Orientador: Rosana Maria Caram de Assis / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T23:46:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sardeiro_PaulaSilva_D.pdf: 4278471 bytes, checksum: caae243c104fee90280a8154d5e47b08 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo A escolha de trabalhar com os vidros translúcidos e policarbonatos alveolares ocorreu devido à inexistência de pesquisas na área e por estar sendo ostensivamente utilizados na Europa e Estados Unidos e, no país, vem ganhando espaço nas fachadas das edificações desde a década de 90, como um material renovado e inédito. Conseqüentemente, percebe-se a necessidade de caracterizar este material diante da radiação solar, levando em consideração o conforto térmico e visual no interior da edificação. Para tanto, foram realizadas medições em laboratórios, por meio do espectrofotômetro e do rugosímetro, como também medições in loco, através de células-teste. No laboratório foram realizadas medições de transmissão da radiação nos vidros e policarbonatos alveolares, com o espectrofotômetro; e medições do perfil dos vidros com o rugosímetro. Nas células-teste foram medidas a temperatura interna e externa do ar, a temperatura superficial interna e externa do vidro e a temperatura da parede oposta a janela. Obteve-se resultados inéditos, caracterizando a transmissão para cada região específica: ultravioleta, visível e infravermelho, verificando os parâmetros térmicos e luminosos. A rugosidade da superfície do vidro tem poder decisivo na questão da transmissão da radiação. Nas células-teste fechadas com os vidros translúcidos com menores valores referentes ao Profile Rugose Total - PRT foram registrados os maiores valores relativos à temperatura interna do ar. Formulam-se recomendações que servirão de subsídios na especificação e na indicação de superfícies translúcidas para arquitetos e projetistas, levando em consideração o térmico e o visual; e, também, divulgam-se informações técnicas que são escassas na literatura nacional e internacional / Abstract: This paper is directed towards translucent glasses and alveolar polycarbonates due to the lack of extensive research in this field. Nonetheless, these materials have been ostensively used in Europe and United States. In Brazil, translucent glasses and alveolar polycarbonates have been increasingly applied to building facades since the decade of 90¿s as a novel and renewed material. Thus, it is important to characterize translucent glasses and alveolar polycarbonates before solar radiation considering the thermal and visual comfort inside the building. In order to do so, laboratory measurements were performed using a spectrophometer to measure the glass transmission and a profilometer to measure the glass profiles. In loco measurements were also carried out through test cells in which the air, glass surface and wall temperatures were evaluated. The novel results characterized the transmission to each specific region, ultraviolet, visible and infrared, which verified the thermal and visual parameters. The glass surface roughness has a distinguished influence on the radiation transmission. The test cells closed with translucent glass of the lowest PRT values demonstrated the highest values of internal air temperature. It was possible to elaborate recommendations that will serve as groundwork for architects and designers in the specification and indication of translucent surfaces taking into account the thermal and visual comfort. At last, the results also contributed to disclose technical information that is scarce in the national and international literature / Doutorado / Arquitetura e Construção / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Lucila Chebel Labaki / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T09:29:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Castro_AdrianaPetitodeAlmeidaSilva_D.pdf: 2534532 bytes, checksum: 4ea70ab9e519a13a5ddf61c29646f7b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O desempenho térmico de uma edificação depende de fatores como implantação, orientação, materiais e componentes construtivos, que devem ser adequadamente definidos para diferentes condições climáticas. O edifício atua como mecanismo de controle das variáveis do clima, através de sua envoltória (paredes, piso, cobertura e aberturas) e dos elementos do entorno, e deve ser projetado de modo a proporcionar conforto e eficiência energética. Entre os componentes da construção, os vidros funcionam como um dos elementos de maior potencialidade de aquecimento interno. Devido à sua transparência à radiação solar, possibilitam facilmente o ingresso de grande parte dessa energia no ambiente. No presente rabalho estudou-se o comportamento de superfícies transparentes em fachadas, em situação real, através de medições em seis células-teste, de dimensões 2,00 x 2,50m. Analisou-se in loco o comportamento térmico de vidros, comercialmente disponíveis no mercado, cuja caracterização, do ponto de vista da transmissão espectral, já era conhecida através de técnica espectrofotométrica. Foram selecionados 14 tipos de vidros: cinco planos, quatro refletivos pirolíticos, três refletivos metalizados a vácuo e dois laminados, os quais foram instalados em aberturas de 1,00 X 1,20m nas células-teste, localizadas em fachadas com orientação norte e oeste. A análise foi realizada separadamente para as duas orientações. Avaliou-se o desempenho térmico de cada vidro, tendo o incolor, de espessura 4mm, como referência. A metodologia utilizada consistiu na aquisição de dados mensuráveis de parâmetros ambientais: temperaturas superficiais internas dos vidros, temperaturas de bulbo seco no ambiente interno e temperaturas do ar externo. O fator de ganho solar foi calculado a partir dos resultados de absortância dos diferentes materiais, obtidos por análise espectrofotométrica, e diferenças entre as temperaturas interna e externa. Os resultados mostram o alto ganho de calor através dos vidros planos, sendo o incolor o de pior desempenho térmico, com maior ganho, seguido pelo bronze, cinza e verde. Os vidros refletivos metalizados a vácuo apresentam o melhor desempenho térmico, dentre os materiais analisados, quando se tem como objetivo atenuar o ganho de calor e projetar edificações com menor consumo energético para refrigeração / Abstract: Thermal performance of buildings depends on several factors, such as implantation, orientation, materials and building components, which should be appropriately defined for different climate conditions. The building acts as a controller of the climatic variables, through the building envelope (walls, floor, roof and openings) and the nearby elements. Building design must provide indoor comfort and energy efficiency. Glazing easily allows the penetration of solar radiation into buildings, due to its transparency to solar radiation. So glasses must be carefully considered in building design, having in mind their potential for internal heating. In this work studies about the behavior of transparent façades, in real conditions, were carried out through measurements in six test-cells with dimensions 2,00 x 2,50m. Fourteen types of glasses were selected: five float glasses, four reflective glasses produced by pyrolitic process, three reflective ones obtained by vacuum metal deposition and two laminated glasses. Their spectral behavior was known from previous spectrophotometric studies. The glasses were installed in 1,00 X 1,20m openings in two façades facing north and west, separately. The colorless 4mm float glass was taken as reference. Internal surface temperatures of glasses, internal dry bulb temperatures and outdoor temperatures were collected. Solar gain factor was calculated on the basis of absortance values, obtained from spectrophotometrical nalysis, and temperature differences inside and outside the cells. Results show a high heat gain through float glasses, with the worst thermal behavior for the colorless one, followed by bronze, gray and green. Furthermore, reflective glasses obtained by vacuum metal deposition present the best thermal performance for the purpose of heat gain attenuation and to design buildings with the least energy consumption for cooling / Doutorado / Edificações / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

In the aspects of global sustainability, buildings are known to be one of the largest energy consumers. Though sustainable building construction through technological advances is helping in achieving environment friendly buildings, a considerable amount of energy is also being consumed by existing buildings. While many factors at all different stages of building life are responsible for this, the building material is one of the most important considerations. Glass being the most sensitive building material can lead to high energy consumption in the building if used in an improper way. This study takes this factor into account, and tries to investigate the potential of energy savings in buildings through the simple and basic considerations in design. An energy analysis model of an existing academic building in College Station, Texas was developed using Design Builder computer simulation software. This model was then analyzed for the total amount of energy consumption in the base case. The existing building model was then modified by replacing the glass used for external fenestrations. Latest building codes and standards for the site location, glass properties, and parametric simulation results were taken into consideration. Again the model was simulated for annual energy consumption and the results are noted. This formed the first option for the retrofitting scenario. A hypothetical redesign scenario was also established in which the revision of building orientation was taken into consideration. The building was re-oriented to suit the weather conditions and recommendations by Advanced Energy Design Guidelines (30 percent energy savings over ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1999). The building was then simulated for annual energy consumption. A comparative analysis was performed between the three cases and the study concluded by showing 23 percent savings in the annual fuel consumption, 23.35 percent reduction in CO2 emission of the building and 25 percent reduction in annual solar heat gain under Modified case 1. Modified case 2, however, did not show any further savings due to the form of the building (almost square). However, modified case 1 settings emitted 31.8 percent more CO2 over the Energy Star office building in Texas. This methodology sets up a set of guidelines which can be followed while investigating a building for minimum annual energy consumption.

No description available.

Master of Science / Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering / Anil Pahwa / Warren N. White / This thesis focuses on estimating the power loss from power panelboards by means of power loss models. The model is intended to be used by HVAC engineers to help estimate building heat loss. While McDonald & Hickok (1985) did not report power losses for power panelboards, Rubin (1979) did. These publications present the power losses of electrical devices at rated loads in tables. In this thesis, the models for electrical devices are created and used, instead of tables, to estimate power losses. The use of curve fit models presents a convenience in calculation of power losses. Breaker, fusible switch, and motor starter power losses presented by McDonald & Hickok (1985) and Rubin (1979) were updated using manufacturer published data, technical papers, industrial standards, and test samples. Test, manufacturer, and analytical model data are collected and power loss curve fit models are created for breakers, fusible switches, motor starters, and bus bars with enclosures. The panelboard power loss is calculated as the sum of partial power losses of the component electrical equipment, i.e. breakers, fusible switches, motor starters, and bus bars with enclosures used in power panelboards. A power loss model for main breaker and fusible switch power panelboards are created based on the sum of breaker, fusible switch, motor starter, and bus bars with enclosure power loss models. The main breaker and fusible switch power panelboard power loss models are used in a heat loss example. It is shown that power panelboard power losses can be significantly overestimated when calculated with one of the methods currently used (Rubin, 1979). This can result in erroneous sizing of HVAC equipment.

Master thesis deals with designing of air-conditioning system into newly reconstructed high-rise building of Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Brno University of Technology. Reconstruction of a building results in change of thermo-technical parameters which impacts dimensioning of air condition system. Designing air-conditioning system depends on heat loss and heat gain calculation and also on consequential psychometrical calculations. The size of air conditioning equipment which provides required internal microclimate will be determined from the calculation results. Currently there is Detail design elaborated including technical report and material specification.

Purpose: This degree project aims to study how different choices regarding the size, location and type of windows affect daylight entry in an apartment building in Västerås. We have chosen to calculate the energy requirement when changing the window type, size and shielding factor. The purpose is also to come up with solution proposals that balance daylight input and energy for a smaller energy need in the apartment building. Method: The research method is based on a literature study that will lay the foundation for the work and a case study where a visit to the concerned building has been carried out. Interviews have also been conducted with experts in daylight and energy issues. Energy calculations and daylight- related calculations have also been made using the computer program Daylight Visualizer. The goal of the program is to find out the value of the daylight factor in two different apartments on two different floors. In each apartment, three different rooms in three different latitudes (north, west, and south) have been studied. Results: The results present several factors that affect daylight intake. These are screening angles, orientation, room height, room depth, building structure and placement of balconies. The properties of the windows in terms of daylight transmittance (LT value) and solar heat gain (g value) are very important to get a good result regarding both daylight and heat in the building. The balance between daylight and solar heat gain to reducing the energy needs for heating during the winter and cooling during the summer. The result based on the computer program for the first window alternative show that that the value of the daylight factor in all three rooms on the 12th floor (third floor) was between 0.59–0.31% and on the 19th floor (tenth floor) 1.01– 0.91%. The calculations of the energy balance show as monthly results, and the calculated annual need for active heating is about 27 MWh / year. The corresponding result according to calculations by the consulting company Kadesjös is approximately 59 MWh / year, but the difference between its calculations has not been studied further in this degree project. Conclusions: The calculation results indicate that the building has a very limited energy requirement for active heating in relation to its size and this is logical given that the heat losses are relatively small in terms of transmission, Exhaust and supply air ventilation with heat recovery (FTX system), and air leakage. The heat losses through window glazing in this case constitute to only about 12% of the building's total heat losses.

Low-emissivity (low-E) window films are designed to improve the energy performance of windows and prevent indoor overheating by solar radiation. These films can be applied to different types of glazing units without the need for changing the whole window. This characteristic offers the possibility to improve the energy performance of the window of old and historic buildings for which preservation regulations say windows should remain more or less unchanged. This research aims to figure out to what extent a low-E window film can improve thermal comfort and energy performance of an old three-storey historic stone building in the cold climate of Mid-Sweden. In this research, first, with help of the simulation software “IDA ICE”, the entire building was modelled without window films in a one-year simulation. Second step was to add the low-E window films (3M Thinsulate Climate Control 75 (CC75)) to all the windows and repeat the simulation. Comparison between the results of the two cases revealed an improvement in energy use reduction as well as the thermal comfort when applying the films. For the application of the window films, a cost analysis using payback method was carried out which showed a long- time payback period. Although an investment with a long-time payback period is considered as a disadvantage, for historic buildings with very strict retrofit regulations specially when it comes to the building’s facades, application of the low-emissivity window films for better energy performance and thermal comfort is among the recommendable measures, but not necessarily the best.

The diploma thesis is focused on the design of ventilation and cooling for the family house. The first part of the thesis deals with possibilities of ventilation and cooling, air ducts and their components and selected ventilation units. The next part deals with the analysis of air-conditioning routes, their dimensions and pressure losses. Then the heat gain is determined, and cooling is proposed. The last part deals with the comparison of financial costs for purchase of all components for ventilation and cooling, assembly, installation and operating costs. The enclosed drawings and item lists are at the end of the thesis.

Diploma thesis is focused on the design and dimensioning of the central air-condition system of the offices in two-story building. The thesis consists of a theoretical part which deals with air- condition systems, and computation and design part. The computation part is comprised of calculation of quantity of ventilation air, calculation of heat losses and heat gains and psychrometric evaluation of operation during summer and winter. Design part consists of design and dimensioning of air-distriutions and air ducts and consist of design of air-conditioner and machine room. There are specification of materials and drawing documentation in the end of thesis.