A diminuição da disponibilidade de água de boa de qualidade em nível mundial é resultado, entre outros fatores, do consumo elevado exercido pela agricultura irrigada. A fim de minimizar os impactos ocasionados por essa atividade aos recursos hídricos, muitos países demonstram a viabilidade do emprego de efluentes de esgoto tratado na agricultura. Contudo, esta prática oferece riscos à saúde pública através dos organismos patogênicos capazes de sobreviver no esgoto. Entre estes patógenos a OMS destaca os protozoários e os helmintos parasitas do homem, pelo fato de apresentarem maior período de sobrevivência em condições adversas e alto poder de infecção. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar um levantamento qualitativo e quantitativo dos parasitas intestinais de importância sanitária presentes no esgoto afluente, no efluente tratado e no efluente desinfetado de duas estações de tratamento localizadas na cidade de Piracicaba. A ETE Cecap é composta por um sistema australiano com uma lagoa anaeróbia, lagoas facultativas primária e secundária e tratamento por filtração e desinfecção por cloração. A ETE Piracicamirim é constituída por reatores UASB seguidos por lagoa aerada, decantadores secundários de lodo ativado, tratamento por filtro de areia e desinfecção por radiação ultravioleta. Entre maio de 2008 e dezembro de 2009 foram coletas amostras do esgoto bruto e dos efluentes tratado e desinfetado, seguindo as orientações de AYRES e MARA (1996). As técnicas de preparo e análises parasitológicas foram realizadas segundo YANKO (1987) e WHO (1999). A ETE Cecap apresentou uma freqüência de amostras positivas de 40 por cento para o efluente desinfetado, sendo Toxocara sp o parasita mais presente com 46,17 ovos/l. A média de ovos de helmintos para o período de estudo foi 3,78 ovos/l de efluente desinfetado. A ETE Piracicamirim apresentou uma freqüência de 100 por cento para o efluente desinfetado. Ascaris sp foi o parasita mais encontrado nos três pontos de coleta. A média de ovos de helmintos para o período foi de 0,89 ovos/l de efluente desinfetado. A ETE Cecap não apresentou um efluente final propício à utilização na irrigação. Já o efluente proveniente da ETE Piracicamirim atende as recomendações da WHO (2006), para a presença de ovos de helmintos, para utilização na irrigação irrestrita / Decreased availability of good water quality worldwide is a result, among other factors, high consumption exerted by irrigated agriculture. In order to minimize the impacts caused by this activity to water, many countries demonstrate the viability of using treated sewage effluent in agriculture. However, this practice provides a public health risk through the pathogens can survive in sewage. Among these pathogens, WHO stresses the protozoa and helminths of human, because they presented greater period of survival in adverse conditions and high power of infection. This paper aims to evaluate the quality and quantity of intestinal parasites of sanitary importance present in the raw sewage in the treated effluent and disinfected from two treatment plants located in the city of Piracicaba. The sewage treatment plant CECAP comprises an Australian system with an anaerobic pond, facultative ponds primary and secondary treatment by filtration and disinfection by chlorination. The sewage treatment plant Piracicamirim consists of UASB followed by aerated lagoon, activated sludge secondary clarifiers, treatment by sand filter and disinfection by ultraviolet radiation. Between May 2008 and December 2009 were collected and samples of raw sewage effluent treated and disinfected, following the guidelines of AYRES and MARA (1996). The techniques of preparation and analysis were performed according parasitological YANKO (in 1987) and WHO (1999). CECAP showed rates of positive samples of 40 per cent for the effluent disinfected with Toxocara sp parasite more present with 46.17 eggs/l. The mean helminths eggs for the study period was 3.78 eggs/l effluent disinfected. Piracicamirim showed rates of 100 per cent for the effluent disinfected. Ascaris sp was the parasite most commonly found in the three collection sites. The mean helminths eggs for the period was 0.89 eggs/l effluent disinfected. CECAP not produced a final effluent suitable for irrigation use. Already the effluent from the sewage treatment plant Piracicamirim meets the recommendations of WHO (2006), for the presence of helminths eggs for use in unrestricted irrigation

Resumo: As enteroparasitoses comumente afetam o equilíbrio orgânico dos animais de estimação, sendo isto particularmente preocupante em relação aos cães, devido ao intimo contato destes com o homem. As técnicas coproparasitológicas usualmente utilizadas na rotina laboratorial para detecção de parasitoses gastrintestinais são indispensáveis para o diagnóstico e por conseqüência para determinar a necessidade de tratamento dos animais infectados. Neste estudo objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência de helmintoses e protozooses em cães domiciliados e sua associação com faixa etária, sexo e raça, bem como a eficiência dos Métodos Willis- Mollay, Faust, Sedimentação e Exame Direto quanto a recuperação de ovos e oocistos de parasitos gastrintestinais da espécie canina. Foram processadas 401 amostras fecais, sendo que em 300 foi efetuada a Técnica de Kinyoun para pesquisa de Cryptosporidium spp. Os parasitos encontrados foram Ancylostoma spp. em 53,1%, Toxocara canis em 20,7%, Cystoisospora ohioensis em 15,7%, Trichuris vulpis em 3,7%, Dipylidium caninum em 2,5%, Cryptosporidium spp. em 1,33% e Taenia spp. em 1,0% das amostras. A positividade para Ancylostoma spp. não foi influenciada pelas variáveis raça, sexo e idade. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa para T. canis e C. ohioensis nos cães com até seis meses de idade quando comparados a animais acima de seis meses (P<0,0001). Quanto a variável sexo houve associação apenas com o ascarídeo T. canis com maior ocorrência nos machos quando comparado as fêmeas (P = 0,0243). A associação da presença das formas evolutivas dos parasitos com raça dos cães não foi estatisticamente significativa. / Abstract: The enteroparasitoses generally affect the organic equilibrium of pets, being particularly worrying referring to dogs, due to intimate contact with the human being. The techniques coproparasitologics usually used in laboratorial routines for detection of gastroenteric parasitoses are indispensable for the diagnosis and consequence to determine the necessary of infected animals treatment. In this study we evaluated the occurrence of helminthoses and protozooses in dogs and its association with age, sex and race, as well as the efficiency of Willis-Mollay, Faust, Sedimentation and exam Direct methods. It was processed 401 fecal samples, being accomplished in 300 parts, the technique of Kinyoun for directed research of Cryptosporidium spp. The parasite found were Ancylostoma spp. (53.1%), Toxocara canis (20.7%), Cystoisospora ohioensis (15.7%), Trichuris vulpis (3.7%), Dipylidium caninum (2.5%), Cryptosporidium spp. (1.33%) and Taenia spp. (1.0%). There was a statistically significant difference for T. canis and C. ohioensis in dogs up to six months old (P<0,0001). The occurrence of T. canis was statistically bigger in males when compared to females (P=0,0243). The association of parasites with race was not statistically significant. Of the four dogs (1.33%) positives for Cryptosporidium spp., only one presented a semi liquid consistence faeces and light dehydration (5 to 7%), having this animal age superior to six months old, with simultaneous infection for Ancylostoma spp. The Willis-Mollay was more efficient in the diagnosis of Ancylostoma spp. and T. canis eggs. The Direct method was least efficient. The techniques were statistically the same as the occurrence of the C. ohioensis oocysts. / Orientador: Silvia Helena Venturoli Perri / Coorientador: Kátia Denise Saraiva Bresciani / Banca: Alessandro Francisco Talamini do Amarante / Banca: Solange Maria Gennari / Mestre

Infections with parasitic helminths are counted as neglected tropical diseases; they infect millions of people worldwide, causing high morbidity and economic loss. Many parasites establish long lasting infections in the host by blocking immune recognition, activation and effector pathways. To allow in depth research on their modes of immune evasion, several mouse models for parasitic helminth infections have been established. Heligmosomoides polygyrus for example is a gastrointestinal nematode of rodents exhibiting a wide spectrum of immunomodulatory effects, mediated in part by soluble molecules released by adult worms in vitro, the excretory/secretory products (HES). HES is a potent inhibitor of dendritic cell (DC) activation by Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, completely abolishing LPS induced IL-12 production and reducing the upregulation of cell surface activation markers. As of now, neither the modulatory molecule nor its mechanism of action are known. Here, the effect of HES on TLR ligand induced DC maturation was characterized in considerably more detail compared to previous publications. It could be shown to inhibit DC maturation induced by various TLR ligands, on both protein and mRNA levels. These effects were comparable in both C57BL/6 and BALB/c derived cells; in contrast to this HES differentially affected alternative activation of BMDC from these two mouse strains. Although for most of the experiments GM-CSF differentiated BMDC were used, HES also inhibited LPS induced activation of splenic CD11c+ cells as well as the activation of all three populations described in Flt3-L differentiated BMDC - pDCs, CD11b+ cDCs and CD24+ cDCs. Furthermore, it could be shown here that HES also inhibits LPS induced maturation in human monocyte derived DCs. In the search for the component in HES responsible for its inhibition of TLR ligand induced DC maturation, exosome depleted HES rather than exosomes was inhibitory, and the effect was heat labile. This lead to the conclusion that the modulatory molecule has a protein component which is indispensable for its effect; following this reasoning HES was subjected to fractionation, with subsequent analysis of the fraction protein contents by mass spectrometry. The top nine candidate proteins were expressed recombinantly; however, the recombinants were not able to inhibit LPS induced DC activation. In parallel, experiments to elucidate the mechanism by which HES inhibits TLR ligand induced DC maturation were performed. This led to the conclusion that HES induces changes in the cells that, while not affecting the induction of signalling downstream of TLRs, do impair its maintenance. As a complement to these experiments, the transcriptomes of LPS and LPS+HES treated cells eight hours after LPS stimulation were compared. This revealed that transcripts encoding a number of transcription factors inducing the expression of activation markers after TLR ligation were reduced upon treatment of cells with HES, as were the transcript levels of IRAK2, a kinase necessary for persistent signalling. In addition, HES increased the transcript levels for several factors known to negatively regulate DC maturation, including ATF3. Furthermore, this analysis revealed changes in transcript levels of factors like HIF-1a, indicating an even greater reliance on aerobic glycolysis if cells were treated with HES, in addition to hints at increased ER and oxidative stress. In conclusion, this work narrows down the list of potential DC modulators in HES, gives a first insight into changes in DC metabolism induced by HES and sheds light on the role of a number of signalling pathways with important roles in DC activation as targets of DC inhibition by HES.

A diminuição da disponibilidade de água de boa de qualidade em nível mundial é resultado, entre outros fatores, do consumo elevado exercido pela agricultura irrigada. A fim de minimizar os impactos ocasionados por essa atividade aos recursos hídricos, muitos países demonstram a viabilidade do emprego de efluentes de esgoto tratado na agricultura. Contudo, esta prática oferece riscos à saúde pública através dos organismos patogênicos capazes de sobreviver no esgoto. Entre estes patógenos a OMS destaca os protozoários e os helmintos parasitas do homem, pelo fato de apresentarem maior período de sobrevivência em condições adversas e alto poder de infecção. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar um levantamento qualitativo e quantitativo dos parasitas intestinais de importância sanitária presentes no esgoto afluente, no efluente tratado e no efluente desinfetado de duas estações de tratamento localizadas na cidade de Piracicaba. A ETE Cecap é composta por um sistema australiano com uma lagoa anaeróbia, lagoas facultativas primária e secundária e tratamento por filtração e desinfecção por cloração. A ETE Piracicamirim é constituída por reatores UASB seguidos por lagoa aerada, decantadores secundários de lodo ativado, tratamento por filtro de areia e desinfecção por radiação ultravioleta. Entre maio de 2008 e dezembro de 2009 foram coletas amostras do esgoto bruto e dos efluentes tratado e desinfetado, seguindo as orientações de AYRES e MARA (1996). As técnicas de preparo e análises parasitológicas foram realizadas segundo YANKO (1987) e WHO (1999). A ETE Cecap apresentou uma freqüência de amostras positivas de 40 por cento para o efluente desinfetado, sendo Toxocara sp o parasita mais presente com 46,17 ovos/l. A média de ovos de helmintos para o período de estudo foi 3,78 ovos/l de efluente desinfetado. A ETE Piracicamirim apresentou uma freqüência de 100 por cento para o efluente desinfetado. Ascaris sp foi o parasita mais encontrado nos três pontos de coleta. A média de ovos de helmintos para o período foi de 0,89 ovos/l de efluente desinfetado. A ETE Cecap não apresentou um efluente final propício à utilização na irrigação. Já o efluente proveniente da ETE Piracicamirim atende as recomendações da WHO (2006), para a presença de ovos de helmintos, para utilização na irrigação irrestrita / Decreased availability of good water quality worldwide is a result, among other factors, high consumption exerted by irrigated agriculture. In order to minimize the impacts caused by this activity to water, many countries demonstrate the viability of using treated sewage effluent in agriculture. However, this practice provides a public health risk through the pathogens can survive in sewage. Among these pathogens, WHO stresses the protozoa and helminths of human, because they presented greater period of survival in adverse conditions and high power of infection. This paper aims to evaluate the quality and quantity of intestinal parasites of sanitary importance present in the raw sewage in the treated effluent and disinfected from two treatment plants located in the city of Piracicaba. The sewage treatment plant CECAP comprises an Australian system with an anaerobic pond, facultative ponds primary and secondary treatment by filtration and disinfection by chlorination. The sewage treatment plant Piracicamirim consists of UASB followed by aerated lagoon, activated sludge secondary clarifiers, treatment by sand filter and disinfection by ultraviolet radiation. Between May 2008 and December 2009 were collected and samples of raw sewage effluent treated and disinfected, following the guidelines of AYRES and MARA (1996). The techniques of preparation and analysis were performed according parasitological YANKO (in 1987) and WHO (1999). CECAP showed rates of positive samples of 40 per cent for the effluent disinfected with Toxocara sp parasite more present with 46.17 eggs/l. The mean helminths eggs for the study period was 3.78 eggs/l effluent disinfected. Piracicamirim showed rates of 100 per cent for the effluent disinfected. Ascaris sp was the parasite most commonly found in the three collection sites. The mean helminths eggs for the period was 0.89 eggs/l effluent disinfected. CECAP not produced a final effluent suitable for irrigation use. Already the effluent from the sewage treatment plant Piracicamirim meets the recommendations of WHO (2006), for the presence of helminths eggs for use in unrestricted irrigation

RSV is the most common cause of infant bronchiolitis, leading to morbidity and mortality in both infants and the elderly. The relationship between RSV and asthma development further highlights the need to fully understand the immune responses involved in order to develop effective vaccines and therapeutics to aid prevention and treatment of RSV infection respectively. Helminths have long been studied both as a major pathogen of humans, infecting approximately 3 billion people worldwide, and also their ability to modulate the host immune response to allow survival and chronic infection to ensue. Specifically, helminth infections are thought to modulate the host immune response through regulatory mechanisms which are not fully understood. This not only confers protection and survival of the parasites themselves, but also modulates the immune response to unrelated antigens and pathogens. In this thesis, the potential role of a strictly enteric helminth infection, with Heligmosomoides polygyrus, in the modulation of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection was investigated and the associated immune mechanisms were investigated. Firstly, the effects of prior H. polygyrus infection on RSV infection and immune responses in the lung were analysed. H. polygyrus significantly reduced the number of natural killer cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells and conventional dendritic cells in the lung following RSV infection. Co-infection also reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α in the lungs. All of these reductions were associated with significantly lower viral titres on day 4 of RSV infection. Interestingly, this attenuation of immune responses and viral titres, correlated with reduced severity of clinical disease, as assessed by weight loss and lung function. H. polygyrus excretory secretory product (HES) was not found to be the immune-modulatory factor in this system, as HES failed to suppress viral titres and reduce immune cell responses to RSV infection. However, irradiated larvae with stunted maturation to adult worms, revealed that larval stages were sufficient to suppress viral titres. Next, the role of type 2 signalling for H. polygyrus effects on RSV infection were examined, using IL-4Rα-/- mice. H. polygyrus infection maintained the ability to attenuate RSV infection and subsequent immune responses in IL-4Rα-/- mice. Furthermore, the presence of the adaptive immune response was not required for H. polygyrus-induced attenuation of RSV infection, as demonstrated in recombinase-activating gene (RAG-/-) deficient mice. H. polygyrus induces innate type 2 immune responses indicating the release of the innate alarmin, IL-33, in the lung and consequently an accumulation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2). Their contribution to H. polygyrus effects remain to be fully elucidated. Finally, the role of antiviral responses was explored in H. polygyrus and RSV co-infection. H. polygyrus infection alone induced expression of antiviral genes, IFN-β, OAS1A, Viperin and the antimicrobial peptide CRAMP, in both the duodenum and the lung. Expression of these genes was still higher in the lung 1 hour after RSV in H. polygyrus co-infected mice compared to controls without co-infection. The importance of type I IFN signalling pathway was demonstrated using mice deficient in the type I IFN receptor in H. polygyrus co-infection, which failed to suppress RSV titres and subsequent lung immune cell infiltration. These data highlight the ability of the strictly enteric helminth H. polygyrus to attenuate RSV infection and subsequent immune responses in the lung through the potentiation of type I IFN signalling and consequent upregulation of antiviral immune responses in the lung.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Zoology)) -- University of the North, 1996 / Refer to document

ABSTRACT The epidemiological study of intestinal helminths and ticks of Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica) was conducted from June 2001 to May 2002 in Shan-Ping, southern Taiwan. Nine helminths were found, including seven nematodes, Filaroides sp. (prevalence 94.4%), Ancylostoma sp. (77.4%), Uncinaria sp. (35.5%), Trichuris sp. 1 (35.5%), Trichuris sp. 2 (19.3%), Capillaria sp. (6.5%) and Physaloptera sp. (3.2%); one trematode, Platynosomum sp. (74.1%) and one acanthocephalans, Macracanthorhynchus sp. (10%). There was a significant seasonal difference of intensity of the Platynosomum sp. Two species of ticks were observed, Ixodes ovatus (prevalence 55.56%) and Haemaphysalis sp. Seasonal differences were significant in the prevalence and intensity of the Ixodes ovatus infection. The intensities of ticks and helminths in different sampling area were similar. The diet composition was possibly the factor affecting the seasonal change of intensity of the Platynosomum sp. and host availability affecting the seasonal change of ticks, Ixodes ovatus.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden 212 Kotproben von Chamäleons auf Parasitenstadien und 75 Tierkörper pathologisch sowie bei einem nachgewiesenen Parasitenbefall histopathologisch untersucht. Ziel war es, anhand dieser Untersuchungen das Vorkommen und die Schadwirkungen von Endoparasiten unter Berücksichtigung der Herkunft, des Alters, des Geschlechts und der Chamäleonart zu beschreiben. Von 212 Kotproben wiesen 55,2% Endoparasitenstadien auf. Bei 54,7% der 64 sezierten und auswertbaren Tiere wurden Endoparasiten nachgewiesen. Der Anteil positiver Proben zeigt zwischen Nachzuchten (55,5%) und Wildfängen (54,1%) keinen wesentlichen Unterschied. In Wildfängen konnten häufiger Endoparasiten mit einem indirekten Lebenszyklus ermittelt werden, Nachzuchten beherbergten dagegen öfter Parasiten mit einem direkten Entwicklungszyklus. In den untersuchten Chamäleons konnten regelmäßig Kokzidien der Gattung Isospora und Oxyuriden nachgewiesen werden. Zestoden konnten in der koproskopischen Untersuchung gar nicht aufgefunden werden, wohingegen sie in der pathologischen Untersuchung sporadisch im Darm diagnostiziert werden konnten. Die Häufigkeit des koproskopischen Nachweises von Parasitenstadien bezogen auf die Gesamtzahl der untersuchten Chamäleons stellte sich wie folgt dar: in 30,4% wurden Protozoon gefunden, 21,7% der Tiere waren mit Kokzidien infiziert (davon 78,3% Isospora spp., 13,0% Choleoeimeria spp., 6,5% Eimeria spp., 2,2% Mischinfektion Isospora spp./Choleoeimeria spp.) und 8,5% mit Flagellaten oder Ziliaten. Bei 83,3% der Tiere mit gastrointestinalen Symptomen konnte ein Befall mit Kokzidien der Gattung Isospora nachgewiesen werden. In 38,7% der koproskopischen Untersuchungen konnten Nematoden (65,9% Oxyuriden, 19,5% Askariden/ Heterakiden, 1,4% Rhabdias sp., 2,8% Strongyloides sp., je 0,5 % Spirurida, Heterakiden/Filarien, Oxyuriden/Strongyloiden) und in 2,8% Trematoden (Digenea) aufgefunden werden. Anamnestisch konnten in 35,8% aller Tiere klinische Symptome beobachtet werden, wovon bei 88,2% der erkrankten Tiere ein Endoparasitenbefall nachzuweisen war. Insgesamt 64,1% der sezierten Chamäleons waren mit Endoparasiten befallen, wovon 68,3% Mono- und 31,7% Mischinfektionen beherbergten. In 31,3% der sezierten Chamäleons wurden Nematoden gefunden und der Befall wurde in 55,0% dieser Fälle als hochgradig eingestuft. Es wurden Befallsraten von 25,0% für Strongyloides sp., 23,4% für Askariden/ Heterakiden,15,0% für Filarien, 5,0% für Rhabdias sp., 9,4% für Zestoden, 10,9% für Digenea registriert. In 11,3% der Fälle lagen Mischinfektionen vor. Damit ist ein Endoparasitenbefall bei Chamäleons häufig und kann zu Erkrankungen führen. Die Exposition unterscheidet sich bei Wildfängen und Nachzuchten aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Umgebungsbedingungen. Auch klinisch unauffällige Tiere waren zu 27,8% mit Parasiten befallen, so dass eine klinische Symptomatik nicht zwingend aus einem Parasitenbefall resultiert. Insgesamt betrachtet verdient der Endoparasitenbefall von Chamäleons das Augenmerk von Tierärzten und Tierhaltern und sollte bei augenscheinlich hohem Infektionsdruck zu Gegenmaßnahmen, insbesondere auch einer verbesserten Hygiene, Anlaß geben. / In the present study 212 chameleon fecal samples were examined for parasite stages and 75 carcasses were examined histopathologically and pathologically in a proven case of a parasite infestation. The basis of this study was to describe the occurrence and harmful effects of internal parasites considering the origin, age and sex of the chameleons. Of the 212 fecal samples 55.2% showed stages of endoparasites. Parasites were detected at 54.7% of 64 evaluated and dissected animals. The proportion of positive samples shows no significant difference between offspring (55.5%) and wild specimens (54.1%). In wild specimens common internal parasites could be determined with an indirect life cycle, however offspring harbored more parasites with a direct life cycle. In the studied chameleons coccidia as the genus Isospora and Oxyurids were regularly detected. In the coprological study Cestodes could not be found, while in the pathological examination they could be diagnosed sporadically in the intestine. Based on the total number of investigated chameleons the frequency of detection of parasite stages are presented as follows: Protozoa were found in 30.4%, 21.7% of the animals were infected with coccidia (of which 78,3% Isospora spp, 13,0% Choleoeimeria spp., 6.5% Eimeria spp., 2.2% polyinfections between Isospora spp./ Choleoeimeria spp.) and 8.5% with flagellates or ciliates. At 83.3% of the animals with gastrointestinal symptoms coccidia of the genus Isospora were detected. In 38.7% of the fecal examination nematodes were determined (65.9% Oxyurids, 19.5% Ascarids/ Heterakis, 1.4% Rhabdias sp., 2.8% Strongyloides sp., 0.5% Spirurida, Heterakids/ Filariae, Oxyurids/ Strongyloides sp.) and Trematodes in 2.8% (Digenea) were found. The anamnesis showed that clinical symptoms could be observed in 35.8% of all of the animals, whereas endoparasite infestation could be detected inn 88.2% of the affected animals. Overall, 64.1% of the dissected chameleons were infested with parasites, of which 68.3% harbored mono- and 31.7% polyinfections. In 31.3% of the dissected chameleons nematode infestations were found and 55.0% of these cases were classified as severe. Prevalences were registered: 25.0% for Strongyloides spp., 23.4% for Ascarids/ Heterakids, 15.0% for Filaria, 5.0% for Rhabdias sp., 9.4% for Cestodes, 10.9% for Digenea. In 11.3% of the cases mixed infections were reported. Thus, endoparasite infestation is common among chameleons and can lead to diseases. Exposure differs from wild-specimens and captive-bred due to the different environmental conditions. Also, 27.8% of clinically healthy animals were also infested with parasites, which means that clinical symptoms are not necessarily the result of a parasitic infestation. Overall, chameleon endoparasites deserve the attention of veterinarians and pet owners and should be treated promptly when there is a high likelihood of infection or hygiene is of concern.

Submitted by Willian Giquelin Maciel (willian.vet@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-04T05:19:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Final - Willian Maciel.pdf: 1712645 bytes, checksum: c5c7ccb7914b386caf2cce8d3e8e9c10 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-06-05T18:38:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Final - Willian Maciel.pdf: 1712645 bytes, checksum: c5c7ccb7914b386caf2cce8d3e8e9c10 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-05T18:38:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Final - Willian Maciel.pdf: 1712645 bytes, checksum: c5c7ccb7914b386caf2cce8d3e8e9c10 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / As helmintoses, aliadas ao problema de resistência aos quimioterápicos, tornam-se o grande entrave na ovinocultura mundial, sendo ampliado pela escassez de informações sobre o custo-benefício de metodologias de diagnóstico. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar e comparar a eficiência de três técnicas de diagnóstico e o custo-benefício de quatro medidas estratégicas de controle de helmintos de ovinos naturalmente parasitados em uma de baixa tecnificação. Foram selecionadas 48 matrizes em idade reprodutiva, predominando mestiços de raça Santa Inês X Dorper, com médias de contagem de ovos por grama (OPG) superiores a 400, pelo método McMaster. Assim, foram realizadas coletas de amostras de fezes e avaliações da conjuntiva ocular a cada 14 dias, para realização das técnicas Mini-FLOTAC, McMaster e FAMACHA© durante um ano. As ovelhas foram divididas em quatro grupos experimentais e tratadas, estrategicamente. No GI, realizou-se tratamento dos animais que apresentassem contagens de OPG igual ou superior a 1000 no Mini-FLOTAC; GII, realizado com proposições semelhante ao GI, mas de acordo com McMaster; GIII tratado todos os ovinos a cada 56 dias; GIV - desverminados apenas os animais que apresentassem grau FAMACHA© 3, 4 ou 5, em duas avaliações (dias diferentes). Para comparação, as três técnicas de diagnóstico foram, repetidamente, efetuadas em todos os grupos. Ao iniciar o estudo, foi realizada coprocultura das fezes para identificação genérica dos nematódeos, e, posteriormente, necropsia parasitológica nos ovinos que vieram a óbito com colheita para reconhecimento de espécies. Para o cálculo dos custos, foram contabilizados aquisição de produtos, os gastos com os tratamentos, o dispêndio com exames laboratoriais, entre outros. As técnicas foram comparadas pelos resultados, e após dicotomizados os dados, em Tratados (avaliações com FAMACHA© 3, 4 e 5, e, contagens de OPG superiores a 1000, para McMaster e Mini-FLOTAC) e Não Tratados. Os resultados necroparasitológicos evidenciaram 10 espécies de helmintos, com prevalência de Trichostrongylus colubriformis e Haemonchus contortus, representando 94,49% da carga parasitária total recuperadas nas necropsias. Nas coproculturas, Haemonchus (67%) e Trichostrongylus (19%) também apresentaram maiores percentuais. As três técnicas de diagnóstico obtiveram boa correlação entre si, com moderada diferença. Entretanto, quando transformados em tratados e não tratados, o FAMACHA© apresentou uma redução de 50% (P≤0,05) na frequência de tratamento. Quanto às estratégias, razoável diferença nas contagens de OPG observada no decorrer do estudo. Mesmo assim, o GIV apresentou menor frequência de desverminação (53), não diferindo (P≥0,05) apenas do GIII. Com base no peso médio e na quantidade de tratamentos, o GIV apresentou menor custo ao final do estudo, R$10,36 e, em segundo, o GIII, com um gasto de R$13,49, enquanto os GI e GII despuseram de R$17,60 e R$14,47, respectivamente. Além dos gastos com os tratamentos, GI, GII e GIV, totalizaram ao término do estudo R$5532,55, R$5266,13 e R$45,00 de importâncias extras. Assim, conclui-se que, a aplicação do método FAMACHA© reduz a frequência de tratamento em relação as demais estratégias empregadas, podendo ser indicada como melhor relação custo-benefício. / Helminthic infections, allied to the problem of resistance against chemotherapeutics, become the major worldwide hindrance in sheep industry, which is magnified by lack of information regarding cost benefits of diagnosis methodologies. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare efficiency of three diagnosis techniques and cost benefits of four strategic control measures against helminths of naturally parasitized sheep on a farm with modest technology. 48 ewes were selected, predominantly crosses of Santa Inês and Dorper breeds, at reproductive age, with average counts of eggs per gram of feces (EPG) superior to 400 detected by the McMaster method. Therefore, collection of fecal samples and evaluation of ocular conjunctiva were conducted every 14 days for performing the Mini-FLOTAC, McMaster and FAMACHA© techniques. Animals were divided in four experimental groups and treated strategically. In GI, treatment was performed on animals which obtained EPG counts superior to 1000 on the Mini-FLOTAC test. Treatment at GII followed similar propositions to GI, but was based on the McMaster test. GIII consisted of treating all sheep at 56-day intervals. Animals at GIV were dewormed only when presenting FAMACHA© degrees 3, 4 or 5, in two evaluations. For comparison, all three diagnosis techniques were repeatedly conducted in all groups. In order to calculate costs, expenses with product acquisition and treatments, as well as expenditure with laboratorial exams and other factors were added. Techniques were compared by results, and data was divided in two groups: Treated (evaluations with FAMACHA© degree 3, 4 and 5; and EPG counts superior to 1000 for McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC methods) and Untreated. Results evidenced ten helminths species, with prevalence of Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Haemonchus contortus representing 94.49% of total parasitic burdens recovered on necropsies of animals that came to death. In coprocultures analyzes, Haemonchus (67%) and Trichostrongylus (19%) also presented the higher percentages. All three diagnosis techniques obtained good correlations with each other, with moderate differences. However, when data was transformed in Treated and Untreated, the FAMACHA© method presented a 50% reduction (P≤0.05) in treatment frequency. Regarding strategies, reasonable differences in EPG counts were observed throughout the study. Nonetheless, GIV presented inferior deworming frequency (53), with no differences (P≥0.05) only to GIII. Based on average weights and amount of treatments, GIV presented inferior costs by the end of the study, R$ 10.36, followed by GIII, with a cost of R$ 13.49, while GI and GII surmounted costs of R$ 17.60 and R$ 14.47, respectively. Besides the expenses with treatments, GI, GII and GIV totaled, at the end of the study, R$ 5,532.55, R$ 5,266.13 and R$ 45.00 of additional importance. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that application of the FAMACHA© method reduces frequency of treatments when compared to other employed strategies, being able to be recommended as the one with superior cost benefit.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T20:31:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AdizaCAB_DISSERT.pdf: 2301360 bytes, checksum: 7382628650636baa2e91ece495eba8bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-27 / The goat rearing constitutes a great social and economic importance activity to the Brazilian Northeast. However, sanitary problems represent a relevant limitation for the goat production, especially gastrointestinal parasitism due to high mortality rates and, principally, leading to low productivity of livestock due to subclinical parasitosis. aiming to seek grant for the control of nematode parasites in small ruminant in Rio Grande do Norte state, an epidemiological investigation of gastrointestinal helminths that affect dairy goats in Afonso Bezerra city, RN was done. The study was conducted in a private property from April 2008 to March 2009. Three free of gastrointestinal nematodes goats (tracers) were necropsied once a month to recover the gastrointestinal contents. This material was taken to the Animal Parasitology Laboratory UFERSA to be recovered, counted and identificated the gastrointestinal nematodes. The results showed that the most common helminths found were Haemonchus contortus in the abomasum (57.23%), Trichostrongylus columbriformis in the small intestine (40.54%) and Oesophagostomum columbianum in the large intestine (1.42%). Soon after the rainy season, the parasitic infection was more elevated with gradual decrease in the dry season, following the curve of precipitation. / A caprinocultura se constitui em uma atividade de grande importância social e econômica para o Nordeste. No entanto, problemas sanitários representam relevante limitação para a produção de caprinos, notadamente o parasitismo gastrintestinal, devido às altas taxas de mortalidade e, principalmente, por levar à baixa produtividade dos rebanhos, decorrentes da parasitose subclínica. Dessa forma, objetivando buscar subsídio para o controle de verminose em pequenos ruminantes no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, foi realizado um levantamento epidemiológico das espécies de helmintos gastrintestinais que acometem caprinos leiteiros no município de Afonso Bezerra - RN. O estudo foi realizado em uma propriedade particular, no período de abril de 2008 a março de 2009. Para isso, foram necropsiados mensalmente três caprinos livres de nematóides gastrintestinais (traçadores) e recuperado o conteúdo do trato gastrintestinal. Este material foi levado ao Laboratório de Parasitologia Animal da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), onde foram realizadas a recuperação, contagem e identificação dos nematóides gastrintestinais. Os resultados demonstraram que os helmintos mais frequentes encontrados foram Haemonchus contortus no abomaso (57,23%), Trichostrongylus columbriformis no intestino delgado (40,54%) e Oesophagostomum columbianum no intestino grosso (1,42%). Logo após o período chuvoso, a infecção parasitária se mostrou mais elevada, havendo diminuição gradual no período seco, seguindo a curva de precipitação pluviométrica.