Spelling suggestions: "subject:"heterochromatin"" "subject:"heterochromatins""
141 |
Study of the role of plant nuclear envelope and lamina-like components in nuclear and chromatin organisation using 3D imaging / Analyse du rôle de l'enveloppe nucléaire et des composants de la lamina-like dans l'organisation chromatinienne et nucléaire chez les plantes en utilisant de l'imagerie 3DPoulet, Axel 06 June 2016 (has links)
Le complexe linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) est un complexe protéique conservé au cours de l’évolution, reliant les compartiments cytoplasmiques et nucléaires au travers la membrane nucléaire. Bien que les données récentes montrent une de ce complexe dans la régulation de la morphologie nucléaire et de la méiose, son implication dans l’organisation de la chromatine a été moins étudié chez les plantes. Le premier objectif de ce travail était de développer un plugin NucleusJ ImageJ dédié à la caractérisation de la morphologie nucléaire et de l’organisation de la chromatine en 3D. NucleusJ calcul 15 paramètres, y compris la forme et la taille des noyaux ainsi que des objets intra-nuclaires et leur position dans le noyau. Une documentation pour ce programme est disponible pour son utilisation, ainsi que des qu’un jeu données de noyaux pour tester ce programme. Plusieurs améliorations sont en cours pour développer une nouvelle version de ce plugin. Dans une deuxième partie de ce travail, des méthodes d’imagerie 3D ont été utilisées pour étudier la morphologie nucléaire et l’organisation de la chromatine dans les noyaux interphasiques chez Arabidopsis thaliana dans lequel les domaines d’htrochromatique sont groupés en régions detectable appelés chromocentres. Ces chromocentres forment un environnement répressif contribuant la rpression transcriptionnelle de séquences répétées permettant la stabilité du génome. Des mesures quantitatives de la position 3D de chromocentres dans le noyau montrent que la plupart chromocentres sont situés proximité de la périphérie du noyau, mais que cette distance peut être modifiée par le volume nucléaire ou dans certains mutants affectant le complexe LINC. Ce complexe LINC est proposé pour contribuer l’organisation de la chromatine et à son positionnement, de plus la mutation de ce complexe est associée une dérégulation l’inactivation de la transcription, ainsi qu’a une décompaction des séquences hétérochromatiques. La dernière partie de ce travail tire profit de séquences gnomiques disponibles et les données de RNA-seq pour explorer l’évolution des protines de la NE chez les plantes. Au Final, le travail réalisé durant cette thèse associe la génétique, la biologie moléculaire, la bioinformatique et de l’imagerie afin de mieux comprendre la contribution de l’enveloppe nucléaire dans l’organisation de la morphologie du noyaux et de la chromatine et suggère l’implication fonctionnelle du complexe LINC dans ces processus. / The linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex is an evolutionarily well-conserved protein bridge connecting the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments across the nuclear membrane. While recent data supports its function in nuclear morphology and meiosis, its implication for chromatin organisation has been less studied in plants. The first aim of this work was to develop NucleusJ a simple and user-friendly ImageJ plugin dedicated to the characterisation of nuclear morphology and chromatin organisation in 3D. NucleusJ quantifies 15 parameters including shape and size of nuclei as well as intra-nuclear objects and their position within the nucleus. A step-by-step documentation is available for self-training, together with data sets of nuclei with different nuclear organisation. Several improvements are ongoing to release a new version of this plugin. In a second part of this work, 3D imaging methods have been used to investigate nuclear morphology and chromatin organisation in interphase nuclei of the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana in which heterochromatin domains cluster in conspicuous chromatin regions called chromocentres. Chromocentres form a repressive chromatin environment contributing to the transcriptional silencing of repeated sequences a general mechanism needed for genome stability. Quantitative measurements of 3D position of chromocentres in the nucleus indicate that most chromocentres are situated in close proximity to the periphery of the nucleus but that this distance can be altered according to nuclear volume or in specific mutants affecting the LINC complex. Finally, the LINC complex is proposed to contribute at the proper chromatin organisation and positioning since its alteration is associated with the release of transcriptional silencing as well as decompaction of heterochromatic sequences. The last part of this work takes advantage of available genomic sequences and RNA-seq data to explore the evolution of NE proteins in plants and propose a minimal requirement to built the simplest functional nuclear envelope. Altogether, work achieved in this thesis associate genetics, molecular biology, bioinformatics and imaging to better understand the contribution of the nuclear envelope in nuclear morphology and chromatin organisation and suggests the functional implication of the LINC complex in these processes.
|
142 |
Cytogenetika vybraných skupin paprskoploutvých ryb (Actinopterygii): Evolučně -ekologické aspekty spjaté s dynamikou repetitivních sekvencí a s výskytem polyploidie / Cytogenetics of selected groups of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii): Evolutionary-ecological questions associated with the dynamics of repetitive sequences and the occurrence of polyploidySember, Alexandr January 2016 (has links)
Ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) exhibit the greatest biodiversity among vertebrates. The vast majority of extant actinopterygian fish species belong to clade Teleostei - a lineage whose significant evolutionary success might have resulted from a teleost specific whole- genome duplication (TSGD) that occurred at the onset of this group, subsequent to its divergence from the rest of actinopterygian lineages. Despite the growing body of sequenced fish genomes and analyses of their transcriptomes, the largest contribution to understanding fish genomes comes from analyses of DNA content and from cytogenetics. Genomes of ray-finned fishes and especially those of Teleostei exhibit vast diversity and rapid dynamics of repetitive DNA sequences whose variability is reflected in a wide range of fish genome sizes and in the dynamics behind karyotype differentiation. Therefore, ray-finned fishes offer a unique opportunity to study genome variability as a driving force underlying morphological and ecological diversification, evolution and adaptation. Particularly, the mapping of repetitive DNA sequences by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has proven to be a very useful and informative approach during the last two decades and contributed greatly to our understanding of the fish genome...
|
143 |
Analýza karyotypu u vybraných bičovců řádů Amblypygi a Uropygi / Karyotype analysis of selected representatives of two pedipalpid orders, Amblypygi and UropygiSember, Alexandr January 2010 (has links)
Karyotype analysis of selected species from arachnid orders Amblypygi and Uropygi Whip spiders (Amblypygi) and whip scorpions (Uropygi) represent relict arachnid orders which has been found already at Upper Carboniferous strata. Although cytogenetic data from amblypygids and uropygids might be important to reconstruct karyotype evolution of arachnids, cytogenetics of these orders is almost unknown. Presented study is aimed in analysis of karyotype and meiosis in 16 species of Amblypygi and 4 species of Uropygi. Both groups are characterized by considerable range of diploid chromosome numbers (2n = 24 - 86 in Amblypygi and 36 - 66 in Uropygi). Analysed species does not exhibit morfologically differentiated sex chromosomes. Differentiation of sex chromosomes on molecular level was revealed in amblypygid Paraphrynus mexicanus by comparative genome hybridization. Obtained data indicate XY/XX sex chromosome system in this species. Comparison of karyotype data indicates reduction of chromosome numbers during evolution of both orders. In Amblypygi, this reduction was accompanied by increase of number of biarmed chromosomes. This trend is not apparent in Uropygi. Karyotypes of most analysed amblypygids and uropygids are also characterized by low amount of heterochromatin. Most studied species exhibit two pairs...
|
144 |
Vztah vyšších chromatinových struktur a genové umlčování / The relationship between higher order chromain structure and gene silencingŠmigová, Jana January 2012 (has links)
No description available.
|
145 |
The Role of SON in Chromatin-Mediated Gene ExpressionWard, Melissa Jordan 01 June 2022 (has links)
No description available.
|
146 |
Multiple Mechanisms Contribute to Regulation of Gene Expression in the <i>C. elegans</i> Excretory SystemArmstrong, Kristin R. 08 September 2008 (has links)
No description available.
|
Page generated in 0.0582 seconds