A malária é uma infecção causada por plasmódios, cujo controle depende do baço, o responsável pelo clareamento dos eritrócitos parasitos. O aumento da parasitemia induz uma ampliação do baço para resolver a infecção, onde participam células precursoras que apresentam CCD34+ na sua superfície. Estudamos a distribuição e a quantidade de células CD34+ em baços de roedores durante malárias de roedores, para compreender sua participação na ampliação do baço e no controle da infecção. Camundongos C57Bl/6j infectados com as cepas AJ e CR de Plasmodium chabaudi, e com a cepa ANKA de Plasmodium berghei, tiveram seus baços removidos e encaminhados para histologia e citometria de fluxo. A distribuição das células CD34+ mostrou-se mais intensa no 4º dia p.i. e menos intensa no 8º dia p.i.. As células CD34+ livres, por citometria de fluxo, surgem com uma onda no 4º dia p.i.. Sua quantidade é similar entre os modelos de P. chabaudi, mas diferente no P. berghei. Neste trabalho, o influxo de células CD34+ no baço não se relaciona com o controle da infecção. / Malaria is caused by Plasmodium sp., which control depends on the spleen, responsible for parasite clearing. The increase of parasitemia implies in spleen amplification to control the infection, with participation of CD34+ cells. We studied the distribution and amount of CD34+ cells in spleen during rodent malaria, to define the role of those cells in spleen amplification and infection control. C57Bl/6j mice were infected with strains CR and AJ of Plasmodium chabaudi, and ANKA strain of Plasmodium berghei. The spleen was removed and processed for histology and flow cytometry. Spleen CD34+ cells was increased in 4th day, p.i., and decreases in 8th day p.i. in all models. By flow cytometry, free CD34+ cells appears as a wave in the 4th day p.i.. P. chabaudi models presented the same level of those cells, which was larger in the P. berghei mice. In this work, increase of spleen CD34+ cells do not correlate with infection control.

A hematopoese tem sido bem descrita em modelos murinos nas últimas décadas, contudo, trabalhos demonstrando os mecanismos da hematopoese em humanos ainda são escassos. A derivação da primeira linhagem de células-tronco embrionárias humanas (CTEhs) em 1998, gerou novas perspectivas tanto para o estudo da hematopoese na tentativa de mimetizar o que ocorre naturalmente durante o desenvolvimento embrionário, quanto para a aplicação clínica das células hematopoéticas obtidas a partir da diferenciação dessas células. Contudo, apesar de inúmeros trabalhos terem demonstradoa obtenção de células hematopoéticas a partir de CTEhs, os protocolos têm gerado quantidades variáveis de células, com baixa eficiência e com propriedades funcionais de células primitivas. Desse modo, este trabalho procurou estabelecer um modelo próprio de diferenciação de CTEhs-H1 em células progenitoras hematopoéticas para que estas pudessem ser melhor caracterizadas e obtidas de forma mais eficiente. Para isto, foi desenvolvido um sistema de diferenciação baseado no co-cultivo da linhagem de CTEh-H1 com fibroblastos de embrião de camundongo (MEFs), em meio de diferenciação suplementado soro fetal bovino (SFB) e citocinas e fatores de crescimento hematopoéticos em baixas concentrações. Como resultado, o desenvolvimento do presente trabalho permitiu o estabelecimento de um método para geração de populações mistas de células enriquecidas em CPHs positivas para o marcador CD45, o qual mostrou ser coexpresso com outros marcadores hematopoéticos (CD31, CD43, CD71 e CD38), e células hematopoéticas maduras positivas para marcadores mielóide-específicos (235a, CD14, CD15, CD16) e com características morfológicas típicas. Foi demonstrado que as células obtidas expressavam genes relativos ao sistema hematopoético (CD45, CD31, runx1, tal1, lmo2, prom1, CD34 e notch1), e possuíam potencial clonogênico in vitro da ordem de 1/574 células plaqueadas. Em adição, corroboramos os achados de que as células hematopoéticas apresentam duas origens distintas: a partir do endotelio hemogênico e a partir de células com propriedades hemangioblásticas independentes do endotélio hemogênico. / Hematopoiesis has been well described in murine models in recent decades, however, studies demonstrating the mechanisms of hematopoiesis in humans are still scarce. The first human embryonic stem cells line (hESCs) derived in 1998, has generated new perspectives about the study of hematopoiesis as in attempting to mimic what naturally occurs during embryonic development, as for clinical application of hematopoietic cells obtained from the differentiation of these cells. However, although numerous studies have shown the production of hematopoietic cells derived from hESCs, the protocols have generated varying quantities of cells with low efficiency and functional properties of primitive stem cells. Thus, this study sought to establish our own model for hESC-H1 differentiation in hematopoietic progenitor cells so that they could be better characterized and obtained more efficiently. For this way, we developed a differentiation system based on co-culture of hESC-H1 line with inactivated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) in differentiation medium supplemented with fetal calf serum (FCS) and cytokines and hematopoietic growth factors in low concentrations. As a result, the development of this study allowed the establishment of a method for generation of mixed population of cells enriched in hematopoietic progenitor cells positive for the marker CD45, which proved to be co-expressed with other hematopoietic markers (CD31, CD43, CD71 and CD38), and mature hematopoietic cells positive for myeloid-specific markers (235a, CD14, CD15, CD16) and morphological characteristics typical. It was shown that these cells expressed genes related to the hematopoietic system (CD45, CD31, runx1, TAL1, LMO2, prom1, CD34 and NOTCH1), and had clonogenic potential in vitro of 1/574 plated cells. In addition, we corroborate the findings that hematopoietic cells have two distinct origins: they can arise as from an hemogenic endothelium as from cells with hemangioblastic properties by an hemogenic endothelium-independent way.

A hematopoese tem sido bem descrita em modelos murinos nas últimas décadas, contudo, trabalhos demonstrando os mecanismos da hematopoese em humanos ainda são escassos. A derivação da primeira linhagem de células-tronco embrionárias humanas (CTEhs) em 1998, gerou novas perspectivas tanto para o estudo da hematopoese na tentativa de mimetizar o que ocorre naturalmente durante o desenvolvimento embrionário, quanto para a aplicação clínica das células hematopoéticas obtidas a partir da diferenciação dessas células. Contudo, apesar de inúmeros trabalhos terem demonstradoa obtenção de células hematopoéticas a partir de CTEhs, os protocolos têm gerado quantidades variáveis de células, com baixa eficiência e com propriedades funcionais de células primitivas. Desse modo, este trabalho procurou estabelecer um modelo próprio de diferenciação de CTEhs-H1 em células progenitoras hematopoéticas para que estas pudessem ser melhor caracterizadas e obtidas de forma mais eficiente. Para isto, foi desenvolvido um sistema de diferenciação baseado no co-cultivo da linhagem de CTEh-H1 com fibroblastos de embrião de camundongo (MEFs), em meio de diferenciação suplementado soro fetal bovino (SFB) e citocinas e fatores de crescimento hematopoéticos em baixas concentrações. Como resultado, o desenvolvimento do presente trabalho permitiu o estabelecimento de um método para geração de populações mistas de células enriquecidas em CPHs positivas para o marcador CD45, o qual mostrou ser coexpresso com outros marcadores hematopoéticos (CD31, CD43, CD71 e CD38), e células hematopoéticas maduras positivas para marcadores mielóide-específicos (235a, CD14, CD15, CD16) e com características morfológicas típicas. Foi demonstrado que as células obtidas expressavam genes relativos ao sistema hematopoético (CD45, CD31, runx1, tal1, lmo2, prom1, CD34 e notch1), e possuíam potencial clonogênico in vitro da ordem de 1/574 células plaqueadas. Em adição, corroboramos os achados de que as células hematopoéticas apresentam duas origens distintas: a partir do endotelio hemogênico e a partir de células com propriedades hemangioblásticas independentes do endotélio hemogênico. / Hematopoiesis has been well described in murine models in recent decades, however, studies demonstrating the mechanisms of hematopoiesis in humans are still scarce. The first human embryonic stem cells line (hESCs) derived in 1998, has generated new perspectives about the study of hematopoiesis as in attempting to mimic what naturally occurs during embryonic development, as for clinical application of hematopoietic cells obtained from the differentiation of these cells. However, although numerous studies have shown the production of hematopoietic cells derived from hESCs, the protocols have generated varying quantities of cells with low efficiency and functional properties of primitive stem cells. Thus, this study sought to establish our own model for hESC-H1 differentiation in hematopoietic progenitor cells so that they could be better characterized and obtained more efficiently. For this way, we developed a differentiation system based on co-culture of hESC-H1 line with inactivated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) in differentiation medium supplemented with fetal calf serum (FCS) and cytokines and hematopoietic growth factors in low concentrations. As a result, the development of this study allowed the establishment of a method for generation of mixed population of cells enriched in hematopoietic progenitor cells positive for the marker CD45, which proved to be co-expressed with other hematopoietic markers (CD31, CD43, CD71 and CD38), and mature hematopoietic cells positive for myeloid-specific markers (235a, CD14, CD15, CD16) and morphological characteristics typical. It was shown that these cells expressed genes related to the hematopoietic system (CD45, CD31, runx1, TAL1, LMO2, prom1, CD34 and NOTCH1), and had clonogenic potential in vitro of 1/574 plated cells. In addition, we corroborate the findings that hematopoietic cells have two distinct origins: they can arise as from an hemogenic endothelium as from cells with hemangioblastic properties by an hemogenic endothelium-independent way.

A malária é uma infecção causada por plasmódios, cujo controle depende do baço, o responsável pelo clareamento dos eritrócitos parasitos. O aumento da parasitemia induz uma ampliação do baço para resolver a infecção, onde participam células precursoras que apresentam CCD34+ na sua superfície. Estudamos a distribuição e a quantidade de células CD34+ em baços de roedores durante malárias de roedores, para compreender sua participação na ampliação do baço e no controle da infecção. Camundongos C57Bl/6j infectados com as cepas AJ e CR de Plasmodium chabaudi, e com a cepa ANKA de Plasmodium berghei, tiveram seus baços removidos e encaminhados para histologia e citometria de fluxo. A distribuição das células CD34+ mostrou-se mais intensa no 4º dia p.i. e menos intensa no 8º dia p.i.. As células CD34+ livres, por citometria de fluxo, surgem com uma onda no 4º dia p.i.. Sua quantidade é similar entre os modelos de P. chabaudi, mas diferente no P. berghei. Neste trabalho, o influxo de células CD34+ no baço não se relaciona com o controle da infecção. / Malaria is caused by Plasmodium sp., which control depends on the spleen, responsible for parasite clearing. The increase of parasitemia implies in spleen amplification to control the infection, with participation of CD34+ cells. We studied the distribution and amount of CD34+ cells in spleen during rodent malaria, to define the role of those cells in spleen amplification and infection control. C57Bl/6j mice were infected with strains CR and AJ of Plasmodium chabaudi, and ANKA strain of Plasmodium berghei. The spleen was removed and processed for histology and flow cytometry. Spleen CD34+ cells was increased in 4th day, p.i., and decreases in 8th day p.i. in all models. By flow cytometry, free CD34+ cells appears as a wave in the 4th day p.i.. P. chabaudi models presented the same level of those cells, which was larger in the P. berghei mice. In this work, increase of spleen CD34+ cells do not correlate with infection control.

O transplante autólogo de células progenitoras hematopoéticas (CPH) requer a mobilização dessas células da medula óssea para o sangue periférico, de onde são coletadas. Essa mobilização pode ser realizada com a administração de filgrastima (G-CSF do inglês, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor) de forma isolada ou associada à quimioterapia (G-CSF / QT). Os produtos de CPH obtidos por esses dois métodos de mobilização apresentam diferenças no conteúdo celular, o que poderia resultar em diferentes desfechos clínicos, como recuperação hematológica e reações adversas (RA) à infusão do produto. Este estudo retrospectivo teve como objetivo avaliar as taxas de RA da infusão do produto de acordo com o tipo de mobilização celular, ou seja, G-CSF isolado ou associado à quimioterapia. Desenho do estudo / Método: Um total de 611 pacientes com linfoma ou mieloma múltiplo (MM) foram submetidos a mobilização e coleta de CPH para transplante autólogo nos últimos 15 anos, destes 267 utilizaram G-CSF e 344 G-CSF / QT (285 dos quais foram submetidos ao transplante em nossa instituição). O procedimento de aférese resultou em 2 bolsas (100 mL cada), conforme padronização local, que foram criopreservadas com DMSO a 10% mantidas em recipiente de nitrogênio líquido até serem descongeladas e infundidas. As RA avaliadas foram náusea / vômito, diarreia, arritmia, dispneia e anormalidades neurológicas (cefaleia e encefalopatia) (5 possibilidades de RA para cada paciente) durante a infusão celular ou logo após o seu término. Resultados: A mediana (faixa) de idade foi de 54 (46-60) e 41 (29-55) anos para os grupos G-CSF e G-CSF / QT, respectivamente (p <0,0001). O pico de células CD34 + / µL foi de 16,6 (8,88 - 29,18) e 31,1 (16,15 - 71,9) para os grupos GCSF e G-CSF / QT, respectivamente (p <0,0001). Os produtos obtidos no grupo GCSF continham um número maior de granulócitos (x 108/mL): 155,2 (113,2-205,1) vs 114,4 (68,31-178,2) (p <0,0001) e plaquetas (x 108 / mL): 1.590 (1010-2190) vs 392 (209,5-800) (p <0,001). O grupo G-CSF recebeu infusão de uma dose maior de DMSO (g/kg): 0,21 (0,14-0,57) vs 0,17 (0,11-0,71) (p = 0,012) e uma dose inferior de células CD34 (x 106 / kg): 3,28 (2,46 -3,99) vs 3,72 (2,58-5,48) (p <0,0001). A recuperação hematológica (neutrófilos >= 500 / µL) ocorreu nos dias 12 (11-14) e 11 (10-12) nos grupos G-CSF e G-CSF +QT, respectivamente (p <0,0001). As RA ocorreram em 58,27% e 50,94% dos pacientes dos grupos G-CSF e G-CSF / QT, respectivamente (p = 0,234), entretanto, o número de reações foi de 132 (em 635 possibilidades) e 126 (em 795 possibilidades) nos grupos G-CSF e G-CSF / QT, respectivamente (p = 0,016). Nos pacientes que receberam >= 2 bolsas de CPH (e dose semelhante de DMSO), observou-se maior número de RA no grupo G-CSF (122 vs 75, p = 0,02). O sexo feminino foi associado a uma maior taxa de náusea/vômito (23,84% vs 46,49%, p = 0,0001). Conclusão: a mobilização de CPH com G-CSF isoladamente, apesar de apresentar muitas vantagens, resulta em maior número de células indesejáveis, como granulócitos e plaquetas no produto final, o que poderia explicar, pelo menos em parte, a maior taxa de reações adversas observada durante a infusão celular, além de resultar em menor número de células CD34, com consequente recuperação hematológica ligeiramente mais tardia / Autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell (HCP) transplantation requires the mobilization of these cells from the bone marrow into the peripheral blood from which they are collected. Such mobilization may be performed with the administration of filgrastim (granulocyte-colony stimulating factor) alone or in combination with chemotherapy (G-CSF / CT). The HPC products obtained by these two methods of mobilization present differences in cellular content, which could result in different clinical outcomes, such as hematological recovery and adverse reactions (RA) to infusion of the product. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the RA rates of infusion of the product according to the type of cellular mobilization, in other words, GCSF isolated or associated with chemotherapy. A total of 611 patients with lymphoma or multiple myeloma (MM) underwent mobilization and collection of MCH for autologous transplantation in the last 15 years, of which 267 used G-CSF and 344 G-CSF / CT (285 of which were transplanted at our institution). The apheresis procedure resulted in 2 pockets (100 mL each), according to local standardization, which were cryopreserved with 10% DMSO kept in a liquid nitrogen container until thawed and infused. The RAs evaluated were nausea / vomiting, diarrhea, arrhythmia, dyspnea and neurological abnormalities (headache and encephalopathy) (5 possibilities of RA for each patient) during the cellular infusion or soon after its completion. Results: The median age range was 54 (46-60) and 41 (29-55) years for the G-CSF and G-CSF / CT groups, respectively (p <0.0001). The CD34 + / ?L peak was 16.6 (8.88 - 29.18) and 31.1 (16.15 - 71.9) for the G-CSF and G-CSF / CT groups, respectively (p <0.0001). The products obtained in the G-CSF group contained a greater number of granulocytes (x 108 / ml): 155.2 (113.2-205.1) vs 114.4 (68.31-178.2) (p <0, 0001) and platelets (x 108 / ml): 1590 (1010-2190) vs 392 (209.5-800) (p <0.001). The G-CSF group received infusion of a higher dose of DMSO (g / kg): 0.21 (0.14-0.57) vs 0.17 (0.11-0.71) (p = 0.012) and a lower dose of CD34 cells (x 106 / kg): 3.28 (2.46 -3.99) vs 3.72 (2.58-5.48) (p <0.0001). Haematological recovery (neutrophils >= 500 / ?L) occurred on days 12 (11-14) and 11 (10-12) in the G-CSF and G-CSF / QT groups, respectively (p <0.0001). The RAs occurred in 58.27% and 50.94% of patients in the G-CSF and G-CSF / CT groups, respectively (p = 0.234), however, the number of reactions was 132 (in 635 possibilities) and 126 (in 795 possibilities) in the G-CSF and G-CSF / CT groups, respectively (p = 0.016). In patients receiving >= 2 pockets of MHC (and similar dose of DMSO), there was a greater number of RAs in the G-CSF group (122 vs 75, p = 0.02). The female sex was associated with a higher rate of nausea / vomiting (23.84% vs 46.49%, p = 0.0001). Conclusion: mobilization of CPH with G-CSF alone, despite having many advantages, results in a higher number of undesirable cells, such as granulocytes and platelets in the final product, which could explain, at least in part, the higher rate of adverse reactions observed during the cellular infusion, in addition to resulting in a smaller number of CD34 cells, with consequent slightly later hematological recovery

Orientador: Márjorie de Assis Golim / Resumo: O sistema de qualidade é de suma importância em laboratórios clínicos para avaliação de processos analíticos de maneira que os resultados liberados sejam verdadeiros. Para a metodologia de imunofenotipagem celular por citometria de fluxo as amostras devem ser frescas e os exames realizados preferencialmente dentro de 48 horas. É relevante utilizar amostras de controle de qualidade internos (CQI) padronizadas, de modo que possam ser repetidas rotineiramente, como referencial de qualidade. No Brasil, poucos serviços comercializam amostras preservadas para uso como CQI. Deste modo, a padronização in house com validação de processo para obtenção de amostras que possam ser utilizadas para esta finalidade é relevante. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver controle de qualidade interno para as rotinas de quantificação de células progenitoras hematopoéticas (CPH), utilizando solução preservante e avaliar a reprodutibilidade e estabilidade ao longo do tempo. Foram preparadas soluções preservantes contendo diferentes concentrações de anticoagulantes e fixadores, e destas, foi selecionada uma composição, originalmente padronizada neste estudo. Foram utilizados 5mL de sangue periférico, sendo este acrescido da solução a ser testada. Imediatamente, realizou-se a quantificação das populações de CPH em tubo Trucount®, usando anti-CD45, anti-CD34 e 7-AAD, conforme indicado pelo fabricante. A leitura foi realizada em citômetro de fluxo modelo FACSCalibur®-BD, para obtenção dos valores abs... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The quality system is of paramount importance in clinical laboratories for evaluating analytical processes in order to consider true the released results. The samples must be performed fresh preferably within 48 hours for the cell immunophenotyping methodology by flow cytometry. It is relevant to use standardized internal quality control (IQC) samples, thus they could be repeated routinely, as a quality benchmark. In Brazil, only a few services commercialize preserved samples for use as IQC. Therefore, it is relevant to use in-house standardization with process validation to obtain samples that can be used for this purpose. The objective of this work was to develop an IQC for a daily routine quantification of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by using a preservative solution and to evaluate the reproducibility and stability over time. Preservative solutions containing different concentrations of anticoagulants and fixatives were prepared, and from these, a composition was selected, which was previously originally standardized in this study. 5mL of peripheral blood were used, which was added to the solution to be tested. The HSCs populations were immediately quantified in a Trucount® tube, using anti-CD45, anti-CD34 and 7-AAD, as indicated by the manufacturer. The reading was performed in a flow cytometer model FACSCalibur®-BD in order to obtain the absolute values of HSCs on day zero, 7, 21, 35 and 49. During this period, the samples were kept refrigerated (2 to 8ºC). The value... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13464号 / 論医博第2251号 / 新制||医||1055(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 金子 新, 教授 江藤 浩之, 教授 髙折 晃史 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The innate and adaptive immune responses are critical for host survival. The TNFα/NF-κB signaling pathway is a major regulator of the immune response. The TNFα/NF-κB signaling pathway has also been proposed to play a role in the regulation of hematopoiesis. In the TNFα signaling pathway, full induction of NF-κB (specifically the p65 subunit) dependent transcription is regulated by a co-activator SIMPL. The biological significance of SIMPL in TNFα dependent responses is poorly understood. To study SIMPL in vitro and in vivo in mammalian cells, a knockdown system utilizing shRNA (short hairpin RNA) was used. Analysis of hematopoietic progenitor cells infected with a retrovirus encoding the SIMPL shRNA was used to study the role of SIMPL in hematopoiesis. The ability of progenitor cells lacking SIMPL to grow and differentiate was not compromised. In contrast in the progenitors cells lacking SIMPL, TNFα mediated inhibition of colony formation was significantly enhanced. These growth inhibitory effects of SIMPL were not due to an increase in apoptosis. The enhanced inhibitory affects were specific for TNFα and not found in other common hematopoietic inhibitors (TGF-β1 and IFNγ). Results of this work reveal that SIMPL is a component of the hematopoiesis that is required for TNFα dependent effects upon myeloid progenitors.

<p>Megakaryocyte cultures are a strong tool for the in vitro investigation of platelet production in platelet disorders. Peripheral blood derived hematopoietic progenitor cells (PB-HPCs) are the most accessible source of HPCs with high potential to produce mature megakaryocytes in vitro; however, they are present in low numbers making peripheral blood an inefficient source. Additionally, a megakaryocyte culture with an optimized thrombopoietin (TPO) concentration is required which can reliably allow the investigation of suppressive effects of antibodies/plasma from immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) patients. In this study, we developed a megakaryocyte culture with the utilization of human PB-HPCs in an efficient fashion resulting in the production of high purity megakaryocytes in a TPO-dependent manner.</p> <p>The mononuclear fraction was collected from 180 mL of peripheral whole blood and CD34+ cells were isolated by a positive selection yielding the average of 5.5 x 105 ± 2.5 x 105 CD34+ cells (n = 18). Using 96-well tissue-culture plates and seeding 10,000 CD34+ cells/well, the average of 13 experiments in triplicate can be set up utilizing isolated CD34+ in an efficient manner. Capitalizing on a TPO dose-dependent megakaryocyte production experiment, 20 ng/mL was established as the TPO concentration which resulted in the production of mature megakaryocytes without reaching the plateau in megakaryopoiesis response. On day 11 of culture, the expression of megakaryocytic lineage (CD41/61+) and maturation (CD41/61+CD42+) markers peaked at 90.65% and 76.10%. In conclusion, this culture system has broad application for investigation of platelet disorders and drug discovery which can be accessible to all researchers.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Η ακτινοθεραπεία αποτελεί μέρος της θεραπείας πολλών αιματολογικών κακοηθών νοσημάτων επηρεάζοντας τον αριθμό και την λειτουργικότητα των προγονικών αιμοποιητικών κυττάρων CD34+ Το DNA των κυττάρων αποτελεί το βασικότερο και ίσως καλύτερα μελετημένο μόριο-στόχο της ακτινοβολίας. Ο μηχανισμός που προκαλεί βλάβη στο DNA είναι άμεσος αλλά και έμμεσος. Η άμεση επίδραση και βλάβη της ακτινοβολίας στο DNA αφορά στην απευθείας δράση της στο μόριο του DNA που είναι δυνατόν να οδηγήσει σε αντικατάσταση ή απώλειας μιας βάσης, αλλαγές στην τεταρτοταγή δομή του DNA και κατά συνέπεια στις αλληλεπιδράσεις του με άλλα μόρια του κυττάρου (cross links), σπασίματα της διπλής έλικας DSB (Double Strand Breaks) ή της μίας μόνο εκ των δύο αλυσίδων SSB (Single Strand Breaks), σημειακές μεταλλάξεις ή απώλεια τμήματος των χρωμοσωμάτων. Ο έμμεσος μηχανισμός δράσης της ακτινοβολίας στο DNA αφορά την δημιουργία ελευθέρων ριζών από την αλληλεπίδραση της ακτινοβολίας με τα μόρια του νερού, ενδοκυττάρια και εξωκυττάρια από τη μία αλλά και από την απευθείας βλάβη του μιτοχονδρίου που αποτελεί κύρια ενδοκυττάρια πηγή ελευθέρων ριζών. Οι παραγόμενες ελεύθερες ρίζες με τη σειρά τους προκαλούν απευθείας βλάβη στο μόριο του DNA, με αποτέλεσμα την πυροδότηση ενός φαυλού κύκλου ενδοκυττάριας παραγωγής ελευθέρων ριζών και πρόκλησης βλαβών στο μόριο του DNA. Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας ήταν η μελέτη της δράσης χαμηλών και υψηλότερων δόσεων ακτινοβολίας (1, 2 και 5Gy) σε προγονικά αιμοποιητικά κύτταρα CD34+ προερχόμενα από αίμα ομφαλίου λώρου φυσιολογικών νεογνών, και ο πιθανός προστατευτικός μηχανισμός που ενεργοποιείται από την παρουσία του ινσουλινικού αυξητικού παράγοντα IGF-1. Η προκαλούμενη από την ακτινοβολία ενδοκυττάρια παραγωγή ενεργών μορφών οξυγόνου μελετήθηκε παρουσία ή απουσία του IGF-1, 30 λεπτά και 24 ώρες μετά την ακτινοβόληση με χρήση κυτταρομετρίας ροής. Η έκφραση του αντιοξειδωτικού ενζύμου MnSOD εκτιμήθηκε ποσοτικά με την τεχνική της ανοσοαποτύπωσης και ποιοτικά μέσω ανοσοφθορισμού. Η προκαλούμενη από την ακτινοβολία απόπτωση και η δράση του υπό μελέτη αυξητικού παράγοντα εκτιμήθηκε με τις ακόλουθες τεχνικές: • Διπλή χρώση των κυττάρων με Αννεξίνη και Ιωδιούχο προπίδιο και ανάλυση με κυτταρομετρία ροής • Ανάλυση DNA σε γέλη αγαρόζης • Εκτίμηση σε επίπεδο mRNA και πρωτεΐνης του λόγου των μορίων BCL-2 και BAX • Εκτίμηση της έκφρασης του μορίου κασπάση -9, με τη μέθοδο του ανοσοφθορισμού Εκτιμήθηκε επίσης ο πολλαπλασιασμός και η κλωνογόνος ικανότητα των προγονικών αιμοποιητικών κυττάρων. Η ενδοκυττάρια παραγωγή της ρίζας του υπεροξειδίου παρουσίασε αύξηση 30 λεπτά και 24 ώρες μετά την ακτινοβόληση, και η παρουσία του IGF-1 ανέτρεψε το φαινόμενο αυτό, μειώνοντας και επιστρέφοντας τα ενδοκυττάρια επίπεδα του ανιόντος του υπεροξειδίου στα επίπεδα του δείγματος ελέγχου. Αμέσως μετά την ακτινοβόληση των κυττάρων τα ενδοκυττάρια επίπεδα του υπεροξειδίου του υδρογόνου ανευρέθηκαν υψηλά σε σύγκριση με τα αυθόρμητα ενδογενή επίπεδα μη ακτινοβολημένων κυττάρων για όλες τις δόσεις ακτινοβολίας, όμως στον όψιμο χρόνο μελέτης, των 24 ωρών, παρέμειναν σχεδόν σταθερά, παρουσιάζοντας τάση μείωσης, χωρίς όμως να σημειώνονται στατιστικά σημαντικές διαφορές. Είκοσι τέσσερεις ώρες μετά την ακτινοβόληση τα επίπεδα του αντιοξειδωτικού ενζύμου MnSOD αυξήθηκαν, και η παρουσία του IGF-1 οδήγησε σε περαιτέρω αύξηση της έκφρασης του. Ο IGF-1 ανέστειλε την ενεργοποίηση του μιτοχονδριακού μηχανισμού απόπτωσης ρυθμίζοντας σε μοριακό και κυτταρικό επίπεδο την έκφραση των BCL-2, ΒΑΧ και του λόγου BCL-2/BAX, και μειώνοντας την έκφραση του προαποπτωτικού μορίου κασπάση-9. Θετική ήταν και η δράση του IGF-1 στον πολλαπλασιασμό και στην ικανότητα αποδοτικής αιμοποίησης των προγονικών αιμοποιητικών κυττάρων, ενισχύοντας την ικανότητα πολλαπλασιασμού των ακτινοβολημένων κυττάρων αλλά και την κλωνογόνο ικανότητα τους ως προς τον σχηματισμό BFU-e και CFU-GM αποικιών. Συνοψίζοντας, μπορούμε να υποστηρίξουμε ότι ο IGF-1 συμμετέχει στη διατήρηση της οξειδοαναγωγικής ομοιόστασης του ενδοκυττάριου περιβάλλοντος των προγονικών αιμοποιητικών κυττάρων μειώνοντας τα ενδοκυττάρια επίπεδα των παραγόμενων ενεργών μορφών οξυγόνου. Μέσω θετικής ρύθμισης του αντιοξειδωτικού μηχανισμού MNSOD και συμμετέχοντας προστατευτικά στο μιτοχονδριακό καταρράκτη της απόπτωσης οδηγεί σε προστασία των ακτινοβολημένων αιμοποιητικών κυττάρων επιτρέποντας τους να διατηρήσουν την λειτουργικότητα τους και την ικανότητα αιμοποίησης. / Radiation exerts direct as well as indirect effects on DNA through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Irradiated hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) experience DNA strand breaks, favoring genetic instability, due to ROS generation. Our aim was to study the effect of a range of radiation doses in HPCs and the possible protective mechanisms activated by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). ROS generation was evaluated, in the presence or absence of IGF-1 in liquid cultures of human HPCs-CD34+ irradiated with 1-, 2- and 5-Gy X-rays, using a flow cytometry assay. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) expression was studied by western blot analysis and visualized by an immunofluorescence assay. Apoptosis was estimated using the following assays: Annexin-V assay, DNA degradation assay, BCL-2/BAX mRNA and protein levels and caspase-9 protein immunofluorescence visualization. Viability and clonogenic potential were studied in irradiated HPCs. The generation of superoxide anion radicals at an early and a late time point was increased. This linear increase was reversed by the IGF-1 presence, restoring O.- generation at the levels of the innate production as manifested in control non irradiated samples. The hydrogen peroxide generation was increased at early time point but at late time point was stable. IGF-1 presence further enhanced the radiation-induced increase of MnSOD at 24 h post irradiation. IGF 1 inhibited the mitochondria- mediated pathway of apoptosis by regulating the m-RNA and protein expression of BAX, BCL-2 and the BCL-2/BAX ratio and by decreasing caspase-9 protein expression. IGF-1 presence in culture media of irradiated cells restored the clonogenic capacity and the viability of HPCs as well. In conclusion, our data support that IGF-1 anticipates oxidative microenvironment of HPCs by reducing the oxidative stress in intracellular environment due to a range of doses of radiation. IGF-1 succeeds to eliminate free radicals by favoring scavenger’s mechanisms and by regulating elements responsible for the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, allowing the sustained clonogenic capacity of hematopoietic progenitor cells.