Κατά την διάρκεια των τελευταίων δεκαετιών η εξέλιξη στον τεχνολογικό τομέα έχει κάνει αλματώδη πρόοδο. Η πρόοδος αυτή εισάγει νέες εφαρμογές οι οποίες απαιτούν κυκλώματα υψηλής ακρίβειας και αξιοπιστίας αυτό οδήγησε σε ανάπτυξη των κυκλωματικών στοιχείων και ειδικότερα των αντιστάσεων, οι οποίες αποτελούν βασικά στοιχεία στην λειτουργία κάθε κυκλώματος, έτσι ώστε να υπάρχουν πλέον αντιστάσεις διαφόρων τύπων, ώστε να ικανοποιούνται όλες οι ανάγκες. Τα βασικά ηλεκτρικά μεγέθη κάθε αντίστασης οποιουδήποτε τύπου είναι η ωμική τιμή της και η ονομαστική της ισχύ. Ωστόσο, υπάρχουν και δευτερεύοντα μεγέθη τα οποία βοηθούν στην καλύτερη γνώση των χαρακτηριστικών και της λειτουργίας κάθε αντίστασης. Τα χαρακτηριστικά αυτά μεταβάλλονται από τον κατασκευαστή της αντίστασης ώστε να ικανοποιούνται όλες οι εφαρμογές. Οι αντιστάσεις διαχωρίζονται σε 3 βασικές κατηγορίες: Σταθερές, μεταβλητές και μεταβαλλόμενες. Ο διαχωρισμός αυτός γίνεται με βάση την δυνατότητα ρύθμισης της τιμής τους από αυτόν που την χρησιμοποιεί. Οι σταθερές αντιστάσεις έχουν τιμή αντίστασης και ισχύος που ορίζεται από τον κατασκευαστή και παραμένει σταθερή για όλη την διάρκεια ζωής της αντίστασης. Κατασκευάζονται με διάφορες μεθόδους, με αποτέλεσμα να δημιουργούνται αντιστάσεις που έχουν διαφορετικά χαρακτηριστικά, τα οποία εξαρτώνται άμεσα από τον τρόπο και τα υλικά κατασκευή τους. Καλύπτονται, έτσι όλες οι ανάγκες λόγω της μεγάλης ποικιλίας. Οι μεταβλητές αντιστάσεις έχουν τιμή που μπορεί να ρυθμιστεί από όποιον την χρησιμοποιεί. Οι μεταβαλλόμενες αντιστάσεις είναι αυτές που δεν υπακούουν στον νόμο του Ohm(V=I*R), αλλά μεταβάλλουν την αντίσταση τους σε συνάρτηση με την μεταβολή διαφόρων μεγεθών όπως η θερμοκρασία, το φώς ή η τάση. Οι αντιστάσεις σύρματος είναι σταθερές αντιστάσεις με πολύ καλά ηλεκτρικά χαρακτηριστικά, καθώς έχουν μικρές ηλεκτρικές ανοχές επιτυγχάνουν καλή ευστάθεια και πολύ χαμηλούς συντελεστές θερμότητας. Διαχωρίζονται σε χαμηλής ισχύος και υψηλής ανάλογα με την ισχύ της εφαρμογής στην οποία τις χρησιμοποιούμε. Τα τυλίγματα κατασκευάζονται από μεταλλικά κράματα, τα οποία μπορούν να γίνουν πιο ανθεκτικά σε μηχανικές καταπονήσεις, και επιτυγχάνουν υψηλή ειδική αντίσταση. Για την κατασκευή του πυρήνα χρησιμοποιούνται διάφορα μονωτικά. Τα χαρακτηριστικά αυτού του τύπου των αντιστάσεων τις καθιστά ιδανικές για την κατασκευή μιας αντίστασης υψηλής τάσης. Έτσι, επιλέξαμε μια αντίσταση ονομαστικής τιμής 700 ΚΩ και ισχύος 250 W, δημιουργώντας μια σειρά από 10 αντιστάσεις συνολικής αντίστασης 7ΜΩ και ισχύος 2.5 ΚW. Πάνω σε αυτή την αντίσταση διεξήγαμε σειρά μετρήσεων για να μελετήσουμε την συμπεριφορά τους υπό την επίδραση υψηλής τάσης. Παρατηρήσαμε, λοιπόν, ότι υπάρχει εξάρτηση της τιμής της αντίστασης από το ρεύμα που την διαρρέει, καθώς αυτή λειτουργεί σαν πηνίο. Αυτό οφείλεται στον τρόπο κατασκευής της αντίστασης σύρματος και ήταν αναμενόμενο. Παρ’ όλα αυτά παραμένει ο ιδανικός τύπος αντίστασης για εφαρμογές υψηλών τάσεων, καθώς έχουν μεγάλη αξιοπιστία και παρέχονται σε μεγάλες τιμές ισχύος. / At the duration of last decades the development in the technological sector has made swift progress. This progress imports new applications that require circuits of high precision and reliability. This led to growth of circuit elements and more specifically to the resistances, which constitute basic elements in the operation of each circuit, so as to exist henceforth resistances of various types, in order to meet all needs. The basic electric sizes of each resistance of any type are her omik value and her nominal force. However, there are also secondary sizes which lead to better knowledge of the characteristics and the operation of each resistance. These features vary from manufacturer of resistance so as to suit in all applications. The resistances are separated into 3 main categories: Constant, variable and altered. This distinction is based on the adjustment of value by the person who uses it. The constant resistances have a value of resistance and a value of power that is provided by the manufacturer and is constant throughout the life of resistance. They are formed by various methods, so that are created resistances that have different characteristics, which depend directly on the construction methods and the materials manufacture. This covers all the needs of the large variety. The variable resistances have value that can be set from whoever uses it. The altered resistances are those that do not obey the law of Ohm (V = I * R),but they change their resistance according to the change of various sizes such as temperature, light or voltage. The resistances of wire are constant resistances with very good electrical characteristics as they have small electric tolerances and can achieve a good level of stability and very low rates of heat. They are separated into low and high power, depending on the strength of the application in which we use them. The windings are made of metal alloys, which can be more resistant to mechanical stress and can achieve high special resistivity. For the manufacture of core there are used different insulating materials. The characteristics of this type of resistances make them ideal for the construction of a high voltage resistance. Thus, we selected a resistance with nominal value 700 KOS and power 250 W, generating a series of 10 resistances with total resistance 7[MO] and power 2.5 KW. Over these series we had resistance measurements to study their behaviour under the influence of high voltage and we noticed that there is dependence of the resistance value with the stream which flows through, as it acts as ballast.. This is owed in the way the resistance wire is manufactured and the result was expected. Nevertheless, it remains the ideal type of resistance for high voltage applications, while they are very reliable and are provided in big prices of power.

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Switching and average models are developed for major three-phase PWM converters. The models are correct for the case when the voltage sources or capacitors with nonzero parasitic resistances are placed across the converter dc port or ac terminals. The effects of the parasitic resistances are described by additional time-varying terms in the average models depending not only on the duty cycle values, but also on the modulation strategy. For analysis purposes, the terms due to parasitic resistances can be approximated by their fundamental frequency components ( dc or line/output frequency). A new small-signal model in the rotating coordinates is developed for a uniformly sampled three-phase modulator. The model reveals that the uniform sampling introduces delays in the control inputs and cross-coupling between the control inputs. Furthermore, the model is time varying causing the complete small-signal model consisting of the modulator and converter small signal models in the rotating coordinates to become time-varying. Based on the derived expressions, the worst-case point for the control design can be identified. A modulation strategy which reduces delay due to the uniform sampling can be selected. The modulator model is partially verified experimentally. Influence of delays due to the uniformly sampled PWM and digital implementation is investigated in the closed-loop control design for the boost rectifier. Designs of standard control schemes, consisting of inner current loops and a superimposed voltage loop, are presented and verified experimentally. They can be extended to other three-phase PWM converters. A new control algorithm is developed and verified experimentally for power factor correction (PFC) applications of three-phase PWM rectifiers, where a rectifier is preceded by an input filter. The algorithm provides output voltage regulation and input displacement factor (IDF) compensation without resorting to the control of input filter states. It allows separate design of the input filter and the rectifier closed-loop control. A criterion for small-signal stability of the integrated system, consisting of the rectifier with output voltage regulation and the input filter, has been formulated and applied to the buck rectifier with the input filter. / Ph. D.

As ouvidorias de polícia têm a função de monitorar o trabalho policial e contribuir para melhorias na segurança pública. No Brasil, passados 18 anos da criação da primeira ouvidoria, no Estado de São Paulo, esses órgãos ainda encontram uma série de resistências para exercer sua atividade. Entre elas, está a resistência dos próprios policiais em reconhecerem e se submeterem ao controle que não seja aquele efetuado pela própria corporação. Esse é o foco deste trabalho: explorar a dinâmica entre controlador e controlado ou, em outras palavras, a relação entre ouvidoria e policiais militares. Explorar a percepção dos policiais a respeito desses mecanismos, suas resistências ao controle externo e como elas se manifestam. Para isso, a pesquisa consistiu na análise de duas diferentes fontes de dados. Uma amostra de queixas registradas por policiais na Ouvidoria de Polícia do Estado de São Paulo e entrevistas abertas realizadas com policiais militares. A análise do material empírico foi elaborada com base nos conceitos e categorias weberianos, tanto para a construção de uma tipologia das queixas quanto para a análise das motivações e das condutas dos agentes encontrados nos dados aqui apresentados. Os resultados sugerem que a ouvidoria não só conseguiu manter-se ao longo do tempo, apesar das resistências apresentadas à medida que conquistava seu campo, como se tornou um órgão reconhecido e legitimado pelas corporações. Indicam também que os policiais possuem diferentes percepções a seu respeito que vão desde um direito do cidadão, a um recurso usado por eles próprios, mas que também pode ser vista como uma fonte de constrangimentos ou um obstáculo ao bom desenvolvimento dos trabalhos. Ao recorrerem à ouvidoria para registrar suas queixas, os policiais rompem com valores e tradições de sua instituição e expõem conflitos e problemas internos relacionados à hierarquia e à gestão do trabalho policial. Contudo, permanece ainda o silêncio dos policiais a respeito dos casos de violência e abusos da polícia no trato com o público, que ficam restritos aos mecanismos internos de controle. / The police ombudsman has the function of monitoring police work and contribute to improvements in public safety. In Brazil, 18 years after the creation of the first ombudsman in the State of Sao Paulo these agencies still experience a lot of resistance and difficulty to carry out their duties. Among them is the resistance of the police in recognizing and submitting themselves to control that is not made by the corporation itself. This is the focus of this work: exploring the dynamics between controller and controlled, or in other words, the relationship between the ombudsman and military police. This work attempts to explore the perception of the police regarding these mechanisms, their resistance to external control and how it manifests itself. For this, the study is composed of the analysis of two different data sources. A sample of complaints registered by police officers in the Police Ombudsman\'s Office of the State of São Paulo and open interviews conducted with military police officers. The analysis of the empirical material has been made based on the Weberian concepts and categories both for the construction of a \"typology\" of complaints and for the analysis of the motivations and behaviour of agents found in the data presented here. The results suggest that the ombudsman not only managed to remain over time (despite the resistance presented as a means of conquering its field) as it became recognized and legitimized by corporations. They also indicate that police officers perceive the duties of the ombudsman in a different ways ranging from a citizen\'s right to a resource used by themselves, but also for being a source constraints or an obstacle to the smooth development of the work. By resorting to the ombudsman to register their complaints the police force breaks with values and traditions of their institution and expose conflicts and internal problems related to the hierarchy and management of police work. However, the violence and abuse made by the police in dealing with the public still remains as the domain of internal agencies.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-11-16T11:49:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mauricio Marques de Souza.pdf: 6380583 bytes, checksum: 2192847f498e7883d385c701de304d52 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-16T11:49:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mauricio Marques de Souza.pdf: 6380583 bytes, checksum: 2192847f498e7883d385c701de304d52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-23 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work is cast in the investigation of local discursive records produced by queer groups in Brazil, Argentina and the United States. Nevertheless, not limited to the analysis of graphic materials and productions of sexual dissidents, there are also jointly work being carried out in the researcher's body through the inventive production of a new way to experience their sexuality and their gender from two main axes: the trials being threshold life and art held in Rio de Janeiro together with the artist Anais-karenin, who re-dimensioned possible corporeality and gave birth to a new non-binary expression of sex / gender; and written works by combining the production of a field diary of my experiments with MTF process and a poetic production, culminating in the booklet entitled "Site" which is not only a fragment spread in this work, but the actual research work. Above all, my body is a fanzine (a collage, a mix of heterogeneous references): a body-zine / Essa dissertação se lança na investigação dos registros discursivos locais produzidos por grupos queer no Brasil, na Argentina e nos Estados Unidos. A despeito disso, não se restringindo à análise de materiais e produções gráficas de dissidentes sexuais, há também, em conjunto, um trabalho sendo realizado no próprio corpo do pesquisador por meio da produção inventiva de uma nova maneira de experimentar sua sexualidade e seu gênero a partir de dois eixos principais: experimentações no limiar ente arte e vida realizadas no Rio de Janeiro em conjunto com a artista Anais-karenin, que redimensionaram corporalidades possíveis e fizeram nascer uma nova expressão não-binária de sexo/gênero; e os trabalhos de escrita, combinando a produção de um diário de campo de minhas experimentações com a hormonização “feminilizante” e com os usos das camadas de tecidos, proposição de Anais-karenin, a uma produção poética, culminantes no livreto intitulado “Canteiro”, que não só é um fragmento espalhado nesse trabalho, mas o próprio trabalho de pesquisa, de forma que estudar fanzines sem produzi-los seria confirmar lógicas de pesquisa distanciadas que para mim não interessam. Sobretudo, meu corpo é um fanzine (uma colagem, uma mescla de referências heterogêneas); evidencio um corpo-zine

As ouvidorias de polícia têm a função de monitorar o trabalho policial e contribuir para melhorias na segurança pública. No Brasil, passados 18 anos da criação da primeira ouvidoria, no Estado de São Paulo, esses órgãos ainda encontram uma série de resistências para exercer sua atividade. Entre elas, está a resistência dos próprios policiais em reconhecerem e se submeterem ao controle que não seja aquele efetuado pela própria corporação. Esse é o foco deste trabalho: explorar a dinâmica entre controlador e controlado ou, em outras palavras, a relação entre ouvidoria e policiais militares. Explorar a percepção dos policiais a respeito desses mecanismos, suas resistências ao controle externo e como elas se manifestam. Para isso, a pesquisa consistiu na análise de duas diferentes fontes de dados. Uma amostra de queixas registradas por policiais na Ouvidoria de Polícia do Estado de São Paulo e entrevistas abertas realizadas com policiais militares. A análise do material empírico foi elaborada com base nos conceitos e categorias weberianos, tanto para a construção de uma tipologia das queixas quanto para a análise das motivações e das condutas dos agentes encontrados nos dados aqui apresentados. Os resultados sugerem que a ouvidoria não só conseguiu manter-se ao longo do tempo, apesar das resistências apresentadas à medida que conquistava seu campo, como se tornou um órgão reconhecido e legitimado pelas corporações. Indicam também que os policiais possuem diferentes percepções a seu respeito que vão desde um direito do cidadão, a um recurso usado por eles próprios, mas que também pode ser vista como uma fonte de constrangimentos ou um obstáculo ao bom desenvolvimento dos trabalhos. Ao recorrerem à ouvidoria para registrar suas queixas, os policiais rompem com valores e tradições de sua instituição e expõem conflitos e problemas internos relacionados à hierarquia e à gestão do trabalho policial. Contudo, permanece ainda o silêncio dos policiais a respeito dos casos de violência e abusos da polícia no trato com o público, que ficam restritos aos mecanismos internos de controle. / The police ombudsman has the function of monitoring police work and contribute to improvements in public safety. In Brazil, 18 years after the creation of the first ombudsman in the State of Sao Paulo these agencies still experience a lot of resistance and difficulty to carry out their duties. Among them is the resistance of the police in recognizing and submitting themselves to control that is not made by the corporation itself. This is the focus of this work: exploring the dynamics between controller and controlled, or in other words, the relationship between the ombudsman and military police. This work attempts to explore the perception of the police regarding these mechanisms, their resistance to external control and how it manifests itself. For this, the study is composed of the analysis of two different data sources. A sample of complaints registered by police officers in the Police Ombudsman\'s Office of the State of São Paulo and open interviews conducted with military police officers. The analysis of the empirical material has been made based on the Weberian concepts and categories both for the construction of a \"typology\" of complaints and for the analysis of the motivations and behaviour of agents found in the data presented here. The results suggest that the ombudsman not only managed to remain over time (despite the resistance presented as a means of conquering its field) as it became recognized and legitimized by corporations. They also indicate that police officers perceive the duties of the ombudsman in a different ways ranging from a citizen\'s right to a resource used by themselves, but also for being a source constraints or an obstacle to the smooth development of the work. By resorting to the ombudsman to register their complaints the police force breaks with values and traditions of their institution and expose conflicts and internal problems related to the hierarchy and management of police work. However, the violence and abuse made by the police in dealing with the public still remains as the domain of internal agencies.

Contexte : Amélioration de la prise en charge de l’infection à H. pylori. Matériels et Méthodes : Détection de H. pylori, la résistance à la clarithromycine, la tétracycline, la lévofloxacine, et la détermination des gènes de pathogénicité ont été réalisées par PCR en temps réel, du gène de l’ARNr 23 S, de l’ARNr 16S, PCR classique et séquençage. L’évaluation de la stabilité du mutant résistant par rapport à l’isolat sensible était obtenue par compétition en culture sur cellules gastriques AGS sur une longue période, suivie du séquençage du génome entier. L’évaluation de l’effet de l’extrait de Ceiba pentandra sur H. pylori était réalisée par la détermination de la concentration minimale inhibitrice. Résultats : Prévalence de l’infection à H. pylori : 75.52%, résistance à la clarithromycine et tétracycline : 4,2% et 1,2%, résistance à la lévofloxacine : 57%. Gène CagA : 92,2%. Gène Vac As1m1 : 82%. Absence de stabilité du mutant résistant dans le couple de souches 3695 R/S (ratio R / S 0,1), à 30 jours de la co-culture (p <0.05) ; ce mutant présentait la mutation A2142G, conférant la résistance à la clarithromycine. On notait la stabilité du mutant résistant dans l’autre couple de souches 3657R/S (ratio R / S ratio : 1,7) à 40 jours de la co-culture (p <0.05), avec développement des mutations compensatoires ; ce mutant présentait la mutation A2143G. L’activité modérée à faible était notée avec les extraits hydroéthanolique et butanolique de Ceiba pentandra, avec une concentration minimale inhibitrice de 50 à 80 μg / ml.Conclusion : il est possible de traiter l’infection à H. pylori avec une thérapie à base de clarithromycine au Congo. L’absence d’une activité forte ne permet pas de recommander Ceiba pentandra dans le traitement de l’infection à H. pylori . La réversion de la résistance dans le cas de H. pylori peut être envisagée. / Context: The objective of this work was to improve Helicobacter pylori infection management. Materials and methods: H. pylori detection, it’s resistance to clarithromycine, tetracyclin, levofloxacin, and determination pathogenic genes were done by real-time PCR on 23 S rRNA, on 16 S rRNA gene, classic PCR, sequencing. Evaluation of the resistant mutant stability to its sensitive isolate was carried out by competing them over a long period in culture on AGS gastric cells and whole sequencing genome. The evaluation of Ceiba pentandra extract effect on H. pylori was carried out by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration. Results: Prevalence of H. pylori infection: 75.52%, resistance to clarithromycin and tetracycline: 4.2% and 1.2%, levofloxacin resistance: 57%. CagA gene: 92.2%. Vac As1m1 gene: 82%. Lack of stability of the resistant mutant in a 3695 R/S pair of isolates (R/S ratio 0.1), at the 30 day of the co-culture (p <0.05); this mutant had an A2142G mutation conferring resistance to clarithromycin. Stability of the resistant mutant in the other 3657 pair of isolates (R/S ratio of 1.7) at the 40 day of the co-culture (p <0.05), with development of compensatory mutations; this mutant had an A2143G mutation conferring resistance to clarithromycin. The moderate to low activity was noted with the hydroethanol extract and the butanol extract: minimum inhibitory concentration: 50 to 80 μg / ml. Conclusion: It’s possible to treat H. pylori infection with therapy based on clarithromycin in Congo. The absence of a strong activity does not make it possible to recommend Ceiba pentandra in the treatment of H. pylori infection. Reversion resistance is possible with H. pylori.

Les mycoplasmes sont des bactéries à petit génome dérivées d’ancêtres à Gram positif par une succession de pertes de matériel génétique. Il a longtemps été considéré que la réduction génétique était la seule force régissant l’évolution de ces bactéries, cependant, des transferts horizontaux de grandes régions chromosomiques au sein et entre les espèces de mycoplasmes ont été récemment mis en évidence. Des éléments conjugatifs et intégratifs (ICE) découverts chez certaines espèces de mycoplasme pourraient être à l’origine de ces transferts. Ces ICEs codent les systèmes nécessaires pour leur excision, leur transfert conjugatif et leur intégration dans la cellule receveuse.Mycoplasma hominis est un mycoplasme commensal des voies génitales qui peut être responsable d’infections gynécologiques, d’infections néonatales et d’infections extragénitales. L’analyse préliminaire de génomes de M. hominis avait montré la présence de régions codantes caractéristiques des ICEs. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient de rechercher et caractériser les ICEs chez 12 isolats cliniques de M. hominis entièrement séquencés et de déterminer la prévalence de ces ICEs au sein de l’espèce M. hominis. Pour cela, une étude rétrospective sur une période de 6 ans a été menée sur des isolats cliniques obtenus au CHU de Bordeaux. Les concentrations minimales inhibitrices des tétracyclines et des fluoroquinolones ainsi que les mécanismes de résistance ont été déterminés, permettant de disposer d’une collection d’isolats cliniques caractérisés pour l’étude des ICEs.Des ICEs de près de 30 kpb ont été trouvés en une ou plusieurs copies dans sept des 12 souches de M. hominis séquencées. Seulement cinq de ces ICEs semblaient fonctionnels puisqu’une forme circulaire a pu être détectée. Tous les ICEs de M. hominis présentaient une structure similaire avec un module spécifique de M. hominis d’environ 4-kpb, codant des protéines ayant des caractéristiques structurelles similaires à des effecteurs TAL (transcription activator-like), impliqués dans la reconnaissance de nucléotides et dans la transduction de signaux chez les bactéries symbiotiques. La caractérisation des mécanismes de résistance aux antibiotiques des isolats cliniques de M. hominis collectés au CHU de Bordeaux nous a permis de disposer d’une collection de 183 isolats isolés entre 2010 et 2015, parmi lesquels 14,8% étaient porteur du gène tet(M) responsable de la résistance aux tétracyclines, 2,7% étaient résistant à la lévofloxacine et 1,6% étaient résistants à la moxifloxacine par mutation des gènes de la topoisomérase IV et de l’ADN gyrase. Le screening de 120 de ces isolats cliniques a révélé une prévalence élevée des ICEs dans l’espèce M. hominis, mesurée à 45%. Il n’y avait pas de prédominance des ICEs dans les isolats portant le gène tet(M), suggérant que les ICEs n’étaient pas responsables de la dissémination de la résistance à la tétracycline.Des expériences complémentaires de conjugaison seront nécessaires pour confirmer la fonctionnalité des ICEs retrouvés dans l’espèce M. hominis. Cependant, la forte prévalence et le caractère très conservé des ICEs chez M. hominis suggèrent que ces ICEs pourraient conférer un avantage sélectif pour la physiologie ou la physiopathologie de la bactérie. Ce travail ouvre ainsi la voie à de futures études qui permettront une meilleure compréhension des transferts horizontaux de gènes et des facteurs de virulence chez M. hominis. / Mycoplasmas are small-genome bacteria derived from Gram-positive ancestors by a succession of genetic material losses. It has long been considered that genetic reduction was the only force governing the evolution of these bacteria, however, horizontal transfers of large chromosomal regions within and between mycoplasma species have recently been reported. Conjugative and integrative elements (ICE) found in some species of mycoplasma may be responsible for these transfers. These ICEs encode the systems necessary for excision, conjugative transfer and integration into a recipient cell.Mycoplasma hominis is a commensal genital mycoplasma that can be responsible for gynecological infections, neonatal infections and extragenital infections. Preliminary analysis of M. hominis genomes had showed the presence of coding regions characteristic of ICEs. The objectives of this thesis were to search for and characterize ICEs in one reference strain and 11 fully sequenced M. hominis clinical isolates and to determine the prevalence of these ICEs in the M. hominis species. To do so, a retrospective study over a period of 6 years was conducted on clinical isolates collected at the Bordeaux University Hospital. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones as well as resistance mechanisms were determined, providing a collection of clinical isolates characterized for the study of ICEs.ICEs of 27-30 kpb were found in one or two copies in seven of the 12 M. hominis sequenced strains. Only five of these ICEs seemed functional since circular forms of extrachromosomal ICE were detected. All M. hominis ICEs exhibited a similar structure consisting of a 4.0-5.1 kb module composed of five to six juxtaposed CDSs, encoding proteins that share common structural features with transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors, involved in polynucleotide recognition and signal transduction in symbiotic bacteria. The characterization of antibiotic resistance mechanisms in M. hominis clinical isolates collected at Bordeaux University Hospital enabled us to obtain a collection of 183 isolates isolated between 2010 and 2015, of which 14.8% harbored the tet(M) gene responsible for tetracycline resistance, 2.7% were resistant to levofloxacin and 1.6% were resistant to moxifloxacin by mutation in topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase genes. Screening of 120 of these clinical isolates revealed a high prevalence of ICEs in M. hominis, measured to be 45%. The proportion of ICEs was not higher in isolates carrying the tet (M) gene, suggesting that ICEs were not responsible for the spread of tetracycline resistance.Additional mating experiments will be necessary to confirm the functionality of the ICEs found in the M. hominis species. However, the conserved and specific structure of M. hominis ICEs and the high prevalence in clinical strains suggest that these ICEs may confer a selective advantage for the physiology or pathogenicity of the bacteria. This work opens the way for future studies that will provide a better understanding of horizontal gene transfers and virulence factors in M. hominis.

A compulsão à repetição é um conceito fundamental na obra de Freud. Em nosso atual estado da arte, ela está relacionada, mais diretamente, com determinados quadros clínicos, como a toxicomania. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é identificar e discutir as manifestações clínicas da compulsão à repetição: 1) em sua relação com as resistências, em especial com a reação terapêutica negativa; e 2) sua incidência no quadro psicopatológico da toxicomania. Trata-se de um estudo teórico, realizado com o método psicanalítico histórico-crítico de leitura. Foram utilizadas três categorias de análise textual: 1) identificação do tema central e dos temas periféricos; 2) identificação das possíveis contradições, esquecimentos, lacunas argumentativas, repetições e elementos intertextuais; e 3) identificação e contextualização dos diferentes usos que esse conceito tem em cada texto. Constatou-se que, em Freud, existem momentos centrais de análise desse conceito: a) postulação, em 1914, em Recordar, repetir e elaborar. Nessa situação, ela estava circunscrita ao princípio de prazer; b) situada Além do princípio de prazer (1920) e como fenômeno de base para hipótese das pulsões de morte; e c) como resistência do Id, em Inibição, sintoma e angústia (1926). A compulsão à repetição, em conjunto com a necessidade de punição originada no Superego, forma um bloco resistencial maciço, que pode ser identificado na reação terapêutica negativa. Para tanto, utiliza-se de outros tipos de resistências, tais como a transferência, o ganho secundário da neurose e o recalque. Na toxicomania, a acentuada incidência desse fenômeno repetitivo estaria relacionada com o excesso de impulsos em estado bruto, não ligados, assim como uma tendência a descarregá-los por meio de atuações. O prazer encontrado na droga encobriria, em última instância, o trabalho silencioso das pulsões de morte. Haveria uma estreita e complicada articulação entre prazer e desprazer; ausência/presença e falta. Se, por um lado, é importante não esquecermos a repetição do mesmo e os efeitos destrutivos da droga; por outro, é necessário nos lembrarmos de como a droga pode ser utilizada como uma espécie de medicação, para o enfrentamento do sofrimento psíquico. Nesse sentido, ela poderia indicar uma busca irrefreável por ligação (Bindung) e religação / The compulsion for repetition is a fundamental concept in the work of Freud. In our current state of art, it is related more directly to specific clinical pictures, such as drug addiction. Thus, the objective of this work is to identify and discuss the clinical manifestations of compulsion for repetition: 1) in its relation to the resistances, specially with the negative therapeutic reaction; 2) its incidence in the psychopathologic picture of drug addiction. It\'s a theoretical study, accomplished with the historical-critical psychoanalytic method of reading. Three categories of textual analysis were used: 1) identification of the central theme and of the peripheral themes; 2) identification of possible contradictions, forgetfulness, argumentative gaps, repetitions and intertextual elements; and 3) identification and contextualization of the different uses this concept has in each text. It was verified that, in Freud, there are central moments of analysis of compulsion for repetition: a) postulation, in 1914, in Recollecting, repeating and working -through. In this situation, it was circumscribed to the principle of pleasure; b) situated Beyond the pleasure principle (1920) and as base phenomenon for the death drives hypothesis; and c) as resistance of Id, in Inhibition, symptoms and anxiety (1926). The compulsion for repetition, together with the need of punishment originated in the Superego, forms a solid block of resistance that can be identified in the negative therapeutic reaction. Thereunto, other types of resistance are used, such as transference, the secondary gain of neurosis and the repression. In drug addiction, the accentuated incidence of this repetitive phenomenon would be related to the excess of impulses in a raw form, not connected, as well as a tendency to unload them through actions. The pleasure found in drugs would ultimately cover the silent work of death drives. There would be a close and complicated articulation between pleasure and displeasure; absence and presence. If, on the one hand, it is important not to forget the repetition and the destructive effects of drugs, on the other hand it is necessary to remember how drugs can be utilized as a type of medication for the confrontation of the psychic suffering. In this way, they could indicate an unrestrainable search for connection (Bindung) and reconnection

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:22:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Leonardo Ramos Andreotti.pdf: 882175 bytes, checksum: 2536e6aba9b1f4cfd0c7146ac3e550c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The anti-globalization movements rose out from the political scenario around the 90 s as a way of resistance to the neoliberalism and globalization. Recognizing the Zapatista Army of National Liberation as the original inspiration, the People s Global Action (PGA) is established in 1988 for the purpose of being a global union of resistance against the global market and subsequently against the capitalism. Its majors manifestations were the Global Action Days, coordinated direct actions occurring at many locations through the planet with the intent of stop the international capitalism managers meeting, opposing to capitalism and its institutions. Among the most known are Seattle (1999) and Genoa (2001). These movements of resistance were organized by affinity groups, direct actions self managed performed. One part of the movement, searching for legitimacy, establishes a dissociation between violent direct action and non-violent, the first, illegitimate and illegal, the second, working as a mean to reach a particular revendication. From this splitting, these movements are captured in an attempt of unification with the World Social Forum, that intends to elaborate concrete projects for an alternative globalization. Its foundation is the organization of civil society towards citizen regulation of the capital, attempting political leading actions aiming to deepening citizenship and democratical participation. These leading actions were amplified and developed in the magazine Global Brasil, out from the World Social Forum. These resistances have in common a new proposal of organization: no more the hierarchy of the party, but the horizontality of the network, that allows multiple connections with plenty movements. This new organization model permits some marxits, specially Antonio Negri, perceive this new organization and resistance type in the concept of multitude, that provides an actualization of the proletariat concept and the accomplishment of a new protagonist to the class struggles engaged through history. This research achieves a cartography of these resistances, the trace of the lines molecular, molar and the line of flight that rises out from the antiglobalization movements and apprehended through the concept of multitude. By the study of these lines it was possible to settle a characterization of the resistence of the multitude as inclined to captures, encoding and overcoding, different from the resistances that work by uncoding, becomings, inventions of spaces of liberty / Os movimentos antiglobalização emergem no cenário político em meados dos anos 90 como formas de resistências ao neoliberalismo e à globalização. Reconhecendo como inspiração original o Exército Zapatista de Libertação Nacional, a Ação Global dos Povos (AGP) é fundada em 1998, propondo ser uma coordenação mundial de resistências contra o mercado mundial, e posteriormente contra o capitalismo. Suas principais manifestações foram os Dias de Ação Global, ações diretas coordenadas ocorrendo em diversos locais do planeta com o objetivo de impedir o encontro dos gestores do capitalismo internacional, opondo-se ao capitalismo e a estas instituições. Entre as mais conhecidas estão Seattle (1999) e Gênova (2001). Essas resistências moleculares eram organizadas por grupos de afinidade, praticantes de ações diretas e de forma autogestionária. Uma parte do movimento, em busca de legitimidade, instaura uma separação entre ação direta violenta e não-violenta, a primeira, ilegítima e ilegal, a segunda, funcionando como meio para se conseguir uma determinada reivindicação. A partir dessa cisão, esses movimentos são capturados em uma iniciativa de unificação e molarização com o Fórum Social Mundial, que se propõe a elaborar propostas concretas para uma globalização alternativa, cuja base é organização da sociedade civil voltada para a regulação cidadã do capital, com tentativas de iniciativas políticas que investem no aprofundamento da cidadania e na participação democrática. Estas iniciativas foram ampliadas e desenvolvidas na revista Global Brasil, saída dos Fóruns Sociais Mundiais. As resistências daí decorrentes apresentam em comum uma nova proposta de organização: não mais a hierarquia do Partido, mas a horizontalidade da rede, que permite múltiplas conexões com diversos movimentos. Esse novo paradigma de organização permitiu que alguns marxistas, notoriamente Antonio Negri, apreendessem esse novo tipo de organização e resistência no conceito de multidão, que se pretende uma atualização do conceito de proletariado e realização de um novo protagonista para as lutas de classe travadas no decorrer da História. A presente pesquisa realiza uma cartografia das resistências, o traçado das linhas molecular, molar, e de fuga que emergem a partir dos movimentos antiglobalização e apreendidas sob o conceito de multidão. Com o estudo dessas linhas foi possível estabelecer uma caracterização da resistência multitudinária como propensa a capturas, codificações e sobrecodificações, distinta das resistências que operam por descodificações, devires, invenções de espaços de liberdade