The Independent Practice During the last hundred years, the music industry has evolved with the record labels playing a central role. However, many argue that this situation is about to change as record sales have decreased during the last ten years. This imminent change in the music industry will not only affect the multinational record labels, but also the independent record labels.  As record sales have decreased during the last ten years, the number of members in the Swedish Independent Music Producers Association (SOM) has increased and the association now includes 300 independent record labels which are responsible for around 30 percent of the music being produced in Sweden. However, they can be considered a dominated group within the music industry, since they only have around 10 percent of the total market shares when it comes to selling figures. Considering the changes in record sales, the domination of the major record labels and the somewhat fascinating growth of independent actors during turbulent times, this thesis will study how the Swedish independent actors relate to the practices and ideals relevant in the daily work of running an independent record label. The practices studied in this thesis are the practice of work, the practice of recognition and the practice of content production. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse how independence is constructed among the members of SOM. The thesis is based on material collected in a web survey as well as seven interviews with representatives of indie labels. The web survey was distributed to all members of SOM, and the interviewed informants were selected by snowball sampling, using a locator to find informants. The survey material was analysed with cluster and variance analysis, while the interview material was analysed using content analysis – searching for themes connected to the practices. All material is understood through the theoretical frame of the field theory. The main results of the study are that there are different ways of relating to practices among the Swedish independent actors, and that these ways of relating are closely connected to their position within the field. There are common ways of relating to practices such as always promoting DIY, the importance of music and the need to resist the dominance of the major labels. However, the independent actors are not consistent in how these commonalities work in practice. For example, DIY is not applied if it is not economically necessary, and the need to resist the major labels is only apparent when the independent actor has a weaker position within the field. The more established an independent actor is within the field, the lesser resistant he is against the dominating structures of the music industry.  As a result of a weakening resistance against the major labels, the independent actors turn to struggle each other.

Esta dissertação interroga sobre as práticas de gestão dos trabalhadores associados em cooperativas pretensamente autogeridas, habituados ao trabalho em empresas heterogeridas; a investigação tem por objetivo comparar as concepções de trabalho autônomo e heterônomo no interior de uma Cooperativa de produção de espumas, colchões e tecidos em matelassê1 denominada COOPERSPUMA localizada na cidade de Gravataí (RS). Originários de uma fábrica de colchões que fechou suas portas no ano de 2000 este grupo de trabalhadores depara-se com as dificuldades do trabalho numa nova configuração, a empresa sem patrão. Nos empreendimentos tidos como autogestionários trata-se de (re)construir uma nova forma de pensar e agir, de superar práticas anteriormente instituídas pela sociedade assalariada industrial. Oriundos de uma cultura individualista, competitiva e hierarquizada dentro das empresas, encontram-se despreparados para o exercício da cooperação e da participação. Estudos revelam o aumento considerável de cooperativas de trabalho e produção nos últimos anos no Brasil. Neste sentido, a pesquisa empírica torna-se relevante para o conhecimento da efetiva organização e das relações de trabalho que esses empreendimentos abrigam. Frente a um cenário de flexibilização do trabalho formal e fragilização dos direitos sociais, torna-se imprescindível a construção de uma agenda teórica que dê conta de entender e explicar este fenômeno. A investigação pretende auxiliar, também, no debate sobre o papel das cooperativas, debate hoje polarizado entre a visão pragmática de mera redução de custos empresariais e a alternativa de maior autonomia e democratização do trabalho para os trabalhadores na perspectiva da economia solidária (LIMA, 2004, p. 45-46). / This thesis questions about the management practices of employees associated to cooperatives that intend to manage themselves self used to work in companies with a multiple management. The research aims to compare the conceptions of self and heteronomous work within a cooperative production of foams, mattresses and fabrics in matelasse2 called COOPERSPUMA located in the city of Gravataí (RS). Originate from a mattress factory which closed its doors in 2000, this group of workers is facing the difficulties of working in a new configuration, without the company boss. In enterprises considered self managed the point is to (re) construct a new way of thinking and acting in order to overcome past practices imposed by the industry employed society. Came from an individualistic culture, competitive and hierarchical within companies, they are unprepared to pursue the cooperation and participation. Studies show the considerable increase of labour cooperatives and production in recent years in Brazil. In this sense, the empirical research becomes relevant to the knowledge of effective organization and the relations of work that these projects shelter. In front of a context of easing the formal work and weakening of social rights, it is essential to build a theoretical agenda that is able to understand and explain this phenomenon. The research also aims to help in the discussion on the role of cooperatives, something that is polarized today between the pragmatic vision of mere reduction of business costs and the alternative of greater autonomy and democratization of work for employees in the view of the social economy (Lima, 2004, p.45-46).

前途問題展開談判以來，香港政制改革的速度開始加快。改革沿著《中英聯合聲明》和《基本法》所計畫的軌道進D義過渡到「一國兩制、港人治港」，到底關係到深層結構^國與香港三大行為者利益或價值的分歧和激烈的爭辯，也U行為者如何運用自身的資源、如何在其他行為者行為之前漱狨部A以爭取最有利或最少損失的情況，是研究香港政治者必須加以分析探討的重要課題。禰趕暋D是在於如何建立一個有長遠活力的政治秩序。這個酋w的狀態，而是一個基於公平而受愛戴的政治制度所產生隻菑@九八五年開始在香港推行部分民選議會制度，目的是k局選舉，使未來政制植根於民主基礎上，從而建立一套制m來自北京共產主義的影響；北京方面則因為要在香港計畫A特別為香港制定《香港特別行政區基本法》；而自立法局J普選議席，香港民間政治力量，僅管羽翼未豐，終於可以U個政治團體。現行狀況是中(共)英雙方基本上處於「共治O量可以運作的空間相當有限。然社會已趨於政治化及多元き瘚o揮作用，影響香港未來政治發展的同時，如何形成有活力的政治秩序則需要整個社會共同努力。D要是自一九八四年《中英聯合聲明》的簽署至一九九五年異繻陘謘A以十餘年間香港政治制度的改革和政治發展作為本文的研究範圍。

Esta dissertação interroga sobre as práticas de gestão dos trabalhadores associados em cooperativas pretensamente autogeridas, habituados ao trabalho em empresas heterogeridas; a investigação tem por objetivo comparar as concepções de trabalho autônomo e heterônomo no interior de uma Cooperativa de produção de espumas, colchões e tecidos em matelassê1 denominada COOPERSPUMA localizada na cidade de Gravataí (RS). Originários de uma fábrica de colchões que fechou suas portas no ano de 2000 este grupo de trabalhadores depara-se com as dificuldades do trabalho numa nova configuração, a empresa sem patrão. Nos empreendimentos tidos como autogestionários trata-se de (re)construir uma nova forma de pensar e agir, de superar práticas anteriormente instituídas pela sociedade assalariada industrial. Oriundos de uma cultura individualista, competitiva e hierarquizada dentro das empresas, encontram-se despreparados para o exercício da cooperação e da participação. Estudos revelam o aumento considerável de cooperativas de trabalho e produção nos últimos anos no Brasil. Neste sentido, a pesquisa empírica torna-se relevante para o conhecimento da efetiva organização e das relações de trabalho que esses empreendimentos abrigam. Frente a um cenário de flexibilização do trabalho formal e fragilização dos direitos sociais, torna-se imprescindível a construção de uma agenda teórica que dê conta de entender e explicar este fenômeno. A investigação pretende auxiliar, também, no debate sobre o papel das cooperativas, debate hoje polarizado entre a visão pragmática de mera redução de custos empresariais e a alternativa de maior autonomia e democratização do trabalho para os trabalhadores na perspectiva da economia solidária (LIMA, 2004, p. 45-46). / This thesis questions about the management practices of employees associated to cooperatives that intend to manage themselves self used to work in companies with a multiple management. The research aims to compare the conceptions of self and heteronomous work within a cooperative production of foams, mattresses and fabrics in matelasse2 called COOPERSPUMA located in the city of Gravataí (RS). Originate from a mattress factory which closed its doors in 2000, this group of workers is facing the difficulties of working in a new configuration, without the company boss. In enterprises considered self managed the point is to (re) construct a new way of thinking and acting in order to overcome past practices imposed by the industry employed society. Came from an individualistic culture, competitive and hierarchical within companies, they are unprepared to pursue the cooperation and participation. Studies show the considerable increase of labour cooperatives and production in recent years in Brazil. In this sense, the empirical research becomes relevant to the knowledge of effective organization and the relations of work that these projects shelter. In front of a context of easing the formal work and weakening of social rights, it is essential to build a theoretical agenda that is able to understand and explain this phenomenon. The research also aims to help in the discussion on the role of cooperatives, something that is polarized today between the pragmatic vision of mere reduction of business costs and the alternative of greater autonomy and democratization of work for employees in the view of the social economy (Lima, 2004, p.45-46).

Relations between collective autonomy and government in Uruguay: chronic with open endingThe present article, after making a brief recount of the model of Uruguayan collective labor relations, analyzes the foundation and impact of heteronomous regulation on the protection of trade union freedom and collective bargaining released in the context of transformation model during periods from 2005 to 2009 and so far until 2012, with the purpose of determining whether the same meant a profound and definitive break of the pre-existing model or rather it emphasizes some of its elements without disturbing the nature / El presente artículo, tras efectuar un breve recuento del modelo de relaciones colectivas de trabajo uruguayo, analiza el fundamento y el impacto de la regulación heterónoma en materia de protección de la libertad sindical y de negociación colectiva, regulación emitida en el marco del modelo de transformación durante los períodos 2005 a 2009 y lo que va hasta el 2012. El objetivo del trabajo es determinar si dicha regulación significó una ruptura profunda y definitiva del modelo preexistente o si enfatiza más bien alguno de sus elementos sin alterar la naturaleza.

Esta dissertação interroga sobre as práticas de gestão dos trabalhadores associados em cooperativas pretensamente autogeridas, habituados ao trabalho em empresas heterogeridas; a investigação tem por objetivo comparar as concepções de trabalho autônomo e heterônomo no interior de uma Cooperativa de produção de espumas, colchões e tecidos em matelassê1 denominada COOPERSPUMA localizada na cidade de Gravataí (RS). Originários de uma fábrica de colchões que fechou suas portas no ano de 2000 este grupo de trabalhadores depara-se com as dificuldades do trabalho numa nova configuração, a empresa sem patrão. Nos empreendimentos tidos como autogestionários trata-se de (re)construir uma nova forma de pensar e agir, de superar práticas anteriormente instituídas pela sociedade assalariada industrial. Oriundos de uma cultura individualista, competitiva e hierarquizada dentro das empresas, encontram-se despreparados para o exercício da cooperação e da participação. Estudos revelam o aumento considerável de cooperativas de trabalho e produção nos últimos anos no Brasil. Neste sentido, a pesquisa empírica torna-se relevante para o conhecimento da efetiva organização e das relações de trabalho que esses empreendimentos abrigam. Frente a um cenário de flexibilização do trabalho formal e fragilização dos direitos sociais, torna-se imprescindível a construção de uma agenda teórica que dê conta de entender e explicar este fenômeno. A investigação pretende auxiliar, também, no debate sobre o papel das cooperativas, debate hoje polarizado entre a visão pragmática de mera redução de custos empresariais e a alternativa de maior autonomia e democratização do trabalho para os trabalhadores na perspectiva da economia solidária (LIMA, 2004, p. 45-46). / This thesis questions about the management practices of employees associated to cooperatives that intend to manage themselves self used to work in companies with a multiple management. The research aims to compare the conceptions of self and heteronomous work within a cooperative production of foams, mattresses and fabrics in matelasse2 called COOPERSPUMA located in the city of Gravataí (RS). Originate from a mattress factory which closed its doors in 2000, this group of workers is facing the difficulties of working in a new configuration, without the company boss. In enterprises considered self managed the point is to (re) construct a new way of thinking and acting in order to overcome past practices imposed by the industry employed society. Came from an individualistic culture, competitive and hierarchical within companies, they are unprepared to pursue the cooperation and participation. Studies show the considerable increase of labour cooperatives and production in recent years in Brazil. In this sense, the empirical research becomes relevant to the knowledge of effective organization and the relations of work that these projects shelter. In front of a context of easing the formal work and weakening of social rights, it is essential to build a theoretical agenda that is able to understand and explain this phenomenon. The research also aims to help in the discussion on the role of cooperatives, something that is polarized today between the pragmatic vision of mere reduction of business costs and the alternative of greater autonomy and democratization of work for employees in the view of the social economy (Lima, 2004, p.45-46).