Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 48-02, page: . Adviser: David Hewett-Emmett. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2005. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 139 p. : ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences) -- University of Colorado, 2006. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-216). Free to UCDHSC affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;

Στη γονιδιακή θεραπεία, οι κλινικές μελέτες μέχρι τώρα χρησιμοποιούν ιϊκούς φορείς για την μεταφορά του διαγονιδίου στα κύτταρα στόχους. Το DNA των ιϊκών φορέων ενσωματώνεται στο γενετικό υλικό των κυττάρων, και αυτό εμπεριέχει τον μεγάλο κίνδυνο της παρεμβολής στο ενδογενές πρόγραμμα γονιδιακής έκφρασης (μεταλλαξιγένεση λόγω ένθεσης). Μια λύση σε αυτή την ανεπιθύμητη κατάσταση είναι η χρήση επισωματικών φορέων και ιδιαίτερα όσων φέρουν χρωμοσωμικά στοιχεία. Παλαιότερα είχε αναφερθεί ότι ο πρότυπος επισωματικός φορέας pEPI που βασίζεται στο Scaffold /Matrix Attachment Region (S/MAR), παραμένει ως σταθερό επίσωμα για πολλές γενεές σε κυτταρικές σειρές ανθρώπου και ποντικού, αλλά δεν παραμένει για πολλές γενεές σε ανθρώπινα CD34+ κύτταρα. Για να ενισχυθεί η ικανότητα του φορέα να υποστηρίξει την γονιδιακή μεταφορά και συγκράτηση του σε πρωτογενή αρχέγονα/προγονικά αιμοποιητικά κύτταρα, πρώτον ενισχύθηκε η μεταγραφή του S/MAR χρησιμοποιώντας τους ισχυρούς υποκινητές EF1/HTLV ή SFFV για το διαγονιδίο της eGFP και δεύτερον προστέθηκε μια αλληλουχία έναρξης της αντιγραφής (IR) από το γενετικό τόπο των β σφαιρινικών γονιδίων. Στην εργασία αυτή έγινε μεταφορά των νέων αυτών φορέων με την μέθοδο της πυρινικής ηλεκτροδιάτρησης σε κύτταρα CD34+ που απομονώθηκαν από κινητοποιημένο περιφερικό αίμα δοτών μυελού των οστών τα οποία διαμόλυναν επιτυχώς. Στην συνέχεια τα διαμολυσμένα κύτταρα CD34+ επιλέχθηκαν με FACS και καλλιεργήθηκαν σε θρεπτικό υλικό μεθυλοκυτταρίνης. Μετά την πάροδο 14 ημερών, ανιχνεύτηκε, με μικροσκοπία φθορισμού, έκφραση της eGFP στις τελικά διαφοροποιημένες αιμοποιητικές αποικίες που προέκυψαν. / Gene therapy clinical trials are currently based on integrating viral vectors; this approach presents the major risk of insertional mutagenesis. A solution to this side effect could be the use of episomal vectors and particularly the ones carrying chromosomal elements.We previously reported that the prototype episomal vector pEPI, based on a Scaffold /Matrix Attachment Region (S/MAR), functions as a stable episome for many generations in human and murine hematopoietic cell lines, but mediates very low long term retention in human CD34+ cells. To enhance the vector’s potential for gene transfer into primary hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, (a) was enforced transcription through the S/MAR by using the strong hybrid EF1/HTLV or SFFV promoters to drive expression of the upstream transgene (eGFP) and (b) was included the replication initiation region (IR) from the β-globin gene locus. In this thesis the new vectors where delivered by nucleofection in CD34+ cells isolated from mobilized peripheral blood of healthy donors; th cells were efficiently transfected. Moreover the the transfected CD34+ cells were separated with FACS and cultured in methylocyttarine containing medium. After 14 days, eGFP expression was readily detected by fluorescence microscopy in the differentiated hematopoietic colonies.

Les Cellules Souches Hématopoïétiques sont à l’origine de la production de toutes les cellules sanguines et immunitaires, grâce à leur double capacité à s’auto-renouveler et se différencier en progéniteurs puis en cellules matures fonctionnelles. Du fait de leur importance, leur physiologie est contrôlée par de nombreux signaux qui assurent un équilibre entre quiescence, prolifération, auto-renouvellement et différenciation. Mes travaux s’intéressent au rôle du facteur de transcription PLZF dans la régulation des CSH grâce à l’utilisation du modèle murin Zbtb16lu/lu, qui porte une mutation spontanée inactivant PLZF. En cas de stress régénératif, les souris Zbtb16lu/lu présentent des défauts de reconstitution de l’hématopoïèse caractérisés par un biais myéloïde, une forte expansion des LT-HSC et des dérégulations du cycle cellulaire, un phénotype similaire au vieillissement physiologique des CSH. De plus, lors d'expositions répétées au Lipopolysaccharide, un composant des bactéries à Gram négatif, les souris Zbtb16lu/lu montent une réponse pro-inflammatoire excessive qui induit un remodelage du compartiment CSH, ce qui suggère qu’elles ne parviennent pas à mettre en place de tolérance au LPS. Ainsi, nos résultats semblent positionner PLZF comme un régulateur central du destin des CSH. / Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are responsible for the production of all blood cells and possess the dual ability to self-renew and differentiate into progenitor and into mature cells. Given their importance, their physiology is tightly controlled by a plethora of signals that balance quiescence, proliferation, self-renewal and differentiation. In the present Phd work, I focused on the role of the transcription factor PLZF in HSC fate using the Zbtb16lu/lu mouse model, harbouring a spontaneous mutation inactivating PLZF. In a context of regenerative stress, Zbtb16lu/lu mice showed a decreased repopulation capacity characterized by a myeloid bias, expansion of LT-HSC and cell cycle dysregulation, features that seem to recapitulate HSC physiological aging. Furthermore, repeated injections of LPS, a component of Gram Negative bacteria, induced a strong pro-inflammatory response in Zbtb16lu/lu mice, that resulted in the reshaping of the HSC compartment and the failure to induce endotoxin tolerance. Taken together, our results suggest that PLZF is a central regulator of HSC fate.

xi, 38 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / A critical question for developmental biology is the mechanism by which cells make fate decisions. In the hematopoietic system, stem cells differentiate into several different cell types, but the mechanisms that affect this process are incompletely known. Understanding these mechanisms is important because abnormal regulation of hematopoiesis can result in disease. STAT1 protein plays crucial roles in mediating innate immunity by transducing interferon signals, but recent results have also related STAT1 to hematopoietic cell differentiation. Here we cloned a previously uncharacterized zebrafish co-ortholog of the human STAT1 gene we call stat1b and investigated the functions of two zebrafish Stat1 proteins in hematopoiesis. The advantage of the zebrafish model is that, due to a whole genome duplication (WGD), some human genes have two co-orthologs in zebrafish. During evolution, co-orthologs have retained or acquired similar, complimentary, or new functions. Both stat1a and stat1b encode all four characteristic domains of the human STAT1 protein. Phylogenetic and conserved synteny analyses showed that stat1b and stat1a arose as duplicates in the teleost genome duplication event, and these analyses clarified the historical origin of the entire vertebrate STAT gene family. RT-PCR demonstrated maternal expression of both stat1a and stat1b . Expression of stat1b, but not stat1a, was detected in hematopoietic domains of embryos by in situ hybridization. Morpholino knockdown of stat1b , but not stat1a, mRNA expression resulted in a decrease in expression of the myeloid cell marker genes spi and mpx and an increase in expression of the hematopoietic progenitor marker gene scl and the erythrocyte marker gene gatal. These results show that in zebrafish, Stat1b protein functions in the commitment of hematopoietic cells to a myeloid cell fate. / Committee in charge: William Cresko, Chairperson, Biology; John Postlethwait, Advisor, Biology; Judith Eisen, Member, Biology; Jan Spitsbergen, Member, Not from U of O; J. Andrew Berglund, Outside Member, Chemistry

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-12-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:29:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_acf_me_botfm.pdf: 829509 bytes, checksum: 0cd3f86573fc925e2c990afa613fa520 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Fundação Amaral Carvalho / As infecções ocasionadas por vírus respiratórios (VR) causam significante morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes imunocomprometidos, especialmente em receptores de transplante de células tronco hematopoéticas (TCTH). Durante o período de abril a outubro de 2008 realizou-se estudo prospectivo em coorte no Hospital Amaral Carvalho, com vigilância de sintomas respiratórios por meio de busca ativa entre os receptores de TCTH (grupo 1, N=138), portadores de doenças oncohematológicas (grupo 2, N=325), e acompanhantes e profissionais de saúde (grupo 3, N=36). Os objetivos foram: 1) avaliar freqüência dos VR em receptores de TCTH assintomáticos antes da admissão (triagem VR); 2) avaliar o impacto da busca ativa dos sintomas respiratórios na freqüência do diagnóstico; 3) avaliar a circulação de VR da comunidade em ambiente hospitalar por meio do diagnóstico de pacientes ambulatoriais, funcionários e acompanhantes; 4) determinar a proporção das viroses respiratórias que foram adquiridas por transmissão intra-hospitalar; e 5) promover programa de educação continuada sobre viroses respiratórias. As técnicas diagnósticas utilizadas foram: imunofluorescência direta (IFD) para RSV, parainfluenza (PIV), adenovírus (ADV) e vírus influenza (INF) A e B, e PCR real time (ensaio Taqman) para INF A e B, rinovírus (HRV) e metapneumovírus (hMPV). A triagem de VR em 62 receptores de TCTH assintomáticos identificou INF B e HRV em dois pacientes (3,2%), 7 e 14 dias antes do TCTH, respectivamente. O paciente com HRV apresentou falência do enxerto durante o seguimento. No grupo 1, foi diagnosticado VR em 19 dos 138 receptores de TCTH (13,8%) após mediana de 34 (3 a 61) visitas de vigilância por paciente. A média de episódios de sintomas respiratórios foi de 1,7 (1 a 5) episódios por paciente. A detecção de VR teve ocorrência maior para receptores de TCTH conforme... / Infections caused by respiratory viruses (RV) cause significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients, especially in recipients of hematopoietic stem cells transplantation (HSCT). From April to October 2008, a prospective cohort study was conducted at Hospital Amaral Carvalho in HSCT recipients (group 1, N = 138), oncohematologic patients (group 2, N = 325), and chaperones and health care workers (HCW) (group 3, N = 36). The objectives were: 1) evaluate the frequency of RV in asymptomatic HSCT recipients before admission (RV screening), 2) evaluate the impact of respiratory symptoms surveillance in the frequency of the diagnosis, and 3) evaluate the circulation of community RV in the hospital through the detection of RV in HSCT outpatients, HCW and accompanying persons, 4) determine the proportion of hospital-acquired RV infections among HSCT recipients, and 5) implement an educational program on RV control. The diagnostic techniques used were immunofluorescence (DFA) for RSV, parainfluenza virus (PIV), adenovirus (ADV) and influenza virus (INF) A and B, and real time PCR (Taqman assay) for INF A and B, rhinovirus (HRV ) and metapneumovirus (hMPV). The RV screening in 62 asymptomatic HSCT recipients identified INF B and HRV in two patients (3.2%), 7 and 14 days before HSCT, respectively. The patient with HRV had graft failure during follow-up. In group 1, RV was diagnosed in 19 of the 138 HSCT recipients (13.8%) after a median of 34 (3 to 61) surveillance visits per patient. The mean number of episodes of respiratory symptoms was 1.7 (1 to 5) episodes per patient. The increasing number of surveillance visits favored the diagnosis of RV (p = 0.008). Infections diagnosed in the RV group 1 were: RSV in 9 cases (6.5%), hMPV in 1 (0.7%), RSV and hMPV in 1 (0.7%), HRV in 3 (2.2%), INF A / B 1 (0.7%), INF B in 4 (2.9%). Progression to pneumonia occurred in 3 patients (16%)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Des mises au point de nouvelles stratégies d’expansion ex vivo des cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH) sont développées depuis quelques années afin de pallier le problème du faible nombre de ces cellules pour le traitement des hémopathies ou de certaines tumeurs solides. Notre équipe avait établi un modèle d’expansion des CSH via leur exposition aux homéoprotéines HOXB4 ou HOXC4. L’étude comparative des transcriptomes de ces cellules a permis l’identification de cibles précoces des facteurs HOXB4/C4 parmi lesquels les gènes codant les régulateurs post-transcriptionnels Pumilio (de la famille PUF). Les facteurs PUF sont impliqués en particulier dans le maintien des cellules souches germinales dans différents modèles animaux, chez les vertébrés ou les invertébrés. Cependant, le rôle des facteurs PUF humains (hPum1 et hPum2) dans les cellules hématopoïétiques humaines n’avait jamais été étudié.Mon travail de thèse exposé ici a consisté, d’une part, en l’étude du profil d’expression des facteurs hPum1 et hPum2 dans différentes lignées hématopoïétiques et au cours de l’hématopoïèse humaine, démontrant une expression plus importante de ces gènes dans les cellules les plus immatures ainsi que dans les progéniteurs dont la prolifération est activée. D’autre part, l’étude fonctionnelle des facteurs hPum1 et hPum2 a mis en évidence leur implication dans l’expansion et la survie des cellules CD34+. L’inhibition spécifique de hPum1 ou de hPum2 in vitro par des shARN, induit une diminution significative du nombre absolu des cellules ainsi qu’une augmentation de leur apoptose. Cela corrèle avec une accumulation des CSH en phase G0-G1 du cycle cellulaire. Par ailleurs, la répression de l’expression de hPum1 ou de hPum2 diminue la reconstitution de l’hématopoïèse in vivo dans des souris immunodéficientes NOD-SCID-γC-/-. L’analyse des ARNm cibles des facteurs Pum par une étude comparative des transcriptomes des CSH transduites ou non par des vecteurs lentiviraux contenant des shARN hPum1 ou hPum2, a permis l’identification de nombreux gènes impliqués dans le contrôle de la croissance, de la survie ou du cycle cellulaire. L’ensemble de nos résultats montre l’indispensable implication des facteurs Pumilio dans le maintien de l’état souche, la prolifération et la survie des CSH humaines. Nous avons démarré des études fonctionnelles dans les cellules leucémiques myéloïdes primaires afin d’évaluer le rôle éventuel des facteurs Pumilio dans la leucémogenèse. Ultérieurement, la caractérisation de hPum1 et hPum2 comme de nouvelles molécules impliquées dans l’expansion des CSH permettra d’envisager leur étude dans la perspective de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques. / Ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) could improve new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of hematopoietic malignancies and solid tumors. Our team had developed an original method to expand human HSCs, consisting in the transfer into these cells of active HOXB4 or HOXC4 homeoproteins. The comparative transcriptomic analysis of CD34+ cells exposed or not to HOXB4 or HOXC4 proteins induced over-expression of Pumilio (PUF) genes. PUF proteins are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. They are involved in different biological functions among which the maintenance of stem cells. However, the function of human PUF factors (hPum1 and hPum2) in hematopoietic stem cells has never been investigated. The work that I developed during my thesis first consisted in analyzing the expression of PUF factors in different hematopoietic cell lines and during human hematopoiesis. The results highlighted a high expression of the hPum1 en hPum2 genes in the most immature cells and in the proliferating active progenitors. The study of human PUF factors by inducing their inhibition using specific shRNAs revealed their involvement in proliferation and survival of CD34+ cells. In vitro, inhibition of hPum1 or hPum2 decreases the expansion of human HSCs and increases cell apoptosis. The hPum1 or hPum2 repression also increases the number of HSCs in G0-G1 phase of the cell cycle. Moreover, the inhibition of hPum1 or hPum2 reduces the capacity of human HSCs to reconstitute in vivo hematopoiesis of immunodeficient NOD-SCID-γC-/- mice. The identification of PUF target mRNAs by a comparative transcriptomic analysis of human HSCs infected or not with lentiviral vectors containing hPum1/2 shRNAs, revealed a large number of genes involved in the regulation of cell growth, survival or cell cycle. On the whole, our results demonstrate the involvement of Pumilio factors in stemness maintenance, expansion and survival of human HSCs. Functional studies in primary myeloid leukemic cells are in progress to assess the potential role of the Pum factors in the leukemogenic process. Later on, identification of Pumilio factors as new regulators of HSCs expansion will allow consider them as new tools for therapeutic perspectives.

Dans l’optique de produire de maîtriser les conditions d’expansion ex vivo de greffons hématopoïétiques produits à partir de sang périphérique en homéostasie, l’objectif de ce projet a été de caractériser fonctionnellement, métaboliquement et transcriptomiquement les cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH). Compte tenu de l’impossibilité technique de sélectionner spécifiquement les CSH humaines, nous avons utilisé un modèle cellulaire enrichi en CSH, le modèle Side Population(SP). Dans un premier temps, nos travaux ont confirmé que les CSH du sang périphérique étaient majoritairement dans la population SP et qu’elles possédaient des caractéristiques fonctionnelles proches des CSH des autres compartiments hématopoïétiques. Nous avons également démontré l’implication des basses concentrations d’O2 sur le maintien des CSH du sang périphérique. Dans un second temps, nos résultats ont prouvé que les CSH du sang périphérique utilisaient à la fois la glycolyse et la phosphorylation oxydative pour produire l’énergie nécessaire à leur maintien. Enfin, ce projet a permis d’apporter des résultats préliminaires concernant les régulations transcriptomiques des CSH du sang périphérique. Ces données montrent donc que le sang périphérique en homéostasie pourrait constituer une source potentielle de cellules pour la production de greffons hématopoïétiques tout en apportant les premiers éléments de compréhension de la physiologie de ces cellules, afin, dans un plus long terme de maîtriser leur maintien ou leur différenciation ex vivo. / To evaluate the possibility to control ex vivo expansion conditions, a key point to produce hematopoietic graft from steady state peripheral blood (SSPB), the objective of this project to characterize the functional properties, the metabolism and the transcriptomic regulations of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) from SSPB. Due to the lack of strong HSC’s marker in human, we choose to use the Side Population (SP) model, previously described as enriched in HSC in other hematopoietic compartments. In a first part of our work, we showed that HSC from SSPB are mainly inside the SP population. Indeed, SP cells from SSPB exhibit functional properties very closed from HSC. In addition, we found they strongly affected by low O2 concentrations, as HSC from bone marrow. In a second part, our results showed that HSC from SSPB use as much glycolysis as oxidative phosphorylation to produce energy they need to maintain their properties. All together, these data give some interesting information about HSC regulation and needs. They also suggest that HSC from SSPB could be considering as a potential source of hematopoietic graft for therapy.

The development of effective methods to cryopreserve precious cell types has had tremendous impact on regenerative and transfusion medicine. Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplants from cryopreserved umbilical cord blood (UCB) have been used for regenerative medicine therapies to treat conditions including hematological cancers and immodeficiencies. Red blood cell (RBC) cryopreservation in blood banks extends RBC storage time from 42 days (for hypothermic storage) to 10 years and can overcome shortages in blood supplies from the high demand of RBC transfusions. Currently, the most commonly utilized cryoprotectants are 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for UCB and 40% glycerol for RBCs. DMSO is significantly toxic both to cells and patients upon its infusion. Glycerol must be removed to <1% post-thaw using complicated, time consuming and expensive deglycerolization procedures prior to transfusion to prevent intravascular hemolysis. Thus, there is an urgent need for improvements in cryopreservation processes to reduce/eliminate the use of DMSO and glycerol. Ice recrystallization during cryopreservation is a significant contributor to cellular injury and reduced cell viability. Compounds capable of inhibiting this process are thus highly desirable as novel cryoprotectants to mitigate this damage. The first compounds discovered that were ice recrystallization inhibitors were the biological antifreezes (BAs), consisting of antifreeze proteins and glycoproteins (AFPs and AFGPs). As such, BAs have been explored as potential cryoprotectants, however this has been met with limited success. The thermal hysteresis (TH)activity and ice binding capabilities associated with these compounds can facilitate cellular damage, especially at the temperatures associated with cryopreservation. Consequently, compounds that possess “custom-tailored” antifreeze activity, meaning they exhibit the potent ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) activity without the ability to bind to ice or exhibit TH activity,are highly desirable for potential use in cryopreservation. This thesis focuses on the rational design of potent ice recrystallization inhibitors and on elucidating important key structural motifs that are essential for potent IRI activity. While particular emphasis in on the development of small molecule IRIs, exploration into structural features that influence the IRI of natural and synthetic BAs and BA analogues is also described as these are some of the most potent inhibitors known to date. Furthermore, this thesis also investigates the use of small molecule IRIs for the cryopreservation of various different cell types to ascertain their potential as novel cryoprotectants to improve upon current cryopreservation protocols, in particular those used for the long-term storage of blood and blood products. Through structure-function studies the influence of (glyco)peptide length, glycosylation and solution structure for the IRI activity of synthetic AFGPs and their analogues is described. This thesis also explores the relationship between IRI, TH and cryopreservation ability of natural AFGPs, AFPs and mutants of AFPs. While these results further demonstrated that BAs are ineffective as cryoprotectants, it revealed the potential influence of ice crystal shape and growth progression on cell survival during cryopreservation. One of the most significant results of this thesis is the discovery of alkyl- and phenolicglycosides as the first small molecule ice recrystallization inhibitors. Prior to this discovery, all reported small molecules exhibited only a weak to moderate ability to inhibit ice recrystallization. To understand how these novel small molecules inhibit this process, structure-function studies were conducted on highly IRI active molecules. These results indicated that key structural features, including the configuration of carbons bearing hydroxyl groups and the configuration of the anomeric center bearing the aglycone, are crucial for potent activity. Furthermore, studies on the phenolic-glycosides determined that the presence of specific substituents and their position on the aryl ring could result in potent activity. Moreover, these studies underscored the sensitivity of IRI activity to structural modifications as simply altering a single atom or functional group on this substituent could be detrimental for activity. Finally, various IRI active small molecules were explored for their cryopreservation potential with different cell types including a human liver cell line (HepG2), HSCs obtained from human UCB, and RBCs obtained from human peripheral blood. A number of phenolic-glycosides were found to be effective cryo-additives for RBC freezing with significantly reduced glycerol concentrations (less than 15%). This is highly significant as it could drastically decrease the deglycerolization processing times that are required when RBCs are cryopreserved with 40% glycerol. Furthermore, it demonstrates the potential for IRI active small molecules as novel cryoprotectants that can improve upon current cryopreservation protocols that are limited in terms of the commonly used cryoprotectants, DMSO and glycerol.