<p style="text-align: justify">Doktorska disertacija &quot;Modelovanje mehanizma prenosa toplote pri konvektivnom su&scaron;enju i utvrđivanje numeričkih pokazatelja&quot; - sadrž i eksperimentalna i teorijska istraživanja vezana za metodu konvektivnog su&scaron;enja. Izvr&scaron;ena su istraživanja parametara sistema konvektivne pneumatske su&scaron;are u eksploatacionim uslovima proizvodnje. Na osnovu rezultata ispitivanja utvrđeni su: modeli kinetike su&scaron;enja, energetski bilansi, koeficijenti prenosa toplote, optimalni režim su&scaron;enja, modeli mehanizma prenosa toplote, numerički pokazatelji i izvr&scaron;ena njihova analiza.</p> / <p>PhD Thesis &quot;Modelling the mechanism for heat<br />transfer at the convective drying and establishing of<br />numerical readers&quot; - contains the experimental and<br />theoretical researches connected with the convective<br />drying method. The parameter researches of the<br />convective pneumatic dryer system in the<br />exploitation conditions in production, are done. On<br />the basis of the testing results are established: the<br />models of drying kinetics, energetic bilances, heat<br />transfer coefficients, optimal regime of drying, heat<br />transfer models mechanism, numerical readers and<br />there was also realized their analysis.</p>

Measurements of in situ planetary thermal conductivity are typically made using long needle-like probes inserted in a planet's surface, which measure effective thermal conductivity (ETC) in radial direction (parallel to surface). The desired vertical (perpendicular to surface) ETC is assumed to be the same as the horizontal. However, ETC of particle beds in vertical and horizontal directions is known to be an anisotropic property under low compressive pressures. This study further examines the anisotropy of bed ETC under low and high compressive pressures in both vacuum and air environments. The ratio of vertical to horizontal stress, K0, is measured for the particles used in these experiments. A resistance network heat transfer model has been developed in predicting the vertical and the horizontal ETC as a function of applied compressive pressure. The model predicts vertical ETC by using only macro-contact thermal resistances for both high and low applied compressive pressure regimes. It is proposed that the vertical and horizontal ETC of particle beds under uniaxial compression is related by compressive pressures in each direction. The horizontal compressive pressure, which is perpendicular to the applied compressive pressure, can be calculated with the use of at-rest pressure coefficient and subsequently used in macro-contact thermal resistance to predict the horizontal ETC. The vertical ETC is obtained using the same model by substituting vertical compressive pressure into macro-contact thermal resistance. A two-dimensional axisymmetric finite element model in the COMSOL Multiphysics software package has been developed to simulate heat transfer coupled with structural deformation of spheres under compressive pressures in a simple cubic (SC) packing arrangement. The numerical model is used as a tool to predict the lower limit of bed ETC as well as validating thermal contact resistance used in the theoretical model. The predictions from the numerical model can be extended to particle beds with different packing arrangements.

Spacecraft in orbit experience temperature swings close to 240 K as the craft passes from the shadow of the Earth into direct sunlight. To regulate the craft’s internal energy, large radiators eject unwanted energy into space using radiation transfer. The amount of radiation emitted is directly related to the topology of the radiator design. Deformable structures such as those made with origami tessellation patterns offer a mechanism to control the quantity of energy being emitted by varying the radiator shape. Three such patterns, the Waterbomb, Huffman Waterbomb, and Huffman Stars-Triangles, can be folded into tubes. Origami tubes offer greater control and simplicity of design than flat radiators. Using FLUENT, Origami Simulator, and Solidworks to first simulate and then analyze the flow of a thermal fluid through the patterns and the radiation emitted from the created bodies, it was determined that the Waterbomb pattern achieved a 17.6 percent difference in emitted radiation, over a 2 percent change in fold. The Huffman Waterbomb pattern displayed a 42.7 percent difference in emitted radiation over a 20 percent change of fold. The simulations demonstrated both the feasibility and benefits of the origami designed tubes.

Les écoulements diphasiques avec ou sans changement de phase sont présents dans les applications terrestres et spatiales avec notamment le contrôle thermique des satellites par boucle diphasique, l’alimentation en propergol des moteurs de fusée et le traitement des eaux usées pour les missions d’exploration spatiale. Des expériences d’ébullition convective dans un tube chauffé avec du HFE7000 ont été menées en écoulement vertical ascendant au sol et en microgravité conditions afin de caractériser les régimes d’écoulements et de mesurer les transferts de chaleur, le taux de vide et les pertes de pression. Les mesures de taux de vide ont permis de caractériser la vitesse moyenne de la phase vapeur et l’épaisseur du film liquide en écoulement annulaire. En microgravité, l’épaisseur du film liquide et le frottement interfacial sont inférieurs aux conditions de gravité terrestre. La structure du film liquide a été caractérisée par des visualisation rapides. L’impact de la gravité, des vitesses superficielles du liquide et de la vapeur sur la célérité et la fréquence des ondes perturbatrices a été mis en évidence. Deux techniques de mesure ont été implémentées et comparées pour la mesure du coefficient d’échange de chaleur. En ébullition convective saturée pour des titres massiques supérieurs à 0.2, le transfert de chaleur est peu sensible à la gravité et en bon accord avec des corrélations de la littérature. En ébullition nucléée sous refroidie pour des titres inférieurs à 0.1, le transfert de chaleur est significativement plus faible en microgravité. / Two-phase flows with or without phase change are present in terrestrial and space applications like thermal control of satellites, propellant supply for launchers, and waste water treatment for space exploration missions. Flow boiling experiment with HFE7000 were conducted in a heated tube in vertical upward flow on ground and in microgravity conditions to collect data on flow patterns, pressure drops, heat transfers, void fraction. Void fraction measurements allowed to measure mean gas velocity and the liquid film thickness in annular flow. In microgravity condition, the liquid film thickness and the interfacial shear stress are significantly lower than in normal gravity. A detail analysis of the film structure was performed by image processing. The impact of gravity and liquid and vapour superficial velocities on the disturbance waves velocities and frequencies was investigated. Two different measurement techniques were used and compared to determine the heat transfer coefficient. For quality values greater than 0.2, HTC is not sensitive to gravity and is in good agreement with classical correlations of the literature. For qualities smaller than 0.1, in the subcooled nucleate boiling regime HTC is significantly smaller in microgravityconditions.

This research investigation examines the thermal behaviour of single and arrays of fluid jets impinging at heated surfaces, and formulates enhancement schemes for the jet impingement heat transfer processes for high-intensity cooling applications. The proposed techniques are numerically modelled and analysed over a wide parametric range to identify flow characteristics leading to thermal enhancement and optimum performance. The first scheme applies to a single fluid jet and incorporates a protruding object at the impingement surface to improve heat transfer. In this, a conical protrusion of high thermal conductivity is attached to the heated surface directly beneath the jet. Three different aspect ratios of 0.5, 1 and 2 are investigated for the protrusion while the inclusion of a fillet at the base of the cone is also studied. Jet Reynolds numbers between 100 and 30,000 are modelled. The observed thermal performance is compared with a reference case having no surface attachment. With this arrangement, the heat transfer rate typically varies between 10 and 40 percent above the reference case although depending on certain parametric combinations, the heat transfer may increase above or decrease below the reference performance. The highest indicated increase in heat transfer is about 90 percent while 15 percent below is the lowest. Careful selection of cone surface profile creates potential for further thermal enhancement. / The second scheme applies to a single fluid jet and incorporates a recess in the impingement surface to improve heat transfer. In this, a cylindrical cavity is introduced to the surface beneath the jet into which the fluid jet impinges. The effects of the cavity on heat transfer are examined for a number of different cavity diameters, cavity depths and jet discharge heights wherein a surface without a cavity is taken as the reference surface. Cavity diameters of 2, 3 and 4 times the jet diameter are investigated at cavity depths between zero and 4 times the jet diameter. Jet discharge heights range between 2 jet diameters above the reference surface to 2 jet diameters below the reference surface. The jet Reynolds number is varied between 100 and 30,000. With this enhancement technique, increases in heat transfer rates of up to 45 percent are observed when compared to the reference performance. The thermal performance of fluid jet arrays is examined by altering square or hexagonal array configurations to identify flow characteristics leading to optimal heat transfer rates. For this, the jet to jet spacing is varied between 1.5 and 7 times the jet diameter while the jet to surface height is varied between 2 and 6 times the jet diameter. Jet Reynolds numbers between 100 and 30,000 are investigated. For each configuration, a critical jet-to-jet spacing is identified below which the heat transfer is observed to reduce significantly. Correlations for the expected heat transfer for a square or hexagonal array are presented in terms of the jet to jet spacing, jet height and jet Reynolds number.

<p>In modern gas turbines parts of combustion chamber and turbine section are under heavy heat load, for example, the rotor inlet temperature is far higher than the melting point of the rotor blade material. These high temperatures causes thermal stresses in the material, therefore it is very important to cool the components for safe operation and to achieve desired component life. But on the other hand the cooling reduces the turbine efficiency, for that reason it is vital to understand and optimize the cooling technique.</p><p>In this project Thermochromic Liquid Crystals (TLCs) are used to measure distribution of heat transfer coefficient over a scaled up combustor liner section. TLCs change their color with the variation of temperature in a particular temperature range. The color-temperature change relation of a TLC is sharp and precise; therefore TLCs are used to measure surface temperature by painting the TLC over a test surface. This method is called Liquid Crystal Thermography (LCT). LCT is getting popular in industry due to its high-resolution results, repeatability and ease of use.</p><p>Test model in present study consists of two plates, target plate and impingement plate. Cooling of the target plate is achieved by impingement of air coming through holes in the impingement plate. The downstream surface of the impingement plate is then cooled by cross flow and re-impingement of the coolant air.</p><p>Heat transfer on the target plate is not uniform; areas under the jet which are called stagnation points have high heat transfer as compare to the areas away from the center of jet. It is almost the same situation for the impingement plate but the location of stagnation point is different. A transient technique is used to measure this non-uniform heat transfer distribution. It is assumed that the plates are semi-infinitely thick and there is no lateral heat transfer in the plates. To fulfill the assumptions a calculated time limit is followed and the test plates are made of Plexiglas which has very low thermal conductivity.</p><p>The transient technique requires a step-change in the mainstream temperature of the test section. However, in practical a delayed increase in mainstream temperature is attained. This issue is dealt by applying Duhamel’s theorem on the step-change heat transfer equation. MATLAB is used to get the Hue data of the recorded video frames and calculate the time taken for each pixel to reach a predefined surface temperature. Having all temperatures and time values the heat transfer equation is iteratively solved to get the value of heat transfer coefficient of each and every pixel of the test surface.</p><p>In total fifteen tests are conducted with different Reynolds number and different jet-to-target plate distances. It is concluded that for both the target and impingement plates, a high Reynolds number provides better overall heat transfer and increase in jet-to-target distance</p><p>decreases the overall heat transfer.</p>

<p>When designing a new fuel management system for a spark ignition engine the amount of air that is fed to the cylinders is highly important. A tool that is being used to improve the performance and reduce emission levels is engine modeling were a fuel management system can be tested and designed in a computer environment thus saving valuable setup time in an engine test cell. One important part of the modeling is the throttle which regulates the air. The current isentropic model has been investigated in this report. A throttle body and intake manifold has been simulated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and the influence of surface heating and surface wall roughness has been calculated. A method to calculate the effective flow area has been constructed and tested by simulating at two different throttle plate angles and several pressure ratios across the throttle plate. The results show that both surface wall roughness and wall heating will reduce the mass flow rate compared to a smooth and adiabatic wall respectively. The reduction is both dependent on pressure ratio and throttle plate angle. The effective area has showed to follow the same behaviour as the mass flow rate for the larger simulated throttle plate angle 31 degrees, i.e. an increase as the pressure drop over the throttle plate becomes larger. At the smaller throttle plate angle 21 degrees, the behaviour is completely different and a reduction of the effective area can be seen for the highest pressure drop where a increase is expected.</p> / <p>När ett nytt bränslesystem ska designas till en bensinmotor är det viktigt att veta hur stor mängd luft som hamnar i cylindrarna. Ett verktyg som är på frammarsch för att förbättra prestanda och minska emissioner är modellbaserad simulering. Med hjälp av detta kan ett bränslesystem designas och testas i datormiljö och därigenom spara dyrbar tid som annars måste tillbringas i en motortestcell. En viktig del av denna modellering är spjället eller trotteln vilken reglerar luften. I denna rapport har studier gjort på den nuvarande isentropiska modellen. Ett spjällhus och insugsgrenrör har simulerats med hjälp av Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) och påverkan av värme samt ytjämnhet på väggen har beräknats. En metod att beräkna den effektiva genomströmmade arean har konstruerats och testats vid två olika spjällvinklar samt flertalet tryckkvoter över spjället. Resultaten visar att både en uppvärmd vägg och en vägg med skrovlighet kommer att minska massflödet jämfört med en adiabatisk respektive en slät vägg. Minskningen har både spjällvinkel samt tryckkvots beroende. Den effektiva genomströmmade arean har visats sig följa samma beteende som massflödet vid den större simulerade spjällvinkeln 31 grader, det vill säga öka med ökat tryckfall över spjället. Vid den mindre vinkeln 21 grader, är beteendet helt annorlunda jämfört med massflödet och en minskning av den effektiva arean kan ses vid det största tryckfallet där en ökning förväntades.</p>

<p>The demand for more accurate measurements is increasing in today’s industry. One reason for this is to optimize production and thus maximize profits. Another reason is that in some cases government regulations dictate that supervision of certain parameters must be followed. At Preemraff Lysekil there are basically four reasons for measuring skin temperatures inside fired process heaters, namely; because of government regulations, in order to estimate the load of the fired process heater, to estimate the lifetime of the tubes inside the fired process heater and finally, to determine the need of decoking. However, only the first three of these reasons are applied to H2301/2/3. The current skin thermocouple design has been in use for many years and now the question of how well it measures surface temperature has risen. Furthermore a new weld-free design is under consideration to replace the old skin thermocouple design. Another question is therefore how well the new design can measure the surface temperature under the same operating conditions as the old one. In order to evaluate this, three–dimensional computer simulations were made of the different designs. As this thesis will show, the differences in calculated skin thermocouple temperature and calculated surface temperature is about the same for the two designs. However, the current design will show a lower temperature than the surface temperature, while the new design will show a higher temperature. Regarding the core of the skin thermocouple designs, namely the thermocouple, no hard conclusions can be drawn, although the industry appears to favor type ’N’ over type ’K’.</p>

A constrained thin film desorption scheme has been experimentally tested to determine the desorption rates for water from an aqueous lithium bromide mixture through a confining membrane. Variable conditions include the inlet concentration, pressure differential across the membrane, and channel height. Desorption takes place in a channel created between two parallel plates with one of the walls being both heated and porous. A hydrophobic porous membrane creates a liquid-vapor interface and allows for vapor removal from the channel. Inlet concentrations of 32 wt%, 40 wt%, and 50 wt% lithium bromide were tested at an inlet sub-atmospheric pressure of 33.5 kPa. Pressure differentials across the membrane of 6 kPa and 12 kPa were imposed along with two channel heights of 170 μm and 745 μm. All cases were run at an inlet mass flow rate of 3.2 g/min, corresponding to Reynolds numbers of approximately 2.5 to 4.5. The membrane surface area for desorption was 16.8 cm². A maximum desorption rate (vapor mass flow rate) of 0.51 g/min was achieved, for the 32 wt%, 12 kPa pressure differential, and 170 μm channel. Increasing the pressure differential across the channel allowed for higher desorption rates at a fixed wall superheat, and delayed the transition to boiling. As the inlet concentration increased the desorber's performance decreased as more energy was required to produce a fixed desorption rate. Results are also presented for the variation in the heat transfer coefficient with the wall superheat temperature. The increase in the channel height had a negative influence on the heat transfer coefficient, requiring larger superheat values to produce a fixed desorption rate. / Graduation date: 2005 / Best scan available for tables and computer code in the appendices. The original is faded.

For over 30 years, the Implicit Monte Carlo (IMC) method has been used to solve challenging problems in thermal radiative transfer. These problems are typically optically thick and di ffusive, as a consequence of the high degree of "pseudo-scattering" introduced to model the absorption and reemission of photons from a tightly-coupled, radiating material. IMC has several well-known features which could be improved: a) it can be prohibitively computationally expensive, b) it introduces statistical noise into the material and radiation temperatures, which may be problematic in multiphysics simulations, and c) under certain conditions, solutions can be unphysical and numerically unstable, in that they violate a maximum principle - IMC calculated temperatures can be greater than the maximum temperature used to drive the problem. We have developed a variant of IMC called "iterative thermal emission" IMC, which is designed to be more stable than IMC and have a reduced parameter space in which the maximum principle is violated. ITE IMC is a more implicit method version of the IMC in that it uses the information obtained from a series of IMC photon histories to improve the estimate for the end of time-step material temperature during a time step. A better estimate of the end of time-step material temperature allows for a more implicit estimate of other temperature dependent quantities: opacity, heat capacity, Fleck Factor (probability that a photon absorbed during a time step is not reemitted) and the Planckian emission source. The ITE IMC method is developed by using Taylor series expansions in material temperature in a similar manner as the IMC method. It can be implemented in a Monte Carlo computer code by running photon histories for several sub-steps in a given time-step and combining the resulting data in a thoughtful way. The ITE IMC method is then validated against 0-D and 1-D analytic solutions and compared with traditional IMC. We perform an in finite medium stability analysis of ITE IMC and show that it is slightly more numerically stable than traditional IMC. We find that significantly larger time-steps can be used with ITE IMC without violating the maximum principle, especially in problems with non-linear material properties. We also compare ITE IMC to IMC on a two-dimensional, orthogonal mesh, x-y geometry problem called the "crooked pipe" and show that our new method reproduces the IMC solution. The ITE IMC method yields results with larger variances; however, the accuracy of the solution is improved in comparison with IMC, for a given choice of spatial and temporal grid. / Graduation date: 2013