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Development of a bioreactor imaging system for characterizing embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytesAbilez, Oscar John 21 September 2010 (has links)
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) affects more than 70 million Americans and is the number one cause of mortality in the United States. Because the regenerative capacity of adult tissues such as the heart is limited, human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have emerged as a source for potential cardiac therapies. However, despite the use of a variety of biochemical differentiation protocols, current yields of hESC-derived cardiomyocytes (CM) have been low. In the case of hESC-CM, which are inherently electromechanically active, additional forms of inducing a mature cardiac fate have not been fully explored. In order to non-invasively visualize and quantify biochemical, electrical, and mechanical stimulation on hESC-CM differentiation in future studies, a bioreactor imaging system has been developed and is described in this report. / text
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Free to Conform : A Comparative Study of Philanthropists’ AccountabilityWeinryb, Noomi January 2015 (has links)
Those who are very wealthy may also be extremely free. Independently wealthy philanthropists epitomize this type of freedom. They seem to be able to act in whichever way they please, as long as they respect the limits of the law. Their freedom also implies that they do not experience as much accountability as other funders. Considering philanthropists’ ambitions as policymakers, and given their imposition of performance demands on their grantees, their accountability is relevant to investigate. However, there are no comprehensive comparative studies of philanthropists’ accountability, and there is mainly anecdotal evidence of a lack of accountability being derived from their independent wealth. This dissertation is a study of philanthropists’ accountability. I compare their experienced and exhibited accountability to that of other funders within societies, and I also compare philanthropists’ accountability across societies. I investigate whether philanthropists’ independent wealth influences to whom they are accountable, for what they are accountable, and how they are accountable. To learn about these topics, I examine their accountability relationships, their accountability mechanisms, and how they justify their potentially controversial funding of human embryonic stem cell research. Across these dimensions, I study their legal, financial, hierarchical, peer, professional, political, and fiduciary/social accountability. Empirically, I make a cross-sectional comparison of philanthropists to other funders of human embryonic stem cell research within and across three welfare regimes - liberal California, social democratic Sweden, and statist South Korea. I compare the accountability of independently wealthy philanthropists to that of public agencies, corporations, and fundraising dependent nonprofits. The empirical materials include 101 structured interviews with open-ended questions covering 51 funding organizations, as well as questionnaires explored in ANOVA and social network analysis. The study indicates that philanthropists experience and exhibit less accountability than other funders in some ways, in some contexts. By developing and using a framework to analyze their accountability, I show that philanthropists’ accountability is patterned within the societies in which they fund, and it differs greatly across societies. In California, philanthropists enact themselves as free actors, whereas in Sweden they enact a moral identity as funders of science. In South Korea, there is no clear boundary between philanthropic and corporate accountability. My results point to the contextual limits of philanthropists’ accountability. By enacting their moral identity in a way that conforms to local norms, philanthropists simultaneously retain and enable their continued freedom. In terms of their accountability, philanthropists are free to conform, and they become free by conforming.
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Effects of dietary magnesium supplementation on physiological parameters in captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) at Hoedspruit Endangered Species Centre (HESC)Grobler, Gert Johannes 20 July 2012 (has links)
The last 50 years was characterized by a dramatic decrease in free-roaming cheetah populations and consequently the cheetah now appears on the IUCN Red List for Threatened Species. In order to save cheetahs from extinction, a number of projects were launched to breed cheetahs in captivity. Captive cheetahs, however, receive fundamentally different diets than their free-roaming counterparts, which necessitates feed supplementation to fulfill their unique dietary needs. The Hoedspruit Endangered Species Centre (HESC) is one such project aiming to breed captive cheetahs. At the HESC, a number of juvenile cubs were diagnosed with a form of relaxed carpal joints, namely metacarpal deformity of the front legs. Literature suggests that the condition is due to a magnesium deficiency, which is a consequence of an unbalanced diet. Supplementing magnesium to the diet of cheetahs can, however, affect the urinary system negatively: such as the formation of urolithiasis. V The aim of this study was to determine whether dietary magnesium supplementation in the diets of captive cheetahs will remedy metacarpal deformity and also to investigate the influence of magnesium supplementation on the formation of urolithiasis. The study was divided into two phases. Phase 1 was conducted to determine the influence of dietary magnesium supplementation on metacarpal deformity, identified in juvenile cheetahs at the HESC. To determine the degree of deformity, a leg deformity scoring system was developed. On a scale from 1-3, the cheetahs were scored twice to determine the Flexed Deformity Score (FDS) and Rotational Deformity Score (RDS) values before and after dietary magnesium supplementation. Phase 2 was conducted to determine the influence of magnesium supplementation on different physiological parameters that have an influence on the formation of urolithiasis. Phase 2 was divided into three periods. During each period, the cheetahs received a different diet. During period C, the experimental period, the cheetahs were divided into two groups. One group received a meat-only diet, whereas the other group received a meat-Mg diet. At the end of each of the three periods, blood- and urine samples were collected and analyzed to determine the concentration of minerals in the cheetah’s blood plasma and urine. Based on the FDS and RDS scores, a 25.5% response rate to dietary magnesium supplementation on rotational deformities was found, whereas a 60.8% response rate on flexural deformation was found. It is thus concluded that dietary supplementation of magnesium in juvenile cheetahs that experience metacarpal deformities, will remedy the deformity. By analyzing the changes of different blood- and urine parameters in the cheetahs it was observed that dietary magnesium supplementation do influence the formation of urolithiasis. The physiological state of the cheetahs can influence these parameters. The results obtained from the study can be utilized by nutritionists, veterinarians and institutions to enhance the health of captive cheetahs. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted
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Development of a genetically encoded model for the sensing of glutathione redox potential in human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and fibroblastsHeta, Eriona 03 April 2017 (has links)
No description available.
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Microporous Membrane-based Co-culture of Human Embryonic Stem CellsAlbert, Kelsey Morgan 01 January 2007 (has links)
Transwell inserts with microporous membranes, available from multiple commercial sources, have been widely used for various mammalian cell culture applications, including the reduction of cell culture mixing. In this study, we examined the feasibility and functionality of using this technology for separating human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) from their respective feeder cells. We found that when hESCs were propagated on transwell inserts positioned directly above feeder cells grown in a separate dish, the hESCs could be maintained in an undifferentiated state for over 10 passages with no change in their basic pluripotent characteristics. In parallel with our transwell insert experiments, we also evaluated the ability of a new defined, xeno-free medium, HEScGRO, to enhance the animal-free characteristics of the transwell insert-based culture system. Results from our studies demonstrate that HEScGRO medium assists in maintaining the pluripotent characteristics of hESCs propagated in the transwell insert- based culture system. These combined results represent a significant development in properly segregating stem cells from their feeders, thus eliminating cell mixing, contamination, and providing the cells with a superior environment for nourishment and controlled self-renewal. Overall, this development in hESC propagation could have wide-reaching applications for self-renewal and differentiation studies within the field of stem cell biology.
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The role of human embryonic stem cell-derived epicardium in myocardial graft developmentBargehr, Johannes January 2018 (has links)
No description available.
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The support of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cell lines by different matricesKhadun, Shalinee January 2014 (has links)
The future of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research with regards to their applicability in a therapeutic setting, relies on the development and standardisation of consistent and robust methods to demonstrate their defining characteristics; their pluripotent ability to form all three germ layers and their capacity for self-renewal. Although much research has been carried out to investigate new methods of culturing hESCs, many of these studies have not robustly concluded the impact of prolonged culture on genetic and genomic stability nor have they examined in any comparative detail the impact of the culture conditions such as differences in feeders used or the media composition in which the stem cells are cultured in. The aim of this thesis therefore was to investigate and evaluate methods for improving the uniform and robust culture and characterisation of hESCs over prolonged periods in culture. Four hESC lines ( RH5, HUES9, SHEF1 and NCL5) were chosen on the basis that they had not previously been well characterised and therefore could potentially benefit the wider stem cell community by increasing diversity, rather than continue to use the already small subset of well publicised lines. The RH5, HUES9, SHEF1 and NCL5 cells were subjected to long term passaging using recombinant enzyme TrypLE™ Express, on human feeders, mouse feeders and feeder free matrix Matrigel in combination with defined media mTeSR1, for uniform scale up. Changes in characteristic stem cell surface markers were compared using two techniques; flow cytometry and quantitative in situ fluorescence microscopy. Genomic stability was assessed by real time PCR. Chromosomal integrity was monitored using array genomic hybridisation (aCGH). Array genomic hybridisation analysis of cells cultured for 20 passages by enzymatic passaging revealed changes in copy number variations in all the stem cell lines. Aberrations on chromosomes 12, 17 and 20, appeared most commonly as a result of long term culture. Although no significant differences were seen between hESCs cultured on mouse and human feeders, cultures on Matrigel showed fewer detected chromosomal aberrations. Expression of cell surface stemness markers SSEA3, SSEA4, TRA1-60 and TRA1-81 were maintained by hESC cultured on all matrices and confirmed by the use of flow cytometry and high throughput quantitative immunofluorescence imaging using the TissueFaxs™ cell analysis microscopy system. In depth imaging revealed subtle but important differences in the way in which hESCs attach and proliferate on different matrices. Genetic profiling of each of the stem cell lines using Taqman Low density array cards to assess the expression of 96 genes by Real Time PCR, demonstrated the continued expression of stemness genes 21 at late passage, and low level expression of differentiation genes, inherent to particular stem cell lines. Although both mouse and human feeders and Matrigel support the undifferentiated growth of hESCs, subtle differences from the hESCs were seen as a result of their use, most obviously, changes in morphology and how they proliferate. This was further explored in the stem cell line NCL5, as it demonstrated a readiness to adapt to new matrices, better chromosomal stability and higher expression of cell surface markers compared with the other hESC lines. Using in vitro differentiation assays to all three germ layers, NCL5 cultured to late passage (p+20) on human feeder iMRC5, mouse feeder iMEF and feeder free matrix Matrigel, demonstrated the ability to differentiate to ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm progenitors after induction using three 7 day flat based directed differentiation protocols. Altered differentiation patterns were detected by Real Time PCR and TissueFaxs™ imaging and quantitative analysis, as a consequence of the prolonged culture on the specific matrices used. Such key findings allude to the strong influences of microenvironment and will help to improve the standardisation of in vitro differentiation assays. From these studies, chromosomal changes had no impact on NCL5 stem cell lines‘ ability to form progenitors, however small genetic instabilities may still play a role in terminal differentiation of germ lineage specific cell types. The findings of the programme of work described has led to the successful culture methods and characterisation testing validated in this project being incorporated into routine culture and banking of research grade hESCs at the UK Stem Cell Bank. These protocols will now be made more widely available and should assist stem cell researchers in adopting the most suitable and optimum conditions for culturing stem cells in the undifferentiated and stable state. With the huge surge in stem cell research over the past decade, the development of robust characterisation and culture methods will undoubtedly have significant impact on the exploitation of these cells for regenerative medicine and to assist with this a future aim of the stem cell bank will be to standardise methodologies for clinical grade banking.
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HSV-1 amplicon system for human artificial chromosome formation in human ES/iPS cells and pluripotency inductionKhoja, Suhail January 2012 (has links)
Development of safe and efficient approaches for gene delivery in human embryonic stem cells (hESc) and particularly in human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells, which can be derived in a person-specific manner, is considered to be imperative for harnessing their full potential in both the basic and applied research. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of human artificial chromosome (HAC) for gene delivery and expression in hESc and hiPS cells. HAC offers many potential advantages including the provision for carrying large genes with corresponding regulatory elements to obtain long-term regulated gene expression. In addition, they can replicate and segregate independently without integration into the host cell genome. To develop HAC in hiPS cells, the first part of the study was aimed at generating hiPS cells utilising the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)-1 amplicon system. With the use of EBNA-1/OriP retention elements incorporated into the HSV-1 amplicon vectors, hiPS cells completely free of vector and transgenes sequences were successfully derived from human embryonic fibroblasts. The hiPS cells exhibited proliferation and differentiation potential similar to that of hESc. In the second part of the study, development of HAC in hESc and hiPS cells was assessed by utilising the HSV-1 amplicon system to deliver the HAC DNA. Analysis of the hESc confirmed the presence of functional HAC which replicated the behaviour of the host chromosomes. Additionally, HAC generation did not lead to impairment in the developmental potential and pluripotency of hESc. The hiPS cells supported HAC at low frequency but DNA also integrated into the host chromosomes. The HAC system, therefore, needs further refinements to improve the frequency of HAC formation and reduce the chromosomal integration of HAC constructs in hiPS cells. Overall, these findings provide a simple and safe way of pluripotency induction and genetic modification of pluripotent stem cells using the HSV-1 amplicon system and represent an important advance towards patient specific gene and cell therapy.
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Photoreceptor transplantation and characterization of vascular changes in canine inherited retinal degenerationsRipolles-Garcia, Ana 13 January 2023 (has links)
Los fotorreceptores de los mamíferos, las células externas de la retina que detectan la luz, carecen de capacidad de autorregeneración tras una lesión. En los estadios avanzados de las IRD, los fotorreceptores se pierden pero la estructura interna de la retina se conserva durante largos periodos de tiempo, aunque con una importante remodelación sináptica y gliosis. Para estas condiciones, las terapias regenerativas dirigidas a reemplazar los fotorreceptores y establecer sinapsis funcionales con las neuronas internas de la retina viables restantes podrían permitir la recuperación de la visión en pacientes que de otro modo serían ciegos. En otras palabras, la terapia con células madre está dirigida al tratamiento de las degeneraciones de la retina en aquellas situaciones en las que se han perdido los fotorreceptores y, por lo tanto, no es posible restaurar la funcionalidad a través de enfoques más comunes como la terapia de reemplazo de genes. Se han desarrollado y caracterizado células madre embrionarias humanas (hESC) o células madre pluripotentes inducidas (iPSC) derivadas de células precursoras de fotorreceptores (PRPC) contenidas en organoides de retina (RO) para terapias experimentales regenerativas. Aunque la terapia con células madre es un campo que ha mostrado resultados prometedores en animales de laboratorio, no hay informes que evalúen la seguridad y eficacia de su uso en perros. Con un inyector subretiniano que fue modificado para acomodar el gran tamaño de los agregados celulares, inyectamos con éxito las células en el espacio subretiniano (SRS) canino utilizando un procedimiento quirúrgico sencillo (inyección manual en bolo sin vitrectomía previa). Pudimos monitorizar la supervivencia y las características de las células injertadas a lo largo del tiempo utilizando un enfoque de imagen multimodal que incluía la detección mediante fotografía del fondo de ojo y/o cSLO de los genes reporteros fluorescentes (tdTomato o GFP) expresados por las PRPC. Esto nos permitió superar un reto importante encontrado en otros estudios, donde las células donantes no fluorescentes fueron seguidas sólo por OCT o detectadas por histología después de la terminación. La visualización de las PRPC fluorescentes en el animal vivo nos permitió diferenciarlas de las células del huésped. En consonancia con lo descrito anteriormente, observamos dos patrones temporales de pérdida de células del donante: una reducción temprana del número de células injertadas en la primera semana del trasplante que no dependía del estado de la inmunosupresión (IS), y un rechazo retardado del injerto, observado en aquellos perros que no estaban inmunosuprimidos. De hecho, hasta donde sabemos, no hay estudios que evalúen el tiempo de pérdida de fotorreceptores tras el trasplante, con y sin IS, controlando simultáneamente la transferencia de material citoplasmático entre las células del donante y del huésped. Aquí observamos signos compatibles con el rechazo del trasplante en animales que no recibieron IS sistémico, así como en un único perro cuyo tratamiento con IS se interrumpió. El grado de inflamación clínica variaba entre los animales, pero la vasculitis retiniana, el vítreo turbio y la inflamación de la retina eran comunes en todos los perros con rechazo de las células del donante. Estos signos se detectaron por primera vez entre 1-2 y 12 semanas después del trasplante, lo que respalda la necesidad de un seguimiento frecuente de las retinas tratadas en los meses siguientes al trasplante para detectar posibles signos tempranos de rechazo y ofrecer la oportunidad de ajustar el régimen inmunosupresor. Dado que el rechazo del trasplante en el SRS también puede producirse sin inflamación clínica manifiesta, se justifica la identificación de nuevos biomarcadores que puedan detectar la inflamación subclínica temprana para modular la respuesta inmunitaria y prolongar la supervivencia del injerto. Aunque se desconocen todos los factores que promueven la supervivencia de las células del donante, descubrimos que el IS sistémico desempeñaba un papel fundamental en la supervivencia de las hESC-PRPCs administradas por vía subretiniana, como se había informado anteriormente. En el presente estudio, algunas PRPC desarrollaron estructuras similares a pedículos, expresaron la proteína presináptica sinaptofisina y establecieron contactos con las células bipolares del anfitrión. Estos resultados alentadores preparan ahora el terreno para la evaluación funcional de estas xenosinapsis. La retinosis pigmentaria es un grupo de enfermedades genéticas que provocan una pérdida progresiva de la visión, siendo una de las principales causas de ceguera en los países desarrollados. Está bien documentado que en pacientes con retinosis pigmentaria, existe una disfunción vascular asociada que conduce al adelgazamiento de los vasos; sin embargo, las implicaciones de esta disfunción vascular en la degeneración de los fotorreceptores no se comprenden completamente. Los modelos caninos de degeneraciones retinianas hereditarias han sido de gran relevancia en el desarrollo traslacional de terapias de reemplazo génico para múltiples formas de retinosis pigmentaria, Amaurosis congénita de Leber, y enfermedad de Best. De manera similar a lo que ocurre en pacientes con retinosis pigmentaria, los perros afectados con las mismas mutaciones también experimentan remodelación vascular, sin embargo, la cinética de esta remodelación vascular en enfermedades retinianas hereditarias caninas no se ha estudiado y no se han establecido los parámetros normales en el perro. La angiografía por tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCTA) es un método novedoso de obtención de imágenes sin necesidad del uso de contraste intravenoso que permite la visualización detallada de la circulación retiniana, lo que permite el estudio de los distintos plexos vasculares por separado. Esta importante extracción de imágenes de los diferentes plexos, junto con la alta resolución de estos angiogramas, permite una cuantificación más precisa de la densidad vascular y otros parámetros, teniendo muchas aplicaciones en sujetos sanos y en pacientes con diferentes enfermedades oculares y sistémicas. Con el uso de modernas técnicas de imagen, este trabajo ha confirmado la presencia de cuatro plexos retinianos distintos. Aunque muchos estudios han informado de los datos cuantitativos de las imágenes OCTA en retinas humanas, no se han descrito parámetros vasculares caninos. Este estudio proporciona datos normativos para el SVP+ICP, DCP y WR, estableciendo con éxito un rango de referencia que puede ser consultado y comparado en futuros estudios. En los ojos humanos, el número de plexos retinianos y sus densidades disminuyen hacia la periferia, y esto es similar a lo que Engerman et al. describieron previamente en perros. Nuestro trabajo no sólo confirma este hallazgo, sino que ahora proporciona datos cuantitativos para cuatro parámetros que se utilizan frecuentemente para caracterizar las redes vasculares. En nuestra evaluación, los angiogramas de OCTA tenían una mayor resolución en comparación con las imágenes de AF en la misma localización. Al igual que en el caso de los seres humanos, la angiografía por OCT en perros permitió identificar lechos capilares (ICP y DCP) que no se identificaban con la AF. Sin embargo, la AF proporcionó un mayor campo de visión y los artefactos que se encontraron en algunas de las exploraciones de OCTA (artefactos de movimiento y anormalidades de descorrelación debido al artefacto de proyección) no se observaron en las imágenes de AF. Cuando se compara con las imágenes obtenidas por IHC en montajes completos de retina, nuestro estudio confirma que la OCTA proporciona una buena visualización de la SVP y la DCP. También encontramos que había una subrepresentación de los vasos de pequeño calibre en la OCTA, especialmente los situados en capas altamente reflectantes (ICP). Cuando se compara con las imágenes adquiridas en las mismas localizaciones por microscopía confocal/IHC, nuestros resultados sugieren que la OCTA es una técnica valiosa para visualizar y cuantificar la vasculatura retiniana en perros, especialmente para el análisis de la VD en el DCP. Además, por IHC encontramos que el ICP se fusiona con el SVP pero no con el DCP como ocurre en las retinas humanas. Nuestro estudio ha confirmado la viabilidad del uso de OCTA en perros, proporcionando imágenes resueltas en profundidad de diferentes capas retinianas segmentadas que permiten la evaluación de plexos individuales. Esto allana el camino para otros análisis in vivo de la vasculatura de la retina canina en un amplio número de patologías de la retina con un fenotipo vascular. Además, evaluamos los cambios vasculares en el area centralis de perros afectados por varias formas de IRD que fueron visualizados por OCTA en diferentes etapas de la enfermedad. Identificamos que la DCP está más afectada que las redes vasculares más superficiales en una etapa temprana de la enfermedad. Además, confirmamos que existe una fuerte asociación entre el VD en el DCP y el grosor de la ONL, lo que sugiere que la evaluación de la vascularización en este plexo puede utilizarse como un marcador indirecto para la evaluación de los requisitos metabólicos de la retina externa. Por último, hemos validado mediante el análisis de los vasos en los montajes planos de la retina los hallazgos de la OCTA, y hemos descubierto que en los modelos caninos de IRD la migración de las células del RPE también desempeña un papel en las alteraciones vasculares de la fase posterior que se producen en los pacientes con RP. Encontramos que los cambios microscópicos observados en los vasos con degeneración eran diferentes en las distintas redes retinianas. En la DCP, se confirmó un estrechamiento y una pérdida progresiva de vasos, que acabó con la desaparición completa de esta red. En el SVP de los tres modelos, los vasos presentaban un mayor grosor de la pared debido a la deposición de material que rodea la pared vascular que, en las fases finales, conduce al estrechamiento y la oclusión vascular. En la fase final de la enfermedad, se observó que múltiples vasos de la SVP estaban rodeados de estructuras pigmentadas. El marcaje específico de RPE65 reveló que se trataba de células del PRE que habían migrado para rodear estos vasos internos de la retina. Aquí caracterizamos dos tipos diferentes de degeneración vascular que se producen en los plexos retinianos SVP y DCP, lo que podría aportar información para futuros estudios que evalúen específicamente la fisiopatología de esta degeneración vascular. Un animal del modelo crd2/NPHP5 fue tratado con terapia de reemplazo génica unilateralmente con una inyección subretiniana que cubría el area centralis. En este perro, la pérdida de ONL en el momento de la intervención de terapia génica era inferior al 50%. Al comparar las fotografías del fondo de ojo del ojo no tratado y el tratado, se identificó fácilmente una marcada preservación de la vascularización en el área que fue cubierta por la terapia génica. Las imágenes OCTA se procesaron con el programa AngioTool, y la evaluación cualitativa de las imágenes esqueletizadas mostró una regresión vascular en el ojo no tratado y una notable preservación de la integridad vascular en el ojo tratado. También demostramos que en estas enfermedades naturales, así como en un modelo de degeneración aguda de fotorreceptores inducido por la luz, el DCP se ve afectado antes que los otros plexos vasculares de la retina. La posterior disminución de la VD en el SVP+ICP que se produce en las últimas fases de la degeneración, es probablemente una respuesta al marcado adelgazamiento de la retina externa y a la capacidad de que el oxígeno transportado por los vasos coroideos llegue a las localizaciones internas de la retina, como se ha confirmado previamente en modelos animales felinos utilizando perfiles espaciales de oxigenación de la retina.
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