The United Nations Millennium Development Goals have prioritized improving access to sanitation, but unfortunately about a third of the global population is still without an improved sanitation source and one billion still practice open defecation. Lack of access to adequate and safe sanitation means the proliferation of dangerous pathogens in the environment, especially soil-transmitted helminths (STHs). In the Bocas del Toro Province of Panama (and similar locations in the world), composting latrines have been built in many of the indigenous communities in the area. They are a form of dry or ecological sanitation and are designed to produce an end product that can be used as a soil amendment for agricultural purposes. The issue is that many of these latrines are not working as designed and do not go through the composting process. Instead, they may act as incubators for harmful pathogens, such as Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm). This research 1) provides an extensive literature review of the health situation of Panama, focusing on indigenous populations; soil-transmitted helminths and helminthiasis; Ascaris lumbricoides and its implications for wastewater reuse and land application of biosolids/sewage sludge; and inactivation of Ascaris in composting latrines; and 2) develops and proposes an experimental plan, with field-based methods, to assess the inactivation of Ascaris, by urea and solar heat (increased temperature), in composting latrines in Panama. Various experiments have been conducted in the laboratory using urea and increased temperature to inactive Ascaris; however few have been carried out in dry toilet technologies in the field. The contribution of this thesis is the field-based experimental design developed for inactivating Ascaris in composting latrines. The methods build upon previous research carried out both in the laboratory and in the field.

This study investigated the prevalences and intensity of intestinal parasites and aspects of their epidemiology among children in the Qwa-Qwa region of the eastern Free St~te. Faecal samples of 1180 children differing socio-economic status from nine schools at altitudes varying from 1660m to 2200m were examined quantitatively by means of the formol-ether sedimentation technique. Socio-economic, and demographic characteristics for the communities served by the schools were obtained from the literature and from a questionnaire. The study showed that, the area supports a markedly low diversity of parasite infections, and at lower intensities, than low altitude areas such as the coastal plain of KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape, the Northern Province, Mpumalanga and the Western Cape. The intestinal parasite fauna affecting children in Qwa-Qwa is dominated by protozoans with only few helminths and no hookworm or bilharzia. The results indicated that factors which influence the transmission of intestinal parasites in Qwa-Qwa appear to be related primarily to social, economic and cultural aspects of the peoples' lifestyles. Climatic factors were not found important. There was a significant seasonal effect on the intensities of all parasite infection, except two protozoans, Entamoeba coli and Endolimax nana. Water source, electricity, house-type and quality of meat were found to be the important socio-economic factors that influenced parasite transmission. These relationships were investigated by fitting logistic regression and generalized linear mixed models. By documenting human parasitism (above 1700m) this study provided an endpoint to the altitudinal transect conducted in 1993 in KwaZulu-Natal by Appleton and Gouws (in press). Public health authorities and Primary Health Care personnel should find this study useful when designing and implementing nutrition and parasite control. Severe ascariasis has been reported from the study area. It will help focus PHC activities in Qwa-Qwa and in the wider context of Free State Province by demonstrating the value of proper personal and environmental hygiene in the home, thereby forming the basis for intestinal parasite control at the community level. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1995.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 seabra_cb_me_svic.pdf: 1190582 bytes, checksum: 129440c881f7848abe0640e15defd45a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-20 / As infecções parasitárias são muito comuns em mamíferos marinhos e o estudo da helmintofauna em cetáceos tem sido utilizado como uma ferramenta para determinar aspectos biológicos e ecológicos dos hospedeiros, entre eles a definição de nichos, rotas de dispersão, hábitos alimentares e diferenciação de estoques populacionais. A toninha, Pontoporia blainvillei, pequeno cetáceo endêmico do Atlântico Sul Ocidental tem como principal causa de mortalidade em toda sua área de distribuição a captura acidental. O trato gastrointestinal de 87 toninhas, coletados de carcaças provenientes de captura acidental ou encalhe, no período de 2005 a 2017, no litoral de São Paulo foram analisados para identificar as espécies componentes da fauna parasitária gastrointestinal e avaliar variações nos níveis de infecção conforme o sexo, fase de desenvolvimento, sazonalidade e área de distribuição dos hospedeiros. Foram coletados 4.171 espécimes de helmintos, classificadas em cinco espécies: Anisakis sp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae); Andracantha sp., Bolbosoma turbinella, Corynosoma cetaceum (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae), e Synthesium pontoporiae (Trematoda: Brachycladiidae). Os helmintos C. cetaceum, exclusivo do estômago e S. pontoporiae, encontrado tanto no estômago quanto no intestino apresentaram os maiores índices parasitológicos, enquanto as outras três espécies foram consideradas raras devido aos baixos índices parasitários. Houve diferença significativa na carga parasitária apenas para as fases de desenvolvimento, na qual indivíduos adultos e juvenis apresentaram maiores índices parasitológicos do que indivíduos filhotes. Os índices parasitológicos não variaram significativamente entre os sexos, sazonalidade ou área de distribuição dos hospedeiros. A comunidade parasitária componente do trato gastrointestinal de P. blainvillei no litoral de São Paulo difere parcialmente daquela descrita anteriormente, compreendendo duas espécies: Corynosoma cetaceum (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) e Synthesium pontoporiae (Digenea: Brachycladiidae). As espécies Anisakis sp., Bolbosoma turbinella e Andracantha sp. consistem em infecção acidental por ingestão de presa infectada e, portanto, não fazem parte da fauna parasitária do hospedeiro nesta área de estudo. Foram observadas variações de comprimento e forma em 18% (n= 377) dos helmintos Synthesium pontoporiae coletados, tratando-se de espécimes sexualmente maduros com tamanho inferior e superior ao descrito para a espécie. São necessários estudos moleculares para complementar a investigação sobre as causas da diferenciação de Synthesium pontoporiae em três morfotipos distintos no litoral de São Paulo, Brasil. / Parasitic infections are very common in marine mammals and the study of helminthfauna in cetaceans has been used as a tool to determine biological and ecological aspects of the hosts, as the definition of niches, dispersal routes, feeding habits and differentiation of population stocks. The franciscana dolphin, Pontoporia blainvillei, is a small cetacean endemic to the Western South Atlantic, beeing the bycath events the main cause of mortality throughout its distribution area. The gastrointestinal tract of 87 franciscanas, collected from carcasses from bycatch or stranding, from 2005 to 2017, in the coast of São Paulo were analyzed to identify the component species of parasitic gastrointestinal fauna and to evaluate variations in levels of infection according to sex, stage of development, seasonality and range of the hosts. A total of 4,171 specimens of helminths were collected and classified into five species: Anisakis sp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae); Andracantha sp., Bolbosoma turbinella, Corynosoma cetaceum (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae), and Synthesium pontoporiae (Trematoda: Brachycladiidae). The helminths C. cetaceum, exclusive to the stomach and S. pontoporiae, found in both, stomach and intestine, presented the highest parasitological indexes, while the other three species were considered rare due to the low parasitic indexes. There was a significant difference in parasite load only for the developmental stages, in which adult and juvenile individuals had higher parasitological indexes than calves. Parasitological indices did not vary significantly between the sexes, seasonality or range of the hosts. The parasite community component of the gastrointestinal tract of P. blainvillei on the São Paulo coast differs partially from that described previously, comprising two species: Corynosoma cetaceum (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) and Synthesium pontoporiae (Digenea: Brachycladiidae). The species Anisakis sp., Bolbosoma turbinella and Andracantha sp. consists of accidental infection by ingestion of infected prey and, therefore, are not part of the host parasitic fauna in this area of study. Length and shape variations were observed in 18% (n= 377) of the collected Synthesium pontoporiae parasites, being sexually mature specimens with inferior and superior sizes to those described for the species. Molecular studies are needed to complement the research on the causes of the differentiation of Synthesium pontoporiae in three distinct morphotypes in the coast of São Paulo.

Orientador: Carolina Pacheco Bertozzi / Resumo: As infecções parasitárias são muito comuns em mamíferos marinhos e o estudo da helmintofauna em cetáceos tem sido utilizado como uma ferramenta para determinar aspectos biológicos e ecológicos dos hospedeiros, entre eles a definição de nichos, rotas de dispersão, hábitos alimentares e diferenciação de estoques populacionais. A toninha, Pontoporia blainvillei, pequeno cetáceo endêmico do Atlântico Sul Ocidental tem como principal causa de mortalidade em toda sua área de distribuição a captura acidental. O trato gastrointestinal de 87 toninhas, coletados de carcaças provenientes de captura acidental ou encalhe, no período de 2005 a 2017, no litoral de São Paulo foram analisados para identificar as espécies componentes da fauna parasitária gastrointestinal e avaliar variações nos níveis de infecção conforme o sexo, fase de desenvolvimento, sazonalidade e área de distribuição dos hospedeiros. Foram coletados 4.171 espécimes de helmintos, classificadas em cinco espécies: Anisakis sp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae); Andracantha sp., Bolbosoma turbinella, Corynosoma cetaceum (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae), e Synthesium pontoporiae (Trematoda: Brachycladiidae). Os helmintos C. cetaceum, exclusivo do estômago e S. pontoporiae, encontrado tanto no estômago quanto no intestino apresentaram os maiores índices parasitológicos, enquanto as outras três espécies foram consideradas raras devido aos baixos índices parasitários. Houve diferença significativa na carga parasitária apenas para as fases d... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Parasitic infections are very common in marine mammals and the study of helminthfauna in cetaceans has been used as a tool to determine biological and ecological aspects of the hosts, as the definition of niches, dispersal routes, feeding habits and differentiation of population stocks. The franciscana dolphin, Pontoporia blainvillei, is a small cetacean endemic to the Western South Atlantic, beeing the bycath events the main cause of mortality throughout its distribution area. The gastrointestinal tract of 87 franciscanas, collected from carcasses from bycatch or stranding, from 2005 to 2017, in the coast of São Paulo were analyzed to identify the component species of parasitic gastrointestinal fauna and to evaluate variations in levels of infection according to sex, stage of development, seasonality and range of the hosts. A total of 4,171 specimens of helminths were collected and classified into five species: Anisakis sp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae); Andracantha sp., Bolbosoma turbinella, Corynosoma cetaceum (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae), and Synthesium pontoporiae (Trematoda: Brachycladiidae). The helminths C. cetaceum, exclusive to the stomach and S. pontoporiae, found in both, stomach and intestine, presented the highest parasitological indexes, while the other three species were considered rare due to the low parasitic indexes. There was a significant difference in parasite load only for the developmental stages, in which adult and juvenile individuals had higher parasito... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Com o objetivo de estudar a fauna parasitária de Cerdocyon thous e Pseudalopex gymnocercus foram estimadas a prevalência, a intensidade média de infecção e abundância de helmintos gastrintestinais e artrópodes nesses hospedeiros. Foram capturados 40 canídeos silvestres na Região Sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, nos municípios de Pedro Osório e Pelotas. Os animais foram capturados usando-se armadilha tipo Live Trap. Logo após a captura, os animais eram sedados, momento em que se coletava sangue e buscava-se coletar artrópodes ectoparasitos mediante exame minucioso. Em seguida os animais eram transportados para o Laboratório de Parasitologia do Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia do Instituto de Biologia da UFPel, onde eram sacrificados usando-se pentobarbital sódico. Após a necropsia, os compartimentos do trato digestório, respiratório e renal foram isolados e examinados na busca de parasitos. O crânio dos animais foi usado para identificação taxonômica dos canídeos, dos quais 45% eram C. thous e 55% P. gymnocercus, podendo-se inferir que ambos canídeos são encontrados habitando a região fisiográfica desse trabalho. A totalidade dos animais (100%) apresentou-se parasitado. Amblyomma aureolatum é o carrapato com maior prevalência em P. gymnocercus (23,7%) e C. thous (61,11%) na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Nos nematódeos, os parasitos mais freqüentes foram: Ancylostoma caninum (C. thous 22,22%e P. gymnocercus 45,45%), Molineus felineus (C. thous 5,56% e P. gymnocercus 9,90%), Strongyloides spp. (C. thous 16,67% e P. gymnocercus 22,73%), Trichuris spp (C. thous 11,11% e P. gymnocercus 13,64%), e Capillaria hepática (C. thous 5,56% e P. gymnocercus 13,64%). Nos trematódeos, os parasitos encontrados foram: Alaria alata (C. thous 50,00% e P. gymnocercus 36,36%) e Athesmia heterolecithodes (C. thous 5,56%). Nos cestódeos, os parasitos encontrados foram: Spirometra spp (C. thous 61,11% e P. gymnocercus 54,55%) e Diphillobotriidae (C. thous 77,78% e P. gymnocercus 81,82%). Nos Acanthocephala os parasitos encontrados foram: Centrorhynchus sp. (C. thous 5,56%). Nos protozoários, os 7 parasitos encontrados foram: Babesia spp (P. gymnocercus 13,64%), diagnosticada por exame direto. / With the objective of studying parasitic fauna of Cerdocyon thous and Pseudalopex gymnocercus the prevalence, mean intensity of infection and abundance of gastrintestinal helminths and arthropods were observed in those hosts. 40 wild canids were captured in the South Area of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, in the counties of Pedro Osório and Pelotas. The animals were captured being used trap type “Live Trap”. Therefore after the capture, the animals were anesthesied and in that moment, the blood was collected and the presence or not of ectoparasites was observed. Therefore the animals were transported for the Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, UFPel, where they were sacrificed being used sodic pentobarbitol. After this, the portions of the intestinal and respiratory tract and kidney were isolated and examined in the search of parasites. The skull of the animals was used for the taxonomic identification of the hosts. C. thous (45%) and P. gymnocercus (55%) where observed. All hosts (100%) were parazited by some parasite type. Two species of Amblyomma were identified: A. aureolatum and A. tigrinum. Among the nematoda, the most frequent parasites were: Ancylostoma caninum (C. thous 22,22%e P. gymnocercus 45,45%), Molineus felineus (C. thous 5,56% e P. gymnocercus 9,90%), Strongyloides spp. (C. thous 16,67% e P. gymnocercus 22,73%), Trichuris spp (C. thous 11,11% and P. gymnocercus 13,64%), and Capillaria hepática (C. thous 5,56% and P. gymnocercus 13,64%). Among the trematoda, were found Alaria alata (C. thous 50,00% and P. gymnocercus 36,36%) and Athesmia heterolecithodes (C. thous 5,56%). Among the cestoda, the found parasites were: Spirometra spp. and Diphillobotriidae. Acanthocephala the found parasites were: Centrorhynchus sp. and among the protozoa, the found parasites were: Babesia spp (P. gymnocercus 13,64%), diagnosed by direct exam.

xxi, 234 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / Life history theory examines the allocation of resources among competing demands, including growth, immune function, and reproduction. Immune function can itself be divided into innate, cell mediated, and humoral responses. For humans, factors like economic condition, disease exposure. and social milieu are all hypothesized to affect life history allocations. For the Shuar of Amazonian Ecuador these factors are rapidly changing as traditional subsistence hunting and horticulture give way to wage labor and Western medicine. This dissertation presents fieldwork conducted amongst the Shuar between 2005 and 2009. It is among the first studies to test for life history trade-offs between different branches of immunity and growth across market conditions. Shuar data include anthropometrics (n=1,547), biomarkers (n=163), and household compositions (n=292). Comparison samples include the Shiwiar of Ecuador (n=42), non-indigenous Ecuadorian colono children (n=570), the Tsimane of Bolivia (n=329), and the 2005-2006 U.S. NHANES (n=8,336). The dissertation finds significant differences between both populations and Shuar villages in growth and immunity. Increasing market integration is associated with poorer growth, but household factors mediate these changes. Adult males have positive effects on child growth in acculturated areas with wage labor and in distant areas where fishing and hunting remain important but not in intermediate areas. Children have consistent negative effects on one another's growth, suggesting competition for resources. Poorer growth is also associated with higher levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE), a humoral response to helminths. In contrast, C-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker, has a positive association with growth. This divergence between humoral and innate immunity is consistent with a lasting reallocation of immune resources towards a T H 2 response in helminth infected individuals. The age-profile of IgE also varies across market conditions: comparing the Shuar with samples from the U.S. and Bolivia, the age of peak IgE is correlated with the level of peak IgE in each population, providing some of the first evidence for a "peak shift" in immune response. Overall, these results support the hypothesis that local conditions lead to the adaptive "tuning" of trade-offs between branches of immunity and growth. This dissertation includes previously published and unpublished co-authored material. / Committee in charge: Lawrence Sugiyama, Chairperson, Anthropology; James Snodgrass, Member, Anthropology; Frances White, Member, Anthropology; John Orbell, Outside Member, Political Science

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:56:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiani Banhos Ferreira.pdf: 3073805 bytes, checksum: bd66eb9b665ae2483dac3dfab5ca111a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-24 / Introduction: Immunomodulation determined by intestinal nematodes in humans can interfere in the evolution and progression of infectious disorders, among them leprosy. Objective: This study analyses the presence of anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-CD20, anti-CD138, anti-TIA-1 and anti-FOXP3 markers in biopsy samples of skin lesions from patients with clinical and histopathological diagnosis of leprosy, with and without helminthiasis, in order to determine their influence on the immune system. Patients and methods: The study conducted a retrospective analysis of medical records of patients diagnosed with leprosy from the Department of Dermatology at the University Hospital Cassiano Antonio Moraes (HUCAM), from january 1995 to january 2010, which, after clinical suspicion of leprosy, underwent skin biopsy with histopathological study, and also had stool tests. The following data was collected from leprosy patients: age, gender, disease s clinical type, histopathological diagnosis, the presence or absence of intestinal helminthes and the species involved. Subsequently the paraffin blocks with the biopsy material from patient s skin lesions were separated for immunohistochemichal study of the markers CD4, CD8, CD20, CD138, TIA-1 and FOXP3. Results: Out of the 53 leprosy patients analyzed, a small predominance of female patients and paucibacillary types was observed. Another finding was the concentration of paucibacillary types among female patients, and multibacillary types among male patients. The patient s median age was 43 years. Although lacking statistical significance, helminthic infections were slightly predominant in multibacillary patients, most frequently caused by Ascaris lumbricoides. The presence of FOXP3+ and CD20+ cells was higher among paucibacillary patients, and CD20+ cells were significantly more frequent in multibacillaty patients with intestinal helminthes, when compared to patients without intestinal helminthes (p=0,005). Conclusion: The study showed a higher frequency of female sex in paucibacillary types leprosy, as well as the small predominance, although without statistical significance, of helminthes in multibacillary patients. However, CD20+ cells were significantly more frequent among multibacillary patients with helminthic infections / A imunomodulação determinada pelos nematóides intestinais no homem pode intervir na evolução e na progressão de outras doenças infecciosas, dentre elas a hanseníase. Objetivo: O estudo analisa a presença dos marcadores anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-CD20, anti-CD138, anti-TIA-1 e anti-FOXP3 em amostras de biópsias de lesões de pacientes com o diagnóstico clínico e histopatológico de hanseníase, com e sem helmintíase, a fim de determinar a influência das helmintíases intestinais no sistema imune. Pacientes e métodos: O estudo foi realizado através da análise retrospectiva de prontuários de pacientes atendidos no Serviço de dermatologia do Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antônio Moraes (HUCAM), no período de 01/1995 a 01/2010, com o diagnóstico de hanseníase e que, após a suspeita clínica, foram submetidos à biópsia e ao exame anátomo-patológico de lesão suspeita na pele, e que realizaram exame parasitológico de fezes. Quando identificado um caso de hanseníase, confirmado clinica e histopatologicamente, foram anotados dados referentes ao paciente: idade, sexo, forma clínica da doença, diagnóstico histopatológico, a presença ou ausência de verminose, e a espécie envolvida. Após, foram separados os blocos de parafina das biópsias das lesões cutâneas dos pacientes, os quais posteriormente foram submetidos ao exame imuno-histoquímico para a pesquisa de marcadores CD4, CD8, CD20, CD138, TIA-1 e FOXP3. Resultados: Dos 53 hansenianos analisados, observou-se discreto predomínio do sexo feminino e das formas paucibacilares. Outro achado foi a concentração dos casos paucibacilares nos pacientes do sexo feminino e dos multibacilares no sexo masculino, a mediana de idade foi de 43 anos. Embora sem significância estatística, as verminoses intestinais tiveram ligeiro predomínio nas formas multibacilares, sendo o helminto mais envolvido o Ascaris lumbricoides. As frequências de células FOXP3+ e CD20+ foram maiores entre os hansenianos paucibacilares em relação aos multibacilares, sendo as células CD20+ significativamente mais elevadas nos pacientes multibacilares com helmintos intestinais, quando comparados com os pacientes sem helmintos (p=0,005). Conclusão: O estudo demonstrou frequência significativa do sexo feminino nas formas paucibacilares da hanseníase, além de ligeiro predomínio, embora sem significância estatística, de helmintos nas formas multibacilares da doença com células CD20+, significativamente mais elevadas nos multibacilares com helmintos intestinais

Among the main diseases that affect ruminants around the world, infections by gastrointestinal nematodes display an important role. These infections, negatively impact the performance of the animals, compromising the economic viability of the systems, if the correct control of these parasites is not made. In this sense, were performed the evaluation of different compounds with anthelminthic action in sheep and cattle in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The first chapter presents the study whose objective was to evaluate the anthelminthic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes from naturally infected cattle with different anti-helminthic therapy commercially available in the state of Rio Grande do Sul; and test the effectiveness of combinations of these principles on multiresistant populations. For both, were selected 70-100 animals, with ages between 7 to 9 months, naturally infected and with egg counts per gram of feces (EPG) ≥200. These individuals were from ten different property located in Rio Grande do Sul, which had received no anthelmintic treatment in the 60 days preceding the beginning of the study. The animals were randomly divided in ten groups (7- 10 animals each) and treated with ivermectin, doramectin, eprinomectin, fenbendazole, closantel, disophenol, nitroxynil, albendazole, levamisole or moxidectin. Additional groups of 7 to 10 calves were used to test six combinations of two drugs each in four of studied properties. In general, the fenbendazole was the most effective drug, followed by levamisole, disofenol and moxidectin. However parasites of genera Cooperia, Trichostrongylus and Haemonchus were the most resistant to different treatments employed. The combinations of moxidectin+levamisole, doramectin+fenbendazole and levamisole+closantel were the most effective. The results of this study demonstrated the existence of multidrug-resistant populations to most of the anthelmintic substances commercially available, while combinations of these may represent an alternative for improvement of the efficacy of treatments. The second chapter had as objective to verify the efficacy of monepantel (Zolvix ®) on gastrointestinal nematodes of naturally infected lambs from two properties in the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. For it, 64 animals being, 17 animals treated with Zolvix and 17 control animals not treated in property 1, and 20 animals treated with the same principle and 10 control on the property 2, were used. In both properties, the animals did not receive any anthelmintic treatment in the 30 days prior to the study and had EPG ≥200. The efficacy of monepantel was 25.8% and 78.4%, respectively, in the properties 1 and 2, being Haemonchus spp., Trichostrongylus spp. and Cooperia spp. the genera that presented greater resistance to it. It was demonstrated that the status of anthelminthic resistance in sheep is getting worse once the last drug launched in the Brazilian market for the treatment of gastrointestinal infections of the animals proved ineffective, and further studies are needed to delay the appearance of new cases of resistance to this drug and the other compounds commercially available. / Entre as principais enfermidades que afetam ruminantes ao redor do mundo, as infecções por nematódeos do trato gastrointestinal ocupam papel de destaque. Estas infecções impactam negativamente o desempenho dos animais, comprometendo a viabilidade econômica dos mesmos, uma vez que não se faça o controle adequado destes parasitas. Neste sentido, foi realizada a avaliação de diferentes compostos com ação anti-helmíntica em bovinos e ovinos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O primeiro capítulo, apresenta o estudo cujo objetivo foi avaliar a resistência anti-helmíntica de nematódeos gastrointestinais de bovinos naturalmente infectados à diferentes anti-helmínticos comercialmente disponíveis no estado do Rio Grande do Sul; e testar a eficácia de combinações destes princípios sobre populações multirresistentes. Para tanto, foram selecionados 70 a 100 bovinos, com idades entre sete a nove meses, naturalmente infectados e com contagens de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) ≥200. Estes indivíduos eram oriundos de 10 propriedades diferentes localizadas no Rio Grande do Sul, as quais não haviam realizado tratamento anti-helmíntico nos 60 dias precedentes ao início do estudo. Os animais foram aleatoriamente alocados em dez grupos (7- 10 animais cada) e tratados com ivermectina, doramectina, eprinomectina, fenbendazole, closantel, nitroxinil, disofenol, levamisole, albendazole ou moxidectina. Grupos adicionais de 7 a 10 bezerros foram utilizados para testar seis combinações, de duas drogas cada, em quatro das propriedades estudadas. De maneira geral o fenbendazole foi a droga mais eficaz, seguido pelo levamisole, disofenol e moxidectina. Parasitas dos gêneros Cooperia, Trichostrongylus e Haemonchus foram os mais resistentes aos diferentes tratamentos empregados. As combinações de moxidectina+levamisole, doramectina+fenbendazole e levamisole+closantel foram as mais eficazes. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram a existência de populações multirresistentes a maioria dos anti-helmínticos comercialmente disponíveis, enquanto combinações destes podem representar uma alternativa para melhora de eficácia dos tratamentos. O segundo capítulo teve por objetivo verificar a eficácia do monepantel (Zolvix ®) sobre nematódeos gastrointestinais de cordeiros naturalmente infectados oriundos de duas propriedades da região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Para tanto, 64 animais sendo, 17 animais tratados com zolvix e 17 animais controle não tratados na propriedade 1, e 20 animais tratados com o mesmo princípio e 10 controle na propriedade 2, foram utilizados. Em ambas as propriedades, os animais não receberam tratamento anti-helmíntico nos 30 dias anteriores ao estudo e possuíam OPG ≥200. A eficácia do monepantel foi de 25,8% e 78,4%, respectivamente, nas propriedades 1 e 2, sendo que os gêneros que apresentaram resistência foram Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus e Cooperia. Demonstrou-se que a resistência anti-helmíntica em ovinos vem se agravando dada a ineficácia da última droga lançada no mercado brasileiro em combater a infecção dos animais, sendo necessários mais estudos para retardar o aparecimento de novos casos de resistência a este e aos demais compostos disponíveis comercialmente.

Submitted by LUCIANA RAFFI MENEGALDO null (luzoo@hotmail.com) on 2016-07-14T18:53:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Luciana_Ferreira.pdf: 35860304 bytes, checksum: ef33b7f9526f3167a20d2c360bf31632 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-18T20:20:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_lrm_dr_jabo.pdf: 35860304 bytes, checksum: ef33b7f9526f3167a20d2c360bf31632 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T20:20:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_lrm_dr_jabo.pdf: 35860304 bytes, checksum: ef33b7f9526f3167a20d2c360bf31632 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Peltocephalus dumerilianus (Chelonia: Podocnemididae) é um quelônio amplamente distribuído na Bacia Amazônica, encontrado preferencialmente em rios, igapós e lagos de água preta. Ocorrem em simpatria com outros animais da família Podocnemididae, embora sofram menor pressão cinegética por concentrarem seus ninhos em locais mais reclusos, no interior das florestas de igapó. Apesar de sua ampla distribuição e importância como fonte de proteína para os moradores da Amazônia, são raras as pesquisas relacionadas à patógenos desses répteis, inclusive de helmintos parasitos, fato que motivou este projeto. Para o estudo da helmintofauna de P. dumerilianus, 21 espécimes foram obtidos através de caça de subsistência na comunidade Tapiíra, situada às margens do rio Unini e inserida no Parque Nacional do Jaú, Barcelos, Estado do Amazonas, região bastante preservada e caracterizada por diversas Unidades de Conservação de Uso Sustentável e de Uso Integral. Após a colheita do conteúdo gastrointestinal, os helmintos obtidos foram identificados por métodos morfológicos de rotina aliados a estudos com microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Foram identificados espécies de nematódeos, Ancyracanthus pinnatifidus, Paratractis hystrix, Atractis trematophila, Klossinemella conciliatus, e mais três espécies indeterminadas do gênero Klossinemella. Também foram identificados os digenéticos Nematophila grandis, Helicotrema spirale e Telorchis hagmanni. Os resultados apresentados enriquecem o conhecimento acerca da biodiversidade parasitária amazônica e demonstram aspectos sobre a relação parasita-hospedeiro do P. dumerilianus. / Peltocephalus dumerilianus (Chelonia: Podocnemididae) is a chelonian widely distributed in the Amazon Basin, preferably found in rivers, flooded forests and black water lakes. Occur sympatric with other animals Podocnemididae family, although they suffer less pressure hunting by concentrating their nests in more prisoners locations within igapó forests. Despite its wide distribution and importance as a protein source for the inhabitants of the Amazon are few studies related to pathogens such animals, including helminth parasites, a fact that motivated this project. For the study of helminth parasites of P. dumerilianus, 21 specimens were obtained through subsistence hunting in Tapiíra community, situated on the banks of the river Unini and inserted in the Jau National Park, Barcelos, State of Amazonas; region well preserved and characterized by several Conservation Units of Sustainable Use and Full Use. After harvesting of gastrointestinal contents, helminths obtained were identified by traditional morphological methods combined with studies with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Four species of nematodes were identified, Ancyracanthus pinnatifidus, Paratractis hystrix, Atractis trematophila, Klossinemella conciliatus, and more three undetermined species of the genus Klossinemella. Also were identified digeneas Nematophila grandis, Helicotrema spirale and Telorchis hagmanni. The results presented enrich the knowledge of the Amazon parasitic biodiversity and demonstrate aspects of the host-parasite relationship of P. dumerilianus.

Com o objetivo de estudar a fauna parasitária de Cerdocyon thous e Pseudalopex gymnocercus foram estimadas a prevalência, a intensidade média de infecção e abundância de helmintos gastrintestinais e artrópodes nesses hospedeiros. Foram capturados 40 canídeos silvestres na Região Sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, nos municípios de Pedro Osório e Pelotas. Os animais foram capturados usando-se armadilha tipo Live Trap. Logo após a captura, os animais eram sedados, momento em que se coletava sangue e buscava-se coletar artrópodes ectoparasitos mediante exame minucioso. Em seguida os animais eram transportados para o Laboratório de Parasitologia do Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia do Instituto de Biologia da UFPel, onde eram sacrificados usando-se pentobarbital sódico. Após a necropsia, os compartimentos do trato digestório, respiratório e renal foram isolados e examinados na busca de parasitos. O crânio dos animais foi usado para identificação taxonômica dos canídeos, dos quais 45% eram C. thous e 55% P. gymnocercus, podendo-se inferir que ambos canídeos são encontrados habitando a região fisiográfica desse trabalho. A totalidade dos animais (100%) apresentou-se parasitado. Amblyomma aureolatum é o carrapato com maior prevalência em P. gymnocercus (23,7%) e C. thous (61,11%) na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Nos nematódeos, os parasitos mais freqüentes foram: Ancylostoma caninum (C. thous 22,22%e P. gymnocercus 45,45%), Molineus felineus (C. thous 5,56% e P. gymnocercus 9,90%), Strongyloides spp. (C. thous 16,67% e P. gymnocercus 22,73%), Trichuris spp (C. thous 11,11% e P. gymnocercus 13,64%), e Capillaria hepática (C. thous 5,56% e P. gymnocercus 13,64%). Nos trematódeos, os parasitos encontrados foram: Alaria alata (C. thous 50,00% e P. gymnocercus 36,36%) e Athesmia heterolecithodes (C. thous 5,56%). Nos cestódeos, os parasitos encontrados foram: Spirometra spp (C. thous 61,11% e P. gymnocercus 54,55%) e Diphillobotriidae (C. thous 77,78% e P. gymnocercus 81,82%). Nos Acanthocephala os parasitos encontrados foram: Centrorhynchus sp. (C. thous 5,56%). Nos protozoários, os 7 parasitos encontrados foram: Babesia spp (P. gymnocercus 13,64%), diagnosticada por exame direto. / With the objective of studying parasitic fauna of Cerdocyon thous and Pseudalopex gymnocercus the prevalence, mean intensity of infection and abundance of gastrintestinal helminths and arthropods were observed in those hosts. 40 wild canids were captured in the South Area of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, in the counties of Pedro Osório and Pelotas. The animals were captured being used trap type “Live Trap”. Therefore after the capture, the animals were anesthesied and in that moment, the blood was collected and the presence or not of ectoparasites was observed. Therefore the animals were transported for the Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, UFPel, where they were sacrificed being used sodic pentobarbitol. After this, the portions of the intestinal and respiratory tract and kidney were isolated and examined in the search of parasites. The skull of the animals was used for the taxonomic identification of the hosts. C. thous (45%) and P. gymnocercus (55%) where observed. All hosts (100%) were parazited by some parasite type. Two species of Amblyomma were identified: A. aureolatum and A. tigrinum. Among the nematoda, the most frequent parasites were: Ancylostoma caninum (C. thous 22,22%e P. gymnocercus 45,45%), Molineus felineus (C. thous 5,56% e P. gymnocercus 9,90%), Strongyloides spp. (C. thous 16,67% e P. gymnocercus 22,73%), Trichuris spp (C. thous 11,11% and P. gymnocercus 13,64%), and Capillaria hepática (C. thous 5,56% and P. gymnocercus 13,64%). Among the trematoda, were found Alaria alata (C. thous 50,00% and P. gymnocercus 36,36%) and Athesmia heterolecithodes (C. thous 5,56%). Among the cestoda, the found parasites were: Spirometra spp. and Diphillobotriidae. Acanthocephala the found parasites were: Centrorhynchus sp. and among the protozoa, the found parasites were: Babesia spp (P. gymnocercus 13,64%), diagnosed by direct exam.