideal to integrate with transient building energy simulation software to conduct performance evaluations or optimizations of energy recovery/ desiccant wheel integrated HVAC systems.

La friture profonde de type batch a été étudiée dans le projet FUI Fry’In (Réf. AAP17, 2014-2018) dans le but de proposer des innovations de rupture pour des friteuses batch domestiques et professionnelles. La thèse a appuyé le projet sur la maîtrise de deux effets négatifs de la friture : i) la thermo-oxydation de l’huile responsable des mauvaises odeurs et produits de dégradation ainsi que ii) la prise d’huile généralement favorisée au détriment de son égouttage. L’étude a été réalisée en combinant des mesures directes (spectroscopie et imagerie infrarouges en mode ATR, photo-ionisation, mesures DSC, imagerie rapide…) et modélisation multi-échelle (écoulement de l’huile et égouttage lors du retrait, description lagrangienne des réactions en présence d’un écoulement, couplage avec les ciné-tiques de dissolution de l’oxygène). La complexité du processus de thermo-oxydation a été réduite en considérant les hydroperoxydes comme une forme de stockage organique de l’oxygène, qui propage l’oxydation dans des régions en anoxie. Leur décomposition produit de nombreux composés de scission, dont la nature est influencée par les conditions locales de température et de concentration en oxygène. La prise d’huile a été décrite comme le bilan net entre l’huile charriée au moment du retrait et l’huile égouttée. L’égouttage a été étudié sur des barreaux métalliques et des produits réels. Il se conduit à la formation de quatre à huit gouttes en quelques secondes. Les cinétiques de drainage anisothermes ont été prédites par un modèle mécanistique. Le mécanisme spécifique de prise d’huile en cours de friture a été aussi analysé ; il se produit uniquement dans le cas des produits préfrits congelés. / Batch deep-frying has been investigated within the collaborative project FUI Fry’In (ref. AAP17, 2014-2018) with the aim of proposing breakthrough innovations for small and medium size appliances. The PhD thesis was part of the project and focused on two specific adverse effects of deep-frying on food products: oil thermo-oxidation responsible for break-down products and off-flavors, and oil pickup process usually favored relatively to oil dripping. The work was carried out by combing direct measurements (FTIR-ATR spectroscopy and imaging, photoionization, DSC measurements, fast imaging…) and multiscale modeling (oil flow and oil dripping during product re-moval, Lagrangian description of reactions in aniso-thermal flows, coupling with oxygen dissolution kinetics). The complex problem of thermo-oxidation was split into simpler mechanisms by noticing that hydroperoxides are a kind of long-lived form of or-ganic oxygen, which trigger propagation in deep re-gions under anoxia. Their decomposition lead to various scission products, which were shown to be in-fluenced by both local temperature and oxygen con-centration. Oil uptake was described as the net balance between the amount of dragged oil during product removal and oil dripping at the tips of the product. The dripping process studied on both metal-lic sticks and real products occurs in less than few seconds and leads to a formation of four to eight drop-lets. The detailed drainage kinetics in anisothermal conditions were captured and predicted with the pro-posed mechanistic models. The specific mechanism of oil uptake during the immersion stage was eluci-dated and was shown to occur only in parfried frozen products.

<p>Multiphase flows, such as liquid/gas and solid/gas, dominate many different areas of life, including the medical, agricultural, propulsion, and chemical industries. Gaining insight into the dynamic processes that drive these multiphase flows can therefore have far-reaching impact in many sectors of scientific research. Of key interest is the non-invasive tracking of important state properties such as the mass and temperature distributions in high optical depth multiphase flows. To accomplish this, X-ray diagnostic approaches are utilized due to their ability to probe complex phenomena without being hampered by multiple scattering that arise from complex interactions at the flow surface boundaries.</p> <p>This work accomplishes the measurement of mass distribution through time-resolved tomographic reconstructions of the liquid mass distributions in fuel sprays within liquid/gas flows. The developed diagnostic tool shown here uses a novel multiple line of sight tube source tomography setup to obtain simultaneous time-resolved two-dimensional radiographs of different spray geometries at various perspectives. Through tomographic reconstruction, these radiographs are converted into volumetric reconstructions to give a true sense of mass distribution—where exactly is the liquid mass located in the <em>x</em>, <em>y</em>, <em>z</em> spatial extents at a specific moment in time <em>t</em>? This technique is first showcased in a simple spray as a feasibility test and later applied to a more complex spray geometry and compared against other state-of- the-art diagnostics for a full quantitative understanding of the developed technique. Outside of tomography, improvements in decreasing the uncertainties in line of sight averaged mass distribution measurements in radiography imaging experiments are also showcased through source characterization efforts both for tube source and synchrotron source experiments.</p> <p>Efforts in ascertaining the temperature distributions in liquid/gas flows is done through an application of wide angle X-ray scattering, a technique that is commonly used in the materials, chemistry, and biology sciences but has yet to be widely used in the propul- sion community. These newly developed X-ray scattering measurements are accomplished through the use of a focused monochromatic beam available at the Advanced Photon Source synchrotron facility, and is applied first in calibration jets and later towards more complex dynamic sprays and multi-species liquid solutions.</p>

Nukleare Brennelemente werden nach ihrem Betrieb mehrere Jahre in Nasslagerbecken gelagert, wo ihre Nachzerfallswärme durch elektrisch betriebene Kühlsysteme abgeführt wird. Bei Ausfall der Stromversorgung droht eine Überhitzung der Brennelemente und im schlimmsten Fall die Schädigung der Brennstabhüllen und der Austritt von radioaktivem Material in die Umwelt. Im Mittelpunkt der vorliegenden Dissertation steht die Untersuchung des komplexen Zusammenspiels von Strömung und Wärmetransport bei solch einem angenommenen Unfall, der zu teilweise freigelegten Brennelementen führt. Eine Auswertung des aktuellen Forschungsstandes verdeutlicht, dass die zugrundeliegenden physikalischen Prozesse zwar theoretisch verstanden sind, aber bisher keine speziellen Simulationsprogramme zur präzisen Vorhersage der Temperaturverteilung für mögliche Unfallszenarien existieren. Für die detaillierte Analyse der Vorgänge werden deshalb erstmals numerische Strömungssimulationen unter Berücksichtigung der exakten Geometrie und aller relevanten Wärmetransportmechanismen für ein teilweise freigelegtes Brennelement durchgeführt. Zur Gewährleistung eines praktikablen Rechenaufwands wird der instationäre Verdampfungsvorgang in mehrere, eigenständige Simulationen mit stationären Randbedingungen und jeweils konstantem Füllstand unterteilt. Die Validierung mit experimentellen Daten zeigt, dass dieser Ansatz bei niedriger Nachzerfallsleistung geeignet ist, um die Stabtemperaturen mit ausreichender Genauigkeit vorherzusagen. Durch eine umfassende Sensitivitätsanalyse wird darüber hinaus der Einfluss zahlreicher unsicherer Faktoren auf die Temperaturverteilung und Zusammensetzung im Brennelement untersucht, der sich rein auf Grundlage des Experiments nicht beurteilen lässt. Die Simulationsergebnisse zeigen, dass die maximale Stabtemperatur hauptsächlich vom Füllstand und der Leistung der Brennstäbe abhängt. Eine horizontal gerichtete Luftströmung oberhalb des Brennelements führt insgesamt zu einem Temperaturgefälle in Strömungsrichtung innerhalb des Brennelements. Die Ursache dafür ist ein charakteristisches Strömungsfeld, bei dem kaltes Gas an der stromabwärts gelegenen Wand des Brennelements nach unten und heißes Gas an der stromaufwärts gelegenen Wand nach oben befördert wird. Die alleinige Variation der Geschwindigkeit der Luftströmung bewirkt jedoch keine nennenswerte Änderung der maximalen Stabtemperatur. Erst durch die Verwendung realitätsnaher Randbedingungen für Geschwindigkeit, Temperatur und Zusammensetzung, die aus großskaligen Simulationen des gesamten Lagerbeckens gewonnen wurden, wird der Einfluss der Querströmung auf die Temperaturverteilung im Brennelement deutlich. Bedingt durch das Verhältnis aus Auftriebs- zu Trägheitskräften, steigt die Temperatur im Brennelement bei einer Kombination aus geringer Temperatur, geringem Dampfmassenanteil und hoher Geschwindigkeit der Querströmung signifikant an. Diese Ergebnisse ermöglichen die Ableitung gezielter Beladungsstrategien von Lagerbecken, sofern die Randbedingungen oberhalb der Brennelemente hinreichend genau bekannt sind bzw. vorhergesagt werden können. Im letzten Schritt wird eine Methode zur skalenübergreifenden Modellierung eines Lagerbeckenbereichs vorgestellt. Durch die Kopplung zweier Modellierungsansätze wird eine teilweise geometrieauflösende Simulation ermöglicht, bei der das zentrale Brennelement geometrisch aufgelöst und die benachbarten Brennelemente als poröse Körper modelliert werden. Diese Vorgehensweise verbessert die Übertragbarkeit der Ergebnisse auf ein ganzes Lagerbecken, weil die Auswertung im geometrisch aufgelösten Brennelement unabhängiger von den mit Unsicherheit behafteten Randbedingungen wird.:1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Chancen und Risiken der Kernenergienutzung 1 1.2 Randbedingungen für den Wärme- und Stofftransport im Lagerbecken 3 1.2.1 Zerfallsleistung 3 1.2.2 Brennelement-Typ und Aufbau 4 1.2.3 Wärmetransportmechanismen 6 1.2.4 Verdampfungsrate 8 1.2.5 Grenztemperaturen 9 1.3 Simulation des Wärme- und Stofftransports im Lagerbecken 10 1.3.1 Das Lagerbecken als Multiskalenproblem 10 1.3.2 Systemcodes und Codes für schwere Störfälle 12 1.3.3 CFD-Simulation mit Brennelementen als poröse Körper 13 1.3.4 Geometrieauflösende CFD-Simulation 15 1.4 Zielstellung und Aufbau der Arbeit 16 2 Modell für ein ausdampfendes Brennelement 19 2.1 Vorbetrachtungen 19 2.1.1 Strömungsform 19 2.1.2 Form des Wärmeübergangs 22 2.2 Physikalische Modellierung 23 2.2.1 Simulationsstrategie 23 2.2.2 Physikalische Modellgleichungen 24 2.2.3 Rechengebiet und Randbedingungen 27 2.3 Numerische Modellierung 32 2.3.1 Örtliche Diskretisierung 32 2.3.2 Zeitliche Diskretisierung 34 3 Sensitivitätsanalyse für ein ausdampfendes Brennelement 37 3.1 Vorgehensweise 37 3.2 Einfluss der Strahlungsmodellierung 39 3.2.1 Motivation 39 3.2.2 Bestimmung des Absorptionskoeffzienten 40 3.2.3 Einfluss der Gasstrahlung 41 3.2.4 Einfluss der numerischen Parameter 44 3.3 Einfluss unsicherer Randbedingungen 46 3.3.1 Wärmeverlust über die Isolierschicht 46 3.3.2 Verteilung des Dampfmassenstroms an der Wasseroberfläche 51 3.4 Einfluss der effektiv freigelegten Länge der Heizstäbe 56 3.5 Einfluss der Stableistung 58 4 Wechselwirkung zwischen Querüberströmung und Wärmetransport im Brennelement 63 4.1 Rechengebiet und Randbedingungen 63 4.2 Physikalische und numerische Modellierung 65 4.2.1 Physikalische Modellierung 65 4.2.2 Numerische Einstellungen 67 4.3 Ergebnisse und Diskussion 67 4.3.1 Generelles Vorgehen 67 4.3.2 Temperaturentwicklung und Strömung im Stabbereich 69 4.3.3 Temperatur und Strömung im Überströmkanal 75 5 Ansätze zur skalenübergreifenden Modellierung eines Lagerbeckens 81 5.1 Einordnung 81 5.2 Co-Simulation des Wärme- und Stoffaustauschs zwischen Einzelbrennelement und Lagerbeckenatmosphäre 81 5.2.1 Konfiguration 81 5.2.2 Einfluss der Konvektionsströmung oberhalb der Brennelemente 86 5.3 Gekoppelte Simulation eines Lagerbeckenbereichs 92 5.3.1 Motivation 92 5.3.2 Parametrierung des porösen Körpers 92 5.3.3 Vergleich der Simulationsansätze 94 5.3.4 Simulation der Brennelement-Gruppe 96 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 101 Literaturverzeichnis 115 Symbol- und Abkürzungsverzeichnis 119 / After their operation, spent nuclear fuel assemblies are stored for several years in wet storage pools, where their decay heat is removed by electrically operated cooling systems. If the power supply fails, this poses the risk of overheating of the fuel assemblies and, in the worst case, damage to the fuel rod cladding and the release of radioactive material into the environment. This dissertation focuses on the investigation of the complex interaction of flow and heat transport in such an assumed accident, which leads to partially uncovered fuel assemblies. A review of the current state of research illustrates that although the underlying physical processes are theoretically understood, no specific simulation programmes exist to date to accurately predict the temperature distribution for possible accident scenarios. For the detailed analysis of the processes, numerical flow simulations taking into account the exact geometry and all relevant heat transport mechanisms are therefore carried out for a partially uncovered fuel assembly for the first time. To ensure a manageable computational effort, the transient evaporation process is subdivided into several, independent simulations with steady boundary conditions and a constant water level in each case. The validation with experimental data shows that this approach is suitable for predicting the rod temperatures with sufficient accuracy for low decay heat. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis also identifies the influence of numerous uncertain factors on the temperature distribution and composition in the fuel assembly, which cannot be assessed purely on the basis of the experiment. The simulation results show that the maximum rod temperature depends mainly on the water level and the power of the fuel rods. A horizontally directed air flow above the fuel assembly leads to an overall temperature gradient in the flow direction within the fuel assembly. This is caused by a characteristic flow field in which cold gas is transported down the downstream wall of the fuel assembly and hot gas is transported up the upstream wall. However, varying the velocity of the airflow alone does not cause a significant change in the maximum rod temperature. The influence of the crossflow on the temperature distribution in the fuel assembly only becomes clear by using realistic boundary conditions for velocity, temperature and composition, obtained from large-scale simulations of the entire storage pool. Determined by the ratio of buoyant to inertial forces, the temperature in the fuel assembly increases significantly with a combination of low temperature, low steam mass fraction and high velocity of the crossflow. These results provide information on how to best arrange fuel assemblies in spent fuel pools, provided that the boundary conditions above the fuel assemblies are known or can be predicted with sufficient accuracy. Finally, a method for modelling a larger part of the spent fuel pool is presented. The combination of two modelling approaches enables a partially geometry-resolving simulation in which the central fuel assembly is geometrically resolved and the neighbouring fuel assemblies are modelled as porous bodies. This approach improves the transferability of the results to an entire spent fuel pool, because the evaluation in the geometrically resolved fuel assembly becomes more independent from the uncertain boundary conditions.:1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Chancen und Risiken der Kernenergienutzung 1 1.2 Randbedingungen für den Wärme- und Stofftransport im Lagerbecken 3 1.2.1 Zerfallsleistung 3 1.2.2 Brennelement-Typ und Aufbau 4 1.2.3 Wärmetransportmechanismen 6 1.2.4 Verdampfungsrate 8 1.2.5 Grenztemperaturen 9 1.3 Simulation des Wärme- und Stofftransports im Lagerbecken 10 1.3.1 Das Lagerbecken als Multiskalenproblem 10 1.3.2 Systemcodes und Codes für schwere Störfälle 12 1.3.3 CFD-Simulation mit Brennelementen als poröse Körper 13 1.3.4 Geometrieauflösende CFD-Simulation 15 1.4 Zielstellung und Aufbau der Arbeit 16 2 Modell für ein ausdampfendes Brennelement 19 2.1 Vorbetrachtungen 19 2.1.1 Strömungsform 19 2.1.2 Form des Wärmeübergangs 22 2.2 Physikalische Modellierung 23 2.2.1 Simulationsstrategie 23 2.2.2 Physikalische Modellgleichungen 24 2.2.3 Rechengebiet und Randbedingungen 27 2.3 Numerische Modellierung 32 2.3.1 Örtliche Diskretisierung 32 2.3.2 Zeitliche Diskretisierung 34 3 Sensitivitätsanalyse für ein ausdampfendes Brennelement 37 3.1 Vorgehensweise 37 3.2 Einfluss der Strahlungsmodellierung 39 3.2.1 Motivation 39 3.2.2 Bestimmung des Absorptionskoeffzienten 40 3.2.3 Einfluss der Gasstrahlung 41 3.2.4 Einfluss der numerischen Parameter 44 3.3 Einfluss unsicherer Randbedingungen 46 3.3.1 Wärmeverlust über die Isolierschicht 46 3.3.2 Verteilung des Dampfmassenstroms an der Wasseroberfläche 51 3.4 Einfluss der effektiv freigelegten Länge der Heizstäbe 56 3.5 Einfluss der Stableistung 58 4 Wechselwirkung zwischen Querüberströmung und Wärmetransport im Brennelement 63 4.1 Rechengebiet und Randbedingungen 63 4.2 Physikalische und numerische Modellierung 65 4.2.1 Physikalische Modellierung 65 4.2.2 Numerische Einstellungen 67 4.3 Ergebnisse und Diskussion 67 4.3.1 Generelles Vorgehen 67 4.3.2 Temperaturentwicklung und Strömung im Stabbereich 69 4.3.3 Temperatur und Strömung im Überströmkanal 75 5 Ansätze zur skalenübergreifenden Modellierung eines Lagerbeckens 81 5.1 Einordnung 81 5.2 Co-Simulation des Wärme- und Stoffaustauschs zwischen Einzelbrennelement und Lagerbeckenatmosphäre 81 5.2.1 Konfiguration 81 5.2.2 Einfluss der Konvektionsströmung oberhalb der Brennelemente 86 5.3 Gekoppelte Simulation eines Lagerbeckenbereichs 92 5.3.1 Motivation 92 5.3.2 Parametrierung des porösen Körpers 92 5.3.3 Vergleich der Simulationsansätze 94 5.3.4 Simulation der Brennelement-Gruppe 96 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 101 Literaturverzeichnis 115 Symbol- und Abkürzungsverzeichnis 119

<p>  </p> <p>Acoustic streaming is a phenomenon which occurs when acoustic excitations interact with a fluid (stationary or non-stationary). Exploitation of this phenomenon has the potential to open doors to new methods of flow control through the enhancement or diminishment of the present flow instabilities. A particular use of acoustic streaming shown by previous numerical studies is the enhancement of heat transfer in violation of the Reynold’s Analogy within a small range of Mach numbers and frequencies of periodic excitation. The focus of this thesis is to experimentally assess the usage of a Rossiter cavity in generating periodic acoustic excitations and its effects on the shear stress and heat transfer. </p> <p>In the present research, two large models are tested using a blow-down facility. The models are made of aluminum and Teflon and were developed to ensure optical access for infrared thermography. The geometries are tested at Mach number ranging from 0.373 to 0. 866. The target Mach number-frequency pair where significant heat transfer enhancement is a free stream Mach number at the cavity, Mc, of 0.75 and the frequency, fc, of 7.5 kHz. The cavity is tuned using the Rossiter equation with Rossiter constants k = 0.66 and y = 0.25. The heat transfer and skin friction enhancement are measured immediately upstream and downstream of the cavity and compared to the previous numerical studies.</p> <p>When testing the Teflon model with an ambient back pressure and 11 lb/s mass flow, a frequency of 7.8 kHz was generated by the cavity. For the aluminum model tested at a high vacuum and 3 lb/s mass flow, frequencies near 7, 10, and 20 kHz were generated by the cavity with 10 and 20 kHz appearing most often. High speed schlieren imaging was used to confirm the flow structures being generated in the flow. There was good agreement with the Rossiter modes at lower Mach numbers and moderate agreement at transonic Mach numbers. A correlation is presented which defines a band of Mach number-Reynolds number pairs which present with a discontinuous frequency behavior during operation of the wind tunnel. Measurable effects on both skin friction and heat transfer between tests with comparable operating conditions to a reference were observed and are presented.</p>

<p>Droplet dispersions with adsorbed exotic surface active species (proteins, fatty alcohol, fatty acids, solid particulates, lipids, or polymers) find an immense number of applications in the field of engineering and bioscience. Interfacial rheology plays an essential role in the dynamics of many of these systems, yet little is understood about how these effects alter droplet dynamics. Most surfactants studied historically have been simple enough that the droplet dynamics can be described by Marangoni effects (surfactant concentration gradients), surface dilution, and adsorption/desorption kinetics without including the intrinsic surface rheology. One of the challenges in examining droplet systems with complex interfaces is that the intrinsic rheological effects are strongly coupled with surfactant transport effects (surface convection, diffusion, dilution and adsorption/desorption). The surface rheology can impact the ability of surfactant to transport along the surface, while surfactant transport can alter the surface rheology by changing the surface concentration. In this work, we develop axisymmetric boundary-integral simulations that allow us to quantitatively explore the combined effect of intrinsic surface rheology and surfactant transport on droplet dynamics in the Stokes flow limit. We assume that the droplet interface is predominantly viscous and that the Boussinesq Scriven constitutive relationship describes the properties of the viscous membrane. The key questions that we address in this work are:</p> <p><br></p> <ul> <li>How do viscous membranes impact droplet deformation, breakup and relaxation?      </li> </ul> <p>     When a droplet is placed under external flow, it can either attain a stable shape under flow or stretch indefinitely above a critical flow rate and break apart. In this topic, we first discuss the breakup conditions for a droplet suspended in an unbounded immiscible fluid under a general linear flow field using perturbation theories for surface viscosity in the limit of small droplet deformation. We neglect the inhomogeneity in surfactant concentration and surface tension for this part. We find that the surface shear/dilational viscosity increases/decreases the critical capillary number for droplet breakup compared to a clean droplet at the same capillary number and droplet viscosity ratio value. In the second part of this topic, we solve the problem using boundary integral simulations for the case of axisymmetric extensional flow. Numerically solving this problem allows us to examine the effect of Marangoni stresses, pressure thickening/thinning surface viscosities, and stronger flows. We compare the droplet breakup results from our simulations to results from second-order perturbation theories. We present the physical mechanism behind our observations using traction arguments from interfacial viscosities. We conclude this topic by examining the combined role of surface viscosity and surfactant transport on the relaxation of an initially extended droplet in a quiescent external fluid.</p> <p><br></p> <ul> <li>How do viscous membranes alter droplet sedimentation?</li> </ul> <p>      When an initially deformed droplet sediment under gravity, it can either revert to a spherical shape or undergo instability where the droplet develops a long tail or cavity at its rear end. Here, we use numerical simulations to discuss how interfacial viscosity alters the breakup criterion and the formation of threads/cavities under gravity. We examine the combined influence of intrinsic surface viscosity and surfactant transport on droplet stability by assuming a linear dependence of surface tension on surfactant concentration and an exponential dependence of interfacial viscosities on surface pressure. We find that surface shear viscosity inhibits the tail/cavity growth at the droplet’s rear end and increases the critical capillary number compared to a clean droplet. In contrast, surface dilational viscosity promotes tail/cavity growth and lowers the critical capillary number compared to a clean droplet.</p> <p><br></p> <ul> <li>How do viscous membranes affect droplet coalescence?</li> </ul> <p>      When two droplets approach under external flow, a thin film is formed between the two droplets. Here, we develop numerical simulations to model the full coalescence process from the collision of two droplets under uniaxial compressional flow to the point where the film approaches rupture. We investigate the role of interfacial viscosity on the film profiles and drainage time. We observe that both surface shear and dilational viscosity significantly delay the film drainage time relative to a clean droplet. Interestingly, we find that the film drainage behaviour of a droplet with surface viscosity is not altered by the relative ratio of shear to dilational viscosity but rather depends on the sum of shear and dilational Boussinesq numbers. This is in contrast to the effect of surface viscosity observed in the previous processes (droplet breakup and sedimentation), where surface shear viscosity increases the critical capillary number compared to a clean droplet, while surface dilatational viscosity has the opposite effect.</p>

A mathematical model for the drying of particulate solids in a continuous vibrated fluidised bed dryer was developed and applied to the drying of grain wetted with a single liquid and porous particles containing multicomponent liquid mixtures. Simple equipment and material models were applied to describe the process. In the plug-flow equipment model, a thin layer of particles moving forward and well mixed in the direction of the gas flow was regarded; thus, only the longitudinal changes of particle moisture content and composition as well as temperature along the dryer were considered. Concerning the material model, mass and heat transfer in a single isolated particle was studied. For grain wetted with a single liquid, mass and heat transfer within the particles was described by effective transfer coefficients. Assuming a constant effective mass transport coefficient and effective thermal conductivity of the wet particles, analytical solutions of the mass and energy balances were obtained. The variation of both transport coefficients along the dryer was taken into account by a stepwise application of the analytical solution in space intervals with non-uniform inlet conditions and averaged coefficients from previous locations in the dryer. Calculation results were verified by comparison with experimental data from the literature. There was fairly good agreement between experimental data and simulation but the results depend strongly on the correlation used to calculate heat and mass transfer coefficients.   For the case of particles containing a multicomponent liquid mixture dried in the vibrated fluidised bed dryer, interactive diffusion and heat conduction were considered the main mechanisms for mass and heat transfer within the particles. Assuming a constant matrix of effective multicomponent diffusion coefficients and thermal conductivity of the wet particles, analytical solutions of the diffusion and conduction equations were obtained. The equations for mass transfer were decoupled by a similarity transformation and solved simultaneously with conduction equation by the variable separation method. Simulations gave a good insight into the selectivity of the drying process and can be used to find conditions to improve aroma retention during drying.   Also, analytical solutions of the diffusion and conduction equations applied to liquid-side-controlled convective drying of a multicomponent liquid film were developed. Assuming constant physical properties of the liquid, the equations describing interactive mass transfer are decoupled by a similarity transformation and solved simultaneously with conduction equation and the ordinary differential equation that describes the changes in the liquid film thickness. Variations of physical properties along the process trajectory were taken into account as in the previous cases. Simulation results were compared with experimental data from the literature and a fairly good agreement was obtained. Simulations performed with ternary liquid mixtures containing only volatile components and ternary mixtures containing components of negligible volatility showed that it is difficult to obtain an evaporation process that is completely controlled by the liquid-side mass transfer. This occurs irrespective of the initial drying conditions.   Despite simplifications, the analytical solution of the material model gives a good insight into the selectivity of the drying process and is computationally fast. The solution can be a useful tool for process exploration and optimisation. It can also be used to accelerate convergence and reduce tedious and time-consuming calculations when more rigorous models are solved numerically. / QC 20110614

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<p dir="ltr">Approximately 95% of global steel production relies on continuous casting, there is a need for a practical, cost-effective, and accurate method to guide real-world production. A successful integration of three individual CFD models – spray cooling model, solidification model, and carbon segregation model – was accomplished. To understand the heat transfer behavior on a heated surface, a three-dimensional model was used to simulate the interaction of liquid droplets with a heated surface during the secondary cooling process, employing air-mist nozzles. The real nozzle layout, as employed in a full-scale continuous caster to provide HTC data on slab surface. For solidification model, enthalpy-porosity methods were applied to estimate the metallurgical length and surface temperatures. Carbon transport within the continuous caster was considered, revealing a phenomenon of positive segregation at the center of the slab. Building upon this foundation, further investigations were carried out to assess the implications of nozzle clogging. These effects encompass surface temperature, metallurgical length, and carbon concentration. Commercial software ANSYS Fluent 2021 R2 and Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 2302 are chosen for their exceptional computational performance. MATLAB and Python play key roles in both pre and post processing, including mapping HTC profiles, visualizing shell growth, and extracting temperature and cooling profiles.</p>