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Argentina es un destacado productor de semillas híbridas de girasol. La desecación química se emplea para adelantar la cosecha y reducir la incidencia de adversidades bióticas y abióticas. En cultivos para semilla, se desconoce el efecto de la práctica sobre la dinámica de secado de la planta en parentales femeninos, el rendimiento o la calidad del aceite de las semillas híbridas, la calidad fisiológica a cosecha y durante el almacenamiento y el posterior desempeño a campo. El objetivo general de esta tesis fue analizar el efecto del desecado químico en la deshidratación de la planta, el rendimiento de líneas parentales femeninas, la composición acídica y la calidad fisiológica de las semillas híbridas de girasol. Se realizaron siete experimentos en Buenos Aires y Venado Tuerto, utilizando seis parentales femeninos con diferente constitución genética y composición de aceite (alto oleico y alto linolénico). Los desecantes, Paraquat, Carfentrazone y Saflufenacil se aplicaron en el rango de 38-15 % de humedad de semillas. El Control permaneció en el campo hasta alcanzar 10 a 12 % de humedad. El Paraquat tuvo el mayor efecto desecante. La dinámica de secado fue diferente entre órganos, los frutos (semillas) se secaron más rápidamente que los receptáculos y tallos. Los indicadores visuales (necrosis y verdor) no se asociaron con la pérdida efectiva de humedad de los diferentes tejidos. La aplicación del desecante alrededor del 30% de humedad de semillas, anticipó la cosecha entre 23 y 43 días, sin efectos adversos sobre el rendimiento de las líneas parentales, ni el contenido o la composición de aceite de las semillas híbridas. El desecado no afectó la viabilidad (90- 100%), aunque incrementó la dormición entre un 51 a 96 %. La cubierta seminal mostró una importante influencia en los niveles de dormición de las semillas de girasol tratadas con Paraquat, asociado con el aumento en el espesor de la pared celular externa de la capa de células endospermáticas. La desecación química con Paraquat benefició la calidad fisiológica de las semillas de girasol. Incrementó un 3 a 19 %, la germinación medida en semillas despiertas luego de la remoción del pericarpio + cubierta seminal. El vigor (estimado mediante de la Conductividad Eléctrica en semillas sin pericarpio) también fue mayor, con reducciones entre 0,9 a 50,2 μS.cm-1. g-1 respecto del control. La mejora en la calidad de las semillas cosechadas anticipadamente se asoció con una reducción en la exposición a condiciones ambientales adversas y resultó independiente de la constitución genética de los híbridos. Los genotipos alto y mid oleico tuvieron menor calidad fisiológica. El Paraquat también benefició la germinación y el vigor durante el almacenamiento prolongado en galpón y cámara fría, sin efectos fitotóxicos. Los pequeños cambios en el contenido de aceite u oleico durante el almacenamiento, no se tradujeron en cambios en los niveles de germinación y vigor. La tasa de emergencia a campo (a los 6 y 19 meses desde cosecha) fue mayor en las semillas desecadas, con un mejor ajuste cuando se expresó en grados día/plántula. Los beneficios del desecado químico descriptos en el presente trabajo, contribuyen a optimizar el proceso de producción y almacenamiento de las semillas de girasol. / Argentina is a leading producer of sunflower hybrid seeds. Chemical desiccation is used to advance the harvest and reduce the incidence of biotic and abiotic adversities. In seed crops the effect of desiccation on drying rate of female parents plants, hybrid seeds yield or oil quality, physiological quality at harvest and during storage, and subsequent field performance, is unknown. The general objective of this thesis was to analyze the effect of chemical desiccation on plan drying, yield from female parents plants, acidic composition and physiological quality of hybrids sunflower seeds. Seven experiments were performed in Buenos Aires and Venado Tuerto using six female parents with different background genetic and seed oil composition (high oleic and high linoleic). Desiccants, Paraquat, Carfentrazone and Saflufenacil, were applied when the seeds presented between 38 and 15% moisture. Control remained in the field until reaching 10 to 12% seed moisture. Paraquat had the highest desiccation effect. The drying rate was different among organs, with fruits (seeds) drying faster than the receptacles and stems. Visual indicators (necrosis and greenery) were not associated with the effective moisture loss from the different tissues. Desiccant application around 30% seed moisture, advanced harvest between 23 and 43 days without adverse effects on the female parents yield, content or oil composition of hybrid seeds. Desiccation did not affect the viability of hybrid seeds (90-100%), although it increased dormancy between 51 to 96 %. The seed coat showed a significant influence on levels of dormancy of sunflower seeds treated with Paraquat, associated with the increase in the thickness of the outer cell wall layer of endospermatics cells. The chemical desiccation with Paraquat was beneficial to physiological quality of sunflower seeds. It increased the germination in seeds without dormancy after pericarp and seed coat removal by 3 to 19%. The vigour (estimated by electrical conductivity in seeds without pericarp) was also higher, with decreases between 0,9 to 50,2 μS.cm-1. g-1 compared to the control. The improvement in the quality of seeds harvested early was associated with a reduction in exposure to adverse environmental conditions. And it was independent of the genetic constitution of the hybrids. The high and mid oleic genotypes had lower physiological quality. Paraquat also had beneficial effects on germination and vigor during prolonged storage in room and cold chamber, without phytotoxic effects. Small changes in oil or oleic content during storage did not represent changes in germination and seed vigor levels. The field emergency rate (at 6 and 19 months after harvest) was higher in the desiccated seeds, with a better fit when expressed in degrees day/seedling. The benefits of chemical desiccation described by this work help the optimization of production processes and storage of sunflower seeds.

The primary objective of this research was to identify practices by which specialty cut flower growers can extend the vase life of cut delphinium, sunflower, and dahlia. Experiments investigated the effects of nitrogen fertilization rate on delphinium 'Guardian Mix' and the effects of deficit irrigation on delphinium 'Guardian Blue.' 'Guardian Mix' plants produced marketable cut stems at nitrogen rates as low as 50 mg/L. Deficit irrigation did not change vase life, stomatal conductance, or transpiration rates of delphinium 'Guardian Blue.' Studies tested the effects of foliar calcium applications or benzyladenine application on sunflower 'Moulin Rouge' and 'Procut Lemon.' Calcium did not change the vase life, stomatal conductance, or transpiration rates of either sunflower cultivar. Benzyladenine applied as a preharvest spray or a postharvest dip did not alter vase life of sunflower 'Moulin Rouge' or 'Procut Lemon.' Transpiration rate and conductance rates of sunflowers significantly decreased in the first three days after harvest. In both sunflower experiments, vase life of 'Moulin Rouge' was shorter than vase life of 'Procut Lemon.' Benzyladenine was also applied to dahlia 'Park Princess' and 'Karma Yin Yang' cut flowers. Benzyladenine did not change dahlia vase life. Dahlia 'Park Princess,' 'Bride to Be,' 'Cherish,' and 'Lollipop' cut flowers were not sensitive to exogenous ethylene. Further experiments tested the effect of flower stage at harvest, vase water temperature, or preharvest fungicide application on dahlia 'Park Princess' and 'Karma Yin Yang' cut flowers. Vase life of 'Park Princess' flowers was extended when flowers were harvested before fully open, but 'Park Princess' flowers harvested at budbreak failed to open completely after harvest. 'Karma Yin Yang' cut flower vase life did not differ when flowers were harvested at different stages. Placing cut dahlias in hot vase water had varied effects, but did not extend vase life of either cultivar. Fungicide applications extended vase life of 'Park Princess' flowers. However, the use of fungicide is not necessary to prevent postharvest fungal infection in cut dahlias. The results of all experiments indicate that optimal handling practices vary between cut flower taxa and that factors determining cut flower vase life are complex. / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:15:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RobertoPS_TESE.pdf: 1647938 bytes, checksum: dc34992c335e50d26416144e8fb502c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-29 / This study aims to determine the appropriate size of field plots for field experimentation with sunflower. An experiment was conducted in randomized complete blocks design with 14 cultivars of sunflower and 10 replications. The field plots consisted of four rows of six-meter long rows, spaced 0.7 m and 0.3 m between plants, with a total area of 16.8 m2. The useful area of the plot (7.56 m2), consisting of the two central rows, was divided into 12 basic units, each one consisting of three plants in the row (0.63 m2). The production of sunflower grains obtained in basic units was grouped in order to form portions of seven kinds of five different predefined sizes. The appropriate size of the experimental plot was estimated by the following methods: a) Intraclass correlation coefficient b) Maximum modified curvature c) Segmented linear model with plateau and d) Hatheway (1961). Were also estimated the soil heterogeneity coefficient (b) and the detectable difference among treatments (d). There was a reduction in the coefficient of variation with increasing the size of the plot. The soil of the experiment showed high heterogeneity ( = 1.0585). They were estimated by the methods of the intraclass correlation coefficient, maximum modified curvature and segmented linear model with plateau, respectively, the optimal plot sizes corresponding to 2.52, 3.74 and 2.48 m2. The maximum modified curvature method presented estimate of the optimum plot size more appropriate, together with the detectable difference between means of cultivars to accurately assess the yield of sunflower grain. The plot of 3.74 m2 of useful area was considered appropriate to assess the yield of sunflower grains and it was smaller than the size generally used in researches with sunflower. Though the Hatheway method (1961), they were estimated several very aplicable plot sizes. Considering all the cultivars for the same difference to be detected among means of cultivars, the use of a portion of smaller size with the largest number of replicates required less experimental area than the larger plots with a fewer number of replications / O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar o tamanho adequado de parcela para experimentação de campo com girassol. Foi realizado um experimento no delineamento em blocos completos casualizados com 14 cultivares de girassol e 10 repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas de quatro fileiras de seis metros de comprimento, espaçadas de 0,7 m e entre plantas de 0,3 m, com área total de 16,8 m2. A área útil da parcela (7,56 m2), composta das duas fileiras centrais, foi dividida em 12 unidades básicas, cada uma constituída de três plantas na fileira (0,63 m2). A produção de grãos do girassol obtida nas unidades básicas foi agrupada de modo a formar sete tipos de parcelas de cinco tamanhos diferentes pré-estabelecidos. O tamanho adequado da parcela experimental foi estimado por meio dos seguintes métodos: a) Coeficiente de correlação intraclasse; b) Máxima curvatura modificado; c) Modelo linear segmentado com platô e d) Hatheway (1961). Estimaram-se também o coeficiente de heterogeneidade do solo (b) e a diferença detectável entre tratamentos (d). Ocorreu redução do coeficiente de variação com o aumento do tamanho da parcela. O solo do experimento apresentou alta heterogeneidade ( = 1,0585). Foram estimados pelos métodos do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse, máxima curvatura modificado e modelo linear segmentado com platô, respectivamente, os tamanhos ótimos de parcela correspondentes a 2,52, 3,74 e 2,48 m2. O método da máxima curvatura modificado apresentou estimativa do tamanho ótimo da parcela mais adequado, aliado à diferença detectável entre médias de cultivares para avaliar com precisão o rendimento de grãos do girassol. Parcela 3,74 m2 de área útil foi considerada adequada para avaliação do rendimento de grãos do girassol e foi menor que o tamanho geralmente usado nas pesquisas com o girassol. Pelo método de Hatheway (1961) estimaram-se diversos tamanhos de parcelas, muitos aplicáveis. Considerando todas as cultivares, para uma mesma diferença a ser detectada entre médias de cultivares, a utilização de parcela de menor tamanho com maior número de repetições requereu menos área experimental do que parcelas maiores com menor número de repetições

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:18:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RobertoPS_TESE.pdf: 1647938 bytes, checksum: dc34992c335e50d26416144e8fb502c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-29 / This study aims to determine the appropriate size of field plots for field experimentation with sunflower. An experiment was conducted in randomized complete blocks design with 14 cultivars of sunflower and 10 replications. The field plots consisted of four rows of six-meter long rows, spaced 0.7 m and 0.3 m between plants, with a total area of 16.8 m2. The useful area of the plot (7.56 m2), consisting of the two central rows, was divided into 12 basic units, each one consisting of three plants in the row (0.63 m2). The production of sunflower grains obtained in basic units was grouped in order to form portions of seven kinds of five different predefined sizes. The appropriate size of the experimental plot was estimated by the following methods: a) Intraclass correlation coefficient b) Maximum modified curvature c) Segmented linear model with plateau and d) Hatheway (1961). Were also estimated the soil heterogeneity coefficient (b) and the detectable difference among treatments (d). There was a reduction in the coefficient of variation with increasing the size of the plot. The soil of the experiment showed high heterogeneity ( = 1.0585). They were estimated by the methods of the intraclass correlation coefficient, maximum modified curvature and segmented linear model with plateau, respectively, the optimal plot sizes corresponding to 2.52, 3.74 and 2.48 m2. The maximum modified curvature method presented estimate of the optimum plot size more appropriate, together with the detectable difference between means of cultivars to accurately assess the yield of sunflower grain. The plot of 3.74 m2 of useful area was considered appropriate to assess the yield of sunflower grains and it was smaller than the size generally used in researches with sunflower. Though the Hatheway method (1961), they were estimated several very aplicable plot sizes. Considering all the cultivars for the same difference to be detected among means of cultivars, the use of a portion of smaller size with the largest number of replicates required less experimental area than the larger plots with a fewer number of replications / O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar o tamanho adequado de parcela para experimentação de campo com girassol. Foi realizado um experimento no delineamento em blocos completos casualizados com 14 cultivares de girassol e 10 repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas de quatro fileiras de seis metros de comprimento, espaçadas de 0,7 m e entre plantas de 0,3 m, com área total de 16,8 m2. A área útil da parcela (7,56 m2), composta das duas fileiras centrais, foi dividida em 12 unidades básicas, cada uma constituída de três plantas na fileira (0,63 m2). A produção de grãos do girassol obtida nas unidades básicas foi agrupada de modo a formar sete tipos de parcelas de cinco tamanhos diferentes pré-estabelecidos. O tamanho adequado da parcela experimental foi estimado por meio dos seguintes métodos: a) Coeficiente de correlação intraclasse; b) Máxima curvatura modificado; c) Modelo linear segmentado com platô e d) Hatheway (1961). Estimaram-se também o coeficiente de heterogeneidade do solo (b) e a diferença detectável entre tratamentos (d). Ocorreu redução do coeficiente de variação com o aumento do tamanho da parcela. O solo do experimento apresentou alta heterogeneidade ( = 1,0585). Foram estimados pelos métodos do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse, máxima curvatura modificado e modelo linear segmentado com platô, respectivamente, os tamanhos ótimos de parcela correspondentes a 2,52, 3,74 e 2,48 m2. O método da máxima curvatura modificado apresentou estimativa do tamanho ótimo da parcela mais adequado, aliado à diferença detectável entre médias de cultivares para avaliar com precisão o rendimento de grãos do girassol. Parcela 3,74 m2 de área útil foi considerada adequada para avaliação do rendimento de grãos do girassol e foi menor que o tamanho geralmente usado nas pesquisas com o girassol. Pelo método de Hatheway (1961) estimaram-se diversos tamanhos de parcelas, muitos aplicáveis. Considerando todas as cultivares, para uma mesma diferença a ser detectada entre médias de cultivares, a utilização de parcela de menor tamanho com maior número de repetições requereu menos área experimental do que parcelas maiores com menor número de repetições

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In Brazil over recent years the interest increased on the sunflower cultivation. Sunflower yield can be decreased by water deficit. To solve this problem, is necessary to calculate the probable water deficit in critical sunflower sub-phases and in the whole development cycle at different sowing dates. The objective of this study was to determine the probable duration values of sub-phases and the developmental cycle and get sowing dates with lower risk of water deficit and the occurrence probability in different levels of water deficit during the developmental sub-phases of sunflower crop sown at different sowing dates, considering the water storage capacity in different soils in the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul. Also determine the probability of occurrence of water stress for different years classified as the El Niño Southern Oscilation (ENSO). Crop development was simulated using the thermal time method, for 14 sowing dates, from August until mid-February, for every year during the period from 1968 to 2011, covered by database of Meteorological Station of Santa Maria, RS. For calculating the water deficit, the 13 soils were grouped into six groups with similar water storage capacity (CAD) and infiltration capacity. The water deficit was calculated from daily water balance. Data analysis consisted of analysis of variance, means comparison tests and analysis of probability distribution for the variables: duration of crop developmental sub-phases and the whole developmental cycle of the sunflower, water deficit in the sub-phases and whole developmental cycle. The length of the sub-phases and the development cycle of the sunflower crop are variable depending on sowing date. The length of the developmental sub-phases that occur from sowing until flower bud visible of sunflower are higher in the earliest sowing date (01/08). After anthesis, the longer length of developmental sub-phases occurs in the latest sowing (16/02). The lognormal, normal and gamma distributions represent better the development of sunflower to estimate the length of the phases and the whole cycle. At sowing date of 16/12, for 90% probability level, sunflower has the shortest length of the developmental cycle ending the cycle in a maximum of 96 days. The longer length of the sunflower cycle occurs at sowing date of 01/08, which reaches 132 days, at 90% level of occurrence probability. The sowing dates from early October until early November are the ones with the highest water deficit, considering the whole development cycle of the sunflower regardless of soil, a different choice on sowing date reduces the risk and the level of water deficit in sunflower cycle. In the soils in which the water storage capacity is lower, water deficit is greater in sub-phases as in the full cycle of the sunflower compared to other soils and is little variable among the sowing dates. Sunflower Sowings in the first half of August and since December are the ones with the lowest risk occurrence of water deficit during the more critical sub-phase of sunflower crop, at least there are favorable conditions for sowing and initial establishment of plants. / No Brasil nos últimos anos elevou-se o interesse pelo cultivo do girassol. Quando submetida à deficiência hídrica a cultura do girassol apresenta redução na produtividade. Para contornar esse problema, é necessário calcular a provável deficiência hídrica nos subperíodos críticos e no ciclo de desenvolvimento do girassol para cada uma das diferentes datas de semeadura. O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar os valores prováveis de duração dos subperíodos e do ciclo de desenvolvimento e obter as datas de semeadura com menor risco de deficiência hídrica e a probabilidade de ocorrência de diferentes níveis de déficit hídrico durante os subperíodos de desenvolvimento do girassol semeado em datas de semeadura distintas, considerando a capacidade de armazenamento de água nos diferentes solos da região central do RS. Também determinar a probabilidade de ocorrência de deficiência hídrica para os diferentes anos classificados conforme o fenômeno El Niño Oscilação Sul (ENOS). O desenvolvimento da cultura foi simulado por meio do método da soma térmica, para 14 datas de semeadura, do início do mês de agosto até meados de fevereiro, para cada ano do banco de dados da Estação Meteorológica Principal de Santa Maria, RS, utilizando o período de 1968 a 2011. Para calcular a deficiência hídrica, os 13 solos da região foram agrupados em seis grupos que apresentam características semelhantes de capacidade de armazenamento de água disponível (CAD) e capacidade de infiltração. As deficiências hídricas foram determinadas a partir do balanço hídrico diário. A análise dos dados consistiu na análise da variância, teste de comparação de médias e análise de distribuição de probabilidade para as variáveis: duração dos subperíodos e do ciclo de desenvolvimento do girassol, deficiência hídrica nos subperíodos e no ciclo do girassol. A duração dos subperíodos e do ciclo de desenvolvimento do girassol é variável conforme a data de semeadura. A duração dos subperíodos que ocorrem da semeadura até o botão floral visível do girassol são maiores na primeira data de semeadura (01/08). Após a antese a maior duração dos subperíodos ocorre na semeadura mais tardia (16/02). As distribuições lognormal, normal e gama representam melhor o desenvolvimento do girassol para estimar a duração dos subperíodos e do ciclo. Na data de semeadura de 16/12, ao nível de 90% de probabilidade de ocorrência, o girassol tem a menor duração do ciclo, completando o ciclo em no máximo de 96 dias. A maior duração do ciclo do girassol ocorre na data de semeadura de 01/08, na qual alcança 132 dias, em nível de 90% de probabilidade de ocorrência. As datas de semeadura de início de outubro até o início de novembro são as que apresentam a maior deficiência hídrica, considerando todo o ciclo de desenvolvimento do girassol independente do solo; a escolha de outra data de semeadura reduz o risco e o nível de deficiência hídrica durante o ciclo do girassol. Nos solos em que a capacidade de armazenamento de água disponível é menor, a deficiência hídrica é maior tanto nos subperíodos quanto no ciclo do girassol em relação aos demais solos e é pouco variável ao longo das datas de semeadura. Semeaduras de girassol na primeira quinzena de agosto e a partir do mês de dezembro são as que apresentam os menores riscos de ocorrer deficiência hídrica no transcorrer do subperíodo mais crítico do girassol, desde que se tenham condições favoráveis para a semeadura e o estabelecimento inicial das plantas.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The approach to knowledge about the probabilities of water excess occurrence enables the planning sunflower crop management, mainly about the sowing period. The objective of this study was quantify and analyze the occurrence of water excess through numerical study for sunflower crop sown on different dates, considering the storage capacity of water in different soils of the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul and determine the probability distribution functions that better represent the water excess occurrence. Mathematical modeling was used to simulate the sunflower development, considering a medium maturity genotype. The simulation was done for 14 sowing dates in each year of the time series of 43 years of diary weather data from 1968 to 2011 of Main Climatological Station of Santa Maria (ECPSM). The number of days with water excess in different development stages of culture was determined for main soils of the region covered by the ECPSM. Capacity values of available water storage (CAD) were considered according soil and culture characteristics, being the water excess calculated using the Dialy Water Balance, represented by accumulated water in the soil exceeding the CAD. The distribution probability functions tested for the number of days with water excess were Normal, Exponential, Gamma, Lognormal and Weibull, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Chi-square tests were used to check the fit of functions. The weather conditions were different for the different sowing dates simulated in 43 years, so that differentiate the simulations of the development cycle of the sunflower. Thus, difference was observed in the number of days with water excess between sowing dates for all sub-periods analyzed. In terms of functions, there was at least one function that is fitted in most of the cases, and when there was no possible fit, the empirical frequency was used to analyze the risk. The Weibull had the greatest number of adjustments for developmental cycle as well as for subperiods. Early August until mid-September sowing dates are those with the greatest number of days with water excess, considering the whole development cycle of sunflower, regardless of the soil CAD. / A abordagem do conhecimento acerca das probabilidades de ocorrência de excedentes hídricos permite o planejamento do manejo da cultura do girassol, principalmente quanto ao período de semeadura. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi quantificar e analisar a ocorrência de excesso hídrico, por meio de estudo numérico, para a cultura do girassol semeada em diferentes datas, considerando-se a capacidade de armazenamento de água nos diferentes solos da região central do Rio Grande do Sul e determinar as funções de distribuição de probabilidade que melhor representam a ocorrência de excesso hídrico. Foi utilizada a modelagem matemática para simular o desenvolvimento da cultura do girassol, considerandose um genótipo de grupo de maturidade médio, sendo a simulação feita para 14 datas de semeadura em cada ano da série histórica de 43 anos de dados meteorológicos da Estação Climatológica Principal de Santa Maria (ECPSM), desde 1968 até 2011. A ocorrência de dias com excesso hídrico nos diferentes subperíodos da cultura foi determinada para os principais solos da região de abrangência da ECPSM. Foram considerados os valores de capacidade de armazenamento de água disponível (CAD) conforme características dos solos e da cultura, sendo o excesso hídrico calculado por meio do Balanço Hídrico Sequencial Diário, representado pelo acumulado de água no solo excedente à CAD. As funções de distribuição de probabilidade testadas para o número de dias com excesso hídrico foram Normal, Exponencial, Gama, Lognormal e Weibull, sendo utilizados os teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e Chi-Quadrado para verificar o ajuste das funções. As condições meteorológicas foram distintas para as diferentes datas de semeadura simuladas nos 43 anos, de modo a diferenciar as simulações do ciclo de desenvolvimento do girassol. Assim, houve diferença no número de dias com excesso hídrico entre as datas de semeadura para todos os subperíodos analisados. Em relação às funções, houve pelo menos uma função que se ajustou na maioria dos casos, sendo que quando não houve ajuste possível foi utilizada a frequência empírica para analisar o risco. A função Weibull apresentou maior número de ajustes, tanto para o ciclo de desenvolvimento quanto para os subperíodos. As datas de semeadura de início de agosto até meados de setembro são as que apresentam a maior ocorrência de dias com excesso hídrico, considerando todo o ciclo de desenvolvimento do girassol, independente da CAD do solo.

La verticilliose est causée par des agents pathogènes telluriques du genre Verticillium. Elle est, depuis sa découverte dans les années 50, maladie majeure du tournesol en Argentine où des sources de résistances ont été identifiées. En France, c’est une maladie de plus en plus fréquente, observée chaque année sur de nouvelles zones de production. Elle suscite désormais des efforts dans la recherche de moyens de lutte sur ce territoire. Ce travail s’est concentré sur l’étude des interactions Tournesol - agents causals de la verticilliose à deux niveaux d’observation : celui du système de culture (français vs. argentin) et celui de l’individu. L’objectif est d’apporter des connaissances sur l’agent causal et sur le déterminisme moléculaire dans la résistance à la verticilliose du tournesol afin de développer un modèle de criblage de résistances à grande échelle. L’étude de la maladie dans les systèmes de culture a permis de mettre en évidence l’existence d’une différence significative de la réponse du tournesol à Verticillium entre la France et l’Argentine. L’étude moléculaire des pathogènes vasculaires in planta, échantillonnés dans les 2 systèmes de culture, a permis de confirmer l’implication majeure de V. dahliae dans la verticilliose du tournesol. En conditions contrôlées, une étude comparative de la pathogénicité de plusieurs isolats de V. dahliae (de la tomate, du coton, du sol) sur le tournesol a mis en évidence que seul l’isolat 85S, isolé à partir du tournesol, est capable de le coloniser et de provoquer des symptômes. L’étude du génome de l’isolat 85S révèle que cet isolat n’appartient à aucune branche existante de l’arbre phylogénétique ; il forme un groupe per se, associé aux isolats non défoliant du coton mais infectant la tomate. L’hypothèse de la spécificité de la réponse induite dans l’hypocotyle et les feuilles du tournesol par certains isolats de V. dahliae a été confirmée en étudiant la cinétique de l’expression de 9 gènes associés à la défense, 5 semaines après inoculation. Le tournesol met uniquement en place son système de défense en réponse à l’infection par 85S. La réponse semble induite ; la colonisation n’est pas systémique, la biomasse fongique n’a pas été détectée dans l’hypocotyle et les feuilles de l’hybride asymptomatique. L’ensemble de ces travaux a conduit au développement d’un modèle pour le criblage de résistances à Verticillium chez le tournesol. Celui-ci répond aux contraintes liées à la diversité du pathogène dans les méga-environnements, conséquences de pressions de sélection différentielles. / Verticillium wilt is caused by soil-borne fungi of the genus Verticillium. From its discovery in the 50’s, sunflower Verticillium wilt is a major disease in Argentina where sources of resistances have been identified. Since few years, the disease occurs more frequently in France raising concerns on sources of resistances discoveries regarding its spread to other sunflower French production areas. This work focus on the study of Sunflower- causals agent of Verticillium wilt interaction at 2 levels of observation: at the cultural system (French vs Argentinian) and at the plant individual scale. The aim is to provide identification of the causal agents and knowledge on the molecular determinism of sunflower resistances to implement high-throughput plant phenotyping approach. Disease symptom studies within the cultural systems reveal a significant difference in the phenotypic expression of sunflower against Verticillium pressure according to the location in France or in Argentina. Molecular studies of isolates in planta, from naturally infested field in cultural systems reveal the major implication of V. dahliae in the sunflower Verticillium wilt disease. In controlled conditions, comparative studies of V. dahliae isolates pathogenicity (isolated from cotton, tomato and soil) on sunflower reveal that only 85S, isolated from sunflower is able to colonize and provoke symptoms. Genomic studies of 85S isolates reveal that the isolate did not belong to any branch of the current phylogenetic tree; 85S makes a 'per se' group within the cotton non-defoliating but tomato infecting strains. Specificity of induced responses in sunflower hypocotyl and leaves by only some of V. dahliae isolates have been confirmed through a gene expression kinetic analysis of 9 defenses related genes on 5 weeks post inoculation. Sunflower genotype is responding only to the 85S isolate. Resistance seems to be induced; colonization is not systemic as pathogen biomass has been detected but not quantify in symptomless cultivar. Our study finally leads to the implementation of Verticillium resistances screening model on the sunflower with respect to the constraints related to the pathogen diversity from the different environments, according to differential selection pressure.