Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:57:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Leonardo Ramos Andreotti.pdf: 882175 bytes, checksum: 2536e6aba9b1f4cfd0c7146ac3e550c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The anti-globalization movements rose out from the political scenario around the 90 s as a way of resistance to the neoliberalism and globalization. Recognizing the Zapatista Army of National Liberation as the original inspiration, the People s Global Action (PGA) is established in 1988 for the purpose of being a global union of resistance against the global market and subsequently against the capitalism. Its majors manifestations were the Global Action Days, coordinated direct actions occurring at many locations through the planet with the intent of stop the international capitalism managers meeting, opposing to capitalism and its institutions. Among the most known are Seattle (1999) and Genoa (2001). These movements of resistance were organized by affinity groups, direct actions self managed performed. One part of the movement, searching for legitimacy, establishes a dissociation between violent direct action and non-violent, the first, illegitimate and illegal, the second, working as a mean to reach a particular revendication. From this splitting, these movements are captured in an attempt of unification with the World Social Forum, that intends to elaborate concrete projects for an alternative globalization. Its foundation is the organization of civil society towards citizen regulation of the capital, attempting political leading actions aiming to deepening citizenship and democratical participation. These leading actions were amplified and developed in the magazine Global Brasil, out from the World Social Forum. These resistances have in common a new proposal of organization: no more the hierarchy of the party, but the horizontality of the network, that allows multiple connections with plenty movements. This new organization model permits some marxits, specially Antonio Negri, perceive this new organization and resistance type in the concept of multitude, that provides an actualization of the proletariat concept and the accomplishment of a new protagonist to the class struggles engaged through history. This research achieves a cartography of these resistances, the trace of the lines molecular, molar and the line of flight that rises out from the antiglobalization movements and apprehended through the concept of multitude. By the study of these lines it was possible to settle a characterization of the resistence of the multitude as inclined to captures, encoding and overcoding, different from the resistances that work by uncoding, becomings, inventions of spaces of liberty / Os movimentos antiglobalização emergem no cenário político em meados dos anos 90 como formas de resistências ao neoliberalismo e à globalização. Reconhecendo como inspiração original o Exército Zapatista de Libertação Nacional, a Ação Global dos Povos (AGP) é fundada em 1998, propondo ser uma coordenação mundial de resistências contra o mercado mundial, e posteriormente contra o capitalismo. Suas principais manifestações foram os Dias de Ação Global, ações diretas coordenadas ocorrendo em diversos locais do planeta com o objetivo de impedir o encontro dos gestores do capitalismo internacional, opondo-se ao capitalismo e a estas instituições. Entre as mais conhecidas estão Seattle (1999) e Gênova (2001). Essas resistências moleculares eram organizadas por grupos de afinidade, praticantes de ações diretas e de forma autogestionária. Uma parte do movimento, em busca de legitimidade, instaura uma separação entre ação direta violenta e não-violenta, a primeira, ilegítima e ilegal, a segunda, funcionando como meio para se conseguir uma determinada reivindicação. A partir dessa cisão, esses movimentos são capturados em uma iniciativa de unificação e molarização com o Fórum Social Mundial, que se propõe a elaborar propostas concretas para uma globalização alternativa, cuja base é organização da sociedade civil voltada para a regulação cidadã do capital, com tentativas de iniciativas políticas que investem no aprofundamento da cidadania e na participação democrática. Estas iniciativas foram ampliadas e desenvolvidas na revista Global Brasil, saída dos Fóruns Sociais Mundiais. As resistências daí decorrentes apresentam em comum uma nova proposta de organização: não mais a hierarquia do Partido, mas a horizontalidade da rede, que permite múltiplas conexões com diversos movimentos. Esse novo paradigma de organização permitiu que alguns marxistas, notoriamente Antonio Negri, apreendessem esse novo tipo de organização e resistência no conceito de multidão, que se pretende uma atualização do conceito de proletariado e realização de um novo protagonista para as lutas de classe travadas no decorrer da História. A presente pesquisa realiza uma cartografia das resistências, o traçado das linhas molecular, molar, e de fuga que emergem a partir dos movimentos antiglobalização e apreendidas sob o conceito de multidão. Com o estudo dessas linhas foi possível estabelecer uma caracterização da resistência multitudinária como propensa a capturas, codificações e sobrecodificações, distinta das resistências que operam por descodificações, devires, invenções de espaços de liberdade

Notre thèse interroge la place de la littérature d’enfance et de jeunesse dans le paysage éditorial du Maroc et se propose d’analyser les enjeux littéraires et culturels d’une production qui passe souvent par des médiations. Dans un contexte historique et géographique comme celui du Maroc, caractérisé par sa multiplicité culturelle et linguistique, le terme de médiation(s) revêt une importance particulière. Nous mettons l’accent sur les médiateurs qu’impliquent ce champ éditorial et sur un certain nombre de « négociations » qui éclairent les tentatives de recherche d’un équilibre entre les différentes contraintes et exigences. Dans ces médiations, nous analysons les questions que soulève le transfert d’un texte jeunesse de la culture source à la culture d’arrivée, s’agissant d’une traduction du français vers l’arabe, ainsi que les enjeux idéologiques et culturels de deux univers différents. Nous relevons à travers un ensemble de stratégies de traduction certains phénomènes de résistance au niveau culturel, idéologique et discursif. La mise en regard des diverses tendances d’intervention révèlent différentes manières d’opérer cette médiation et analyse le mode de prise en compte des résistances culturelles et idéologiques. / The thesis questions the place of childhood and youth literature within Morocco’s editorial landscape and aims at analysing the literary and cultural stakes entailed by a production which often calls upon mediation. In a historical and geographical context such as that of Morocco, characterized by its cultural and linguistic multiplicity, the word “mediation” takes on a very specific meaning. We put emphasis on the mediators implied by this editorial field and on a certain number of “negotiations” which sheds light on the research for a balance between various constraints and requirements. In these mediations, we analyse the questions raised by transferring a text meant for teenagers from its source culture into its target one, concerning a French into Arab translation, as well as the ideological and cultural stakes induced by two different worlds. Resistances at the cultural, ideological and discursive levels can be noted in all kinds of translation strategies. Comparing different intervention trends reveals different ways of implementing this mediation and analyses how ideological and cultural resistances are taken into account.

In order to assess and optimize layout strategies for minimizing substrate noise, it is necessary to have fast and accurate techniques for computing contact coupling resistances associated with the substrate. In this talk, we describe an extraction method capable of full-chip analysis which combines modest geometric approximations, a novel integral formulation, and an FFT-accelerated preconditioned iterative method. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

The dissertation deals with the conflict over the EU Services Directive which is also known as the Bolkestein Directive. The general liberalisation and deregulation of the services markets in the EU has known the greatest politicisation of an EU issue ever seen in the history of European politics. It mobilised a wide range of political actors, including unions, diverse associations and citizen groups in several member states of the EU as well as in Brussels. The Commissioner for the internal market Frits Bolkestein and the directive proposal adopted in January 2004 have come to epitomize the neoliberal face of European integration. Due to its connection with the Eastern enlargement in May 2004 and with the ratification of the European constitutional treaty in France and The Netherlands in 2005, the directive proposal on services liberalization triggered a general debate over the economic and social nature of the EU polity far beyond a mere matter of public policy. After three years of debate and mobilization, the directive proposal was substantially amended in the European Parliament and clear limitations were put to liberalization of the services of general interest and to market deregulation. The puzzle at the core of this conflict is that of political and social resistances to some aspects of EU integration, and more specifically, to integration my means of market liberalization. The “Bolkestein debate” constitutes a major moment of political crisis where, for the first time, protest and public mobilization could have a significant impact on the EU decision-making process. The design of this research is original in three respects. Firstly, it provides a new analytical perspective while refuting the relevance of theorization in terms of Euroscepticism. It puts forward the notion of resistances which acknowledges the intrinsically multi-faceted and contentious nature of the integration process and anchors hostility towards the EU into the wider historical context of resistance to the transformation of economic spaces and political systems. Thus, it aims at making research on the issues at stake much less normative. Secondly, it combines three strands of literature which are both relevant with respect to the study of resistances but nevertheless remain two compartmentalized research fields: namely social movement and contentious politics studies, literature about public policies and European studies. For so doing, thirdly, the dissertation is grounded on a comprehensive theoretical model which amends the famous model of the “three Is”: instead of explaining political processes in terms of interests, institutions and ideas, the concept of interests is substituted by that of interactions. Hence, the emphasis is put on the relationships between the various actors involved and the role of ideas conveyed in discursive interactions. This meso-level theoretical and empirical perspective allows to bridge the gap between, on the one hand, a sociological approach which is very present in the French-speaking political science and, on the other hand, the neo-institutional perspective throwing light on broader dynamics in the European political system and which prevails in the American and international realm. Eventually, the dissertation demonstrates the powerful role of ideas conveyed by actors in specific institutional settings. At the institutional level, it confirms the existence of networks and mobilisation dynamics for the politicization of EU political issues beyond national borders, as well as the central role of the European Parliament with respect the impact of mobilisation on decision-making. At the ideational level, it reveals that the idea of Social Europe, on the one hand, and the shared culture of democracy and parliamentarism, on the other, can efficiently legitimize protest against integration.

Le cytomégalovirus humain (CMVH) est un pathogène opportuniste majeur en cas d’immunodépression et représente la principale cause d’infection congénitale d’origine virale. Bien qu’efficaces, l’utilisation des molécules conventionnelles est limitée par l’émergence de résistance et leur toxicité. Il devient alors nécessaire de développer de nouveaux traitements.L’étude des nouvelles mutations émergeant sous traitement antiviral demeure donc essentielle. L’introduction de ces nouvelles mutations, par mutagénèse « en passant », dans un chromosome bactérien artificiel contenant le génome viral nous permet, après transfection en cellules humaines, de tester la sensibilité de la souche recombinantes aux antiviraux.Différentes mutations de résistances ont ainsi été caractérisées. Afin de mettre en évidence de nouvelles cibles antivirales, des analyses bio-informatiques et la production de virus recombinants ont permis d’identifier de potentiels motifs fonctionnels essentiels à la réplication au sein du complexe terminase et hélicase-primase. Ainsi, nous avons montré quela sous-unité pUL56 du complexe terminase appartient à la famille des LAGLIDADG Homing Endonuclease. En effet, pUL56 contient un motif LATLNDIERFL et un motif de liaison à l’ADN. La technologie Alpha utilisant des protéines purifiées a permis de valider le caractère essentiel du fragment WMVVKYMGFF de pUL56 pour l’interaction avec pUL89. Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence les résidus impliqués dans la fixation de l’ATP au sein de l’hélicase et dans la stabilisation du zinc de la primase. Ainsi, la compréhension de la structure de ces protéines pourrait permettent de mieux appréhender leur fonctionnement au sein du processus de réplication du CMVH et le développement de nouvelles thérapies ciblant ces domaines. / Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important opportunistic pathogen for immunecompromised patients and is the leading cause of congenital viral infection. Although they are effective, using of conventional molecules is limited by the emergence of resistance and their toxicity. Then it becomes necessary to develop new treatments. Study of new mutationsemerging under antiviral treatment is therefore essential. Introduction of these new mutations, by « en passant » mutagenesis, into an artificial bacterial chromosome containing the viral genome allows us, after transfection into human cells, testing antivirals sensitivity of the recombinant. Different mutations of resistances have been characterized. In order tohighlight new antiviral targets, bioinformatics and recombinant viruses production allowed to identify potential functional patterns essential for viral replication within terminase and helicase-primase complex. Thus, we have shown that pUL56 subunit of the terminase complex belongs to the LAGLIDADG Homing Endonuclease family. Indeed, pUL56 contains aLATLNDIERFL motif and a DNA binding motif. Alpha technology using purified proteins allowed to validate the essential character of the WMVVKYMGFF fragment of pUL56 for the interaction with pUL89. Finally, we highlighted the residues involved in ATP binding within the helicase and in the stabilization of zinc within the primase. Thus, understanding of these proteins structure could allow us to better understand their role within the viral replication process and the development of new therapies targeting these domains.

Legionella pneumophila est une bactérie à Gram négatif, intracellulaire facultative, responsable de la légionellose (ou maladie des Légionnaires) chez l'Homme. Les fluoroquinolones et les macrolides sont utilisés en première intention dans le traitement antibiotique de cette maladie. Cependant, les échecs thérapeutiques sont fréquents, et le taux de mortalité demeure élevé (10-15% des cas, plus de 30% chez le patient immunodéprimé). Bien qu'aucune souche de L. pneumophila résistante à ces antibiotiques n'ait été isolée à ce jour, ces échecs peuvent faire évoquer la possibilité d'une sélection in vivo de mutants résistants. Le mécanisme génétique principal d'acquisition de la résistance aux fluoroquinolones correspond à l'accumulation de mutations au niveau des gènes codant pour l'ADN gyrase et la topoisomérase IV ; en particulier celles affectant les codons en positions 83 et 87 du QRDR (quinolone resistance determining region) du gène gyrA entrainent une résistance de haut niveau à ces antibiotiques. Le première aspect de notre projet était d'élaborer un test de PCR en temps réel permettant de détecter chez L. pneumophila des mutants gyrA résistants aux fluoroquinolones et de les différencier des souches sauvages par analyse des températures de fusion des amplifias obtenus. Après optimisation, ce test nommé qPCRgyrALp amplifie spécifiquement une portion du QRDR du gène gyrA de l'espèce L. pneumophila et permet de détecter et de différencier les mutations gyrA83 et gyrA87. Nous avons ensuite utilisé ce test pour la recherche de mutants gyrA directement dans divers prélèvements respiratoires provenant de 82 patients atteints de légionellose, certains en échec thérapeutique après traitement par une fluoroquinolone. Les résultats ont montré pour quatre patients un profil de courbe de fusion semblable à celui du mutant gyrA83. Le séquençage du QRDR de gyrA à partir de ces prélèvements respiratoires a confirmé cette mutation chez deux patients. L'utilisation de la technique de séquençage à haut débit a permis de quantifier ces mutants gyrA83 chez ces deux patients, permettant de montrer un remplacement progressif in vivo de la population de L. pneumophila sensible aux fluoroquinolones par une population résistante à ces antibiotiques. Le deuxième aspect de notre travail a été de développer des tests de PCR quantitative en temps réel (qPCR) permettant de quantifier la charge bactérienne à L. pneumophila dans les prélèvements cliniques des patients infectés, avant et au cours du traitement antibiotique, dans la but de prédire l'évolution clinique et le pronostic final de ces patients. Nous avons utilisé deux tests de qPCR, ciblant soit le gène codant pour l'ARNr16s (qPCR16S) soit le gène mip (qPCRmip) dans des prélèvements respiratoires de 116 patients atteints de légionellose. Chez certains patients, nous avons pu déterminer la cinétique de la charge bactérienne au cours du temps, alors que les patients recevaient une antibiothérapie adaptée. Les premières cinétiques recueillies montrent la possibilité de différencier les patients qui répondent rapidement au traitement antibiotique et évoluent favorablement au cours de la 1ère semaine d'hospitalisation, de ceux qui présentent une réponse modeste au traitement et nécessitent une hospitalisation prolongée, voire décèdent. La PCR en temps réel semble donc représenter un outil pronostique d'intérêt au cours de la légionellose. Le type de cinétique observé chez un patient donné semble pouvoir prédire l'évolution des patients et la nécessité d'ajuster le traitement antibiotique. / Legionella pneumophila is a Gram- negative, facultative intracellular bacterium responsible for legionellosis (or Legionnaires' disease ) in humans. The fluoroquinolones and the macrolides are used as first-line antibiotic treatment of this disease. However, treatment failures are common, and the mortality rates remain high (10-15 % of cases, more than 30% in immunocompromised patients). Although L. pneumophila strain resistant to these antibiotics have never been isolated, treatment failures may suggest the possibility of in vivo selection of resistant mutants. The main genetic mechanisms associated with acquired resistance to fluoroquinolones correspond to the accumulation of mutations in the genes encoding DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, especially those affecting codons 83 and 87 of the QRDR (quinolone resistance determining region) of the gyrA gene, which are associated with high level resistance to these antibiotics. The first aspect of our project was to develop a real-time PCR test to detect gyrA QRDR mutants and differentiate them from wild-type strains of L. pneumophila by analysis of melting temperatures of the amplified DNA. After optimization, the qPCRgyrALp test specifically amplified a portion of the gyrA QRDR of L. pneumophila and could detect and differentiate gyrA83 and gyrA87 mutations. Then, we checked the presence of gyrA mutants directly in respiratory samples collected in 82 legionellosis patients, including some after treatment failure with a fluoroquinolone. For four patients, results corresponded to a melting curve profile similar to that of the gyrA83 mutant. Amplification and sequencing of the gyrA QRDR directly from these respiratory samples confirmed this mutation in two patients. The use of high-throughput sequencing technology allowed us to quantify the gyrA83 mutants in these two patients, allowing demonstration of in vivo gradual replacement of the fluoroquinolones susceptible population of L. pneumophila by a resistant one. The second aspect of our work was to develop quantitative real-time PCR tests offering the possibility to quantify the L. pneumophila bacterial load in respiratory specimens before and during antibiotic treatment, in order to predict the clinical course and the final prognosis of these patients. We used two qPCR tests, either targeting the gene encoding 16S rRNA (qPCR16S ) or the mip gene (qPCRmip ) in respiratory samples from 116 patients with Legionnaires' disease. In some patients, we determined the kinetics of bacterial loads over time, while patients received appropriate antibiotic therapy. The kinetics we observed allowed differentiation of patients who respond quickly to antibiotic treatment and were released from hospital within the first week following admission, from those with a modest response to treatment and requiring prolonged hospitalization or finally died. Thus, our real-time PCR tests seem to be good prognostic tools for evaluation of legionellosis prognosis. The type of kinetics observed in a given patient may allow the clinician to predict the evolution of patients and the need to adjust the antibiotic treatment.

This thesis on the analysis of the main reasons influencing the energy consumption in the moving transport vehicles is focused on point out the effect of the driving resistances and other quantities on the total energy consumption. In the first part the thesis deals with the theory of road transport, theory of driving resistances and also economics of driving and measurement of fuel consumption. The second part deals with the calculation of resistance of selected cars and their consumption.

Submitted by ANA KARLA PEREIRA RODRIGUES (anakarla_@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-19T16:08:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3885406 bytes, checksum: 5ce9fbfb019e00f32fceb55cf0d25f2a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-19T16:08:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3885406 bytes, checksum: 5ce9fbfb019e00f32fceb55cf0d25f2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The state of Paraíba has a long trajectory when it comes to the struggle of women, who, for a long time, have been absent from history. This paper aims to clarify the trajectory of the NGO Cunhã Coletivo Feminista, highlighting their protagonism in the fight for rights and for gender equality in the state. Founded in 1990, the NGO was born as a development of previous feminist groups and has outstanding action with urban and rural women from Paraíba‟s coastal, Agreste and Cariri areas. Using oral history methodology, we connected the life histories of the NGO members, in a close relationship between a history that was made and that is being made, and memory. We also utilized texts, projects, reports, brochures, guidebooks and other materials essential to those histories. We will observe the creation of new subjectivation practices and the consolidation of an institutionalized feminism that originated other groups and movements and was essential to network building, the consolidation of connections and the dialogue with regional and national feminism. Thus, we hope to contribute to the history and memory of the NGO at the same time that we bring forth the members‟ life histories and trace a history of the feminine protagonism, the resistances and the feminist movement in Paraíba. / O Estado da Paraíba apresenta uma longa trajetória no que tange às lutas de mulheres, estas que durante muitos verões estiveram ausentes da escrita da história. A presente dissertação tem por objetivo elucidar a trajetória da ONG Cunhã Coletivo Feminista, destacando seu protagonismo na luta por direitos e pela igualdade de gênero no estado. Fundada em 1990, nasceu como desdobramento de grupos feministas anteriores e apresenta uma destacada atuação com mulheres urbanas e rurais do litoral, agreste e cariri paraibano. Através da metodologia da história oral, costuramos histórias de vida de suas integrantes, numa relação próxima entre uma história que se fez e que está sendo feita, e a memória. Também utilizamos textos, projetos, relatórios, folders, cartilhas e outros materiais essenciais a nosso fiar. Veremos a elaboração de novas práticas de subjetivação e a consolidação de um feminismo institucionalizado que foi formador para outros grupos e movimentos, essencial na formação de redes, na consolidação de articulações e no diálogo com o feminismo regional e nacional. Dessa forma, esperamos contribuir com a história e memória do coletivo ao mesmo tempo em que colocamos à luz as histórias de vida de suas integrantes e que traçamos uma história do protagonismo feminino, das resistências e do movimento feminista na Paraíba.

A compulsão à repetição é um conceito fundamental na obra de Freud. Em nosso atual estado da arte, ela está relacionada, mais diretamente, com determinados quadros clínicos, como a toxicomania. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é identificar e discutir as manifestações clínicas da compulsão à repetição: 1) em sua relação com as resistências, em especial com a reação terapêutica negativa; e 2) sua incidência no quadro psicopatológico da toxicomania. Trata-se de um estudo teórico, realizado com o método psicanalítico histórico-crítico de leitura. Foram utilizadas três categorias de análise textual: 1) identificação do tema central e dos temas periféricos; 2) identificação das possíveis contradições, esquecimentos, lacunas argumentativas, repetições e elementos intertextuais; e 3) identificação e contextualização dos diferentes usos que esse conceito tem em cada texto. Constatou-se que, em Freud, existem momentos centrais de análise desse conceito: a) postulação, em 1914, em Recordar, repetir e elaborar. Nessa situação, ela estava circunscrita ao princípio de prazer; b) situada Além do princípio de prazer (1920) e como fenômeno de base para hipótese das pulsões de morte; e c) como resistência do Id, em Inibição, sintoma e angústia (1926). A compulsão à repetição, em conjunto com a necessidade de punição originada no Superego, forma um bloco resistencial maciço, que pode ser identificado na reação terapêutica negativa. Para tanto, utiliza-se de outros tipos de resistências, tais como a transferência, o ganho secundário da neurose e o recalque. Na toxicomania, a acentuada incidência desse fenômeno repetitivo estaria relacionada com o excesso de impulsos em estado bruto, não ligados, assim como uma tendência a descarregá-los por meio de atuações. O prazer encontrado na droga encobriria, em última instância, o trabalho silencioso das pulsões de morte. Haveria uma estreita e complicada articulação entre prazer e desprazer; ausência/presença e falta. Se, por um lado, é importante não esquecermos a repetição do mesmo e os efeitos destrutivos da droga; por outro, é necessário nos lembrarmos de como a droga pode ser utilizada como uma espécie de medicação, para o enfrentamento do sofrimento psíquico. Nesse sentido, ela poderia indicar uma busca irrefreável por ligação (Bindung) e religação / The compulsion for repetition is a fundamental concept in the work of Freud. In our current state of art, it is related more directly to specific clinical pictures, such as drug addiction. Thus, the objective of this work is to identify and discuss the clinical manifestations of compulsion for repetition: 1) in its relation to the resistances, specially with the negative therapeutic reaction; 2) its incidence in the psychopathologic picture of drug addiction. It\'s a theoretical study, accomplished with the historical-critical psychoanalytic method of reading. Three categories of textual analysis were used: 1) identification of the central theme and of the peripheral themes; 2) identification of possible contradictions, forgetfulness, argumentative gaps, repetitions and intertextual elements; and 3) identification and contextualization of the different uses this concept has in each text. It was verified that, in Freud, there are central moments of analysis of compulsion for repetition: a) postulation, in 1914, in Recollecting, repeating and working -through. In this situation, it was circumscribed to the principle of pleasure; b) situated Beyond the pleasure principle (1920) and as base phenomenon for the death drives hypothesis; and c) as resistance of Id, in Inhibition, symptoms and anxiety (1926). The compulsion for repetition, together with the need of punishment originated in the Superego, forms a solid block of resistance that can be identified in the negative therapeutic reaction. Thereunto, other types of resistance are used, such as transference, the secondary gain of neurosis and the repression. In drug addiction, the accentuated incidence of this repetitive phenomenon would be related to the excess of impulses in a raw form, not connected, as well as a tendency to unload them through actions. The pleasure found in drugs would ultimately cover the silent work of death drives. There would be a close and complicated articulation between pleasure and displeasure; absence and presence. If, on the one hand, it is important not to forget the repetition and the destructive effects of drugs, on the other hand it is necessary to remember how drugs can be utilized as a type of medication for the confrontation of the psychic suffering. In this way, they could indicate an unrestrainable search for connection (Bindung) and reconnection

Curating Resistances focuses upon the socially interventionist and activist agendas of two contemporary art biennials in Europe during and in response to the current economic crisis. This thesis seeks to untangle their tensions, conflicts and intimate socialities as they evolve against the backdrop of neoliberalism, austerity, crisis and the rise of Occupy cultures. Drawing upon primary ethnographic research on the 3rd Athens Biennale (2011) and the 7th Berlin Biennale (2012), as well as on the examination of curatorial, journalistic and archival documents, I argue for an approach that takes into consideration the threefold nature of these sites, as institutions, organizations and events. A central area of investigation is the post-1990s curatorial idea of strategically occupying the institution from within and mobilising it as a space of radical knowledge production. This idea gave rise to a model of exhibition-making, that I call the ‘discursive exhibition’, which shapes the vocabulary and forms of curating cultures at least since documenta X (1997). I argue that this model was challenged during the European crisis through the post-2010 art activism that brought ideas related to class, labour and the commons to the centre of debates on art and politics. Through their attempts to radicalise in response to such challenges, I argue that the two biennials I examine expose the limits of biennials as sites of activism and political resistance. In employing the research perspectives of place and translocality, terms borrowed from cultural geography, I argue that rather than imposing a global art language, biennials unfold through complex socio-spatial dynamics, manifesting a remarkable capacity to absorb, remediate and repurpose their surrounding environments. By discussing how a series of failed statements, border-crossings, internal conflicts, withdrawals, police interventions and press spectacles interconnect with the biennial’s organizational and institutional dynamics, this thesis navigates through the translocal tensions played upon the materiality, infrastructures and economies of curating resistances.