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No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRBS.pdf: 2405110 bytes, checksum: 1979b071dc8baafe4d68beff7931d852 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Currently the area of HCI is experiencing the years of its third paradigm or third wave where the cultural issues and specially the human expressions such as emotions are very important. It is part of the human nature the need to express emotions, which play an important role in the development of intelligence, perception, learning and specially in communication. Given that people organize themselves in group in different situations, mainly for work purposes, the importance of communication is clear within these organizations that are mostly hierarchically organized. The communication that occurs without expression of emotions and understanding and response of the emotions expressed by other take the risk of loose sense. Thus, it is clear that emotions and emotional responsiveness are present in the communication and socialization among people. However, little is known about the "emotional world" of hierarchical organizations. This work explores the use of ICTs tools in the context of the communication in hierarchical organizations to look for emotional responsiveness and behavioral tendencies of their members. For this end, a prototype named EmotiFeed was developed and installed in a hierarchically organized mental care hospital, following the in-the-wild approach. The EmotiFeed encourages the Bottom-Up communication and allows the hospital directors to publish public notes to their employees that can express themselves emotionally about them. It was found evidences that the emotional responsiveness is promoted by the use of ICTs from both perspectives of high-level and low-level members. It was found that the high-level members are sensitive to the emotional feedback provided by the low-level members, checking and evaluating the impact of his/her publication and adjusting the content of the public notes, tending to publish public notes with emotional content above neutral and around positive. It was also found that the low- level members have sensitivity to the repost of the high-level members, reflecting on the previous and the current public note and can be expressed in order to be better understood. / Atualmente, a área da IHC vivencia anos do seu terceiro paradigma ou terceira onda, onde questões culturais e, principalmente, as expressões humanas como as emoções são de extrema importância. Faz parte da natureza humana a necessidade de expressar emoções, que desempenham um papel importante no desenvolvimento da inteligência, percepção, aprendizado e, principalmente, na comunicação. Tendo em vista que as pessoas se organizam em grupo para diversas situações e principalmente para fins de trabalho, percebe-se a importância da comunicação dentro destas organizações, que são organizadas hierarquicamente em sua maioria. A comunicação que ocorre sem a expressão de emoções e a compreensão e resposta das emoções expressadas por outros corre o risco de perder o sentido, sendo prejudicada. Assim, percebe-se que as emoções e a responsividade emocional estão presentes na comunicação e socialização entre pessoas. Todavia, pouco se sabe sobre o “mundo emocional” das organizações hierárquicas. Este trabalho explora o uso de TICs no contexto da comunicação em organizações hierárquicas a fim de verificar se há responsividade emocional por parte dos membros da organização bem como suas tendências comportamentais. Para isto, um protótipo nomeado EmotiFeed foi desenvolvido e instalado num hospital psiquiátrico organizado hierarquicamente, seguindo a abordagem de estudo in-the-wild. O EmotiFeed estimula a comunicação Bottom-Up e permite que os diretores do hospital publiquem comunicados para seus funcionários, que por sua vez podem se expressar emocionalmente sobre eles. Encontrou-se indícios de que a responsividade emocional é promovida pelo uso de TICs tanto na perspectiva dos membros executivos quanto na perspectiva dos membros da base da organização. Verificou-se que os membros de alto nível são sensíveis ao feedback emocional provindo dos funcionários, verificando e avaliando o impacto de suas publicações e ajustando o conteúdo dos comunicados, tendendo a publicar comunicados com conteúdo emocional acima de neutro e próximo de positivo. Verificou-se também que os funcionários apresentam sensibilidade à repostagem dos membros de alto nível, refletindo sobre o comunicado publicado anteriormente e o atual, podendo se expressar novamente a fim de serem melhor compreendidos.

Syftet med denna studie är att förstå hur fenomenet platthet fungerar och upplevs i organisationer samt att få en ökad förståelse för självorganisering och formella och informella strukturer i icke-hierarkiska organisationer. En experimentell fenomenologisk studie gjordes på svenska platta organisationer med kriteriet få eller inga mellannivåer av chefer. Metoden som användes var en metodkombination där gruppintervjuer och djupintervjuer kombinerades. Totalt intervjuades åtta antal personer på företagen där en semistrukturerad intervjuguide användes som baserades på Jo Freemans essä The Tyranny of structurelessness från 1970. Det empiriska materialet kategoriserades senare genom en tematisk innehållsanalys och analyserades genom tre ansatser för att kunna identifiera och beskriva hur företagen var platta. Resultatet och analysen visade att de två företagen kunde anses vara platta på olika sätt. Andra fynd var att konceptet platt är komplext där olika faktorer samspelar med varandra. Vidare forskning bör fokusera på om det är organisationen som initierar platthet eller om rätt individer väljs in i en organisation och gör den platt. Vidare forskning kan också fokusera på intersektionalitet och hur identitet och makt samspelar i en platt organisation för att främja demokratisk deltagarmakt. / The purpose of this study is to understand how the phenomenon of flatness works and is experienced in organizations and to gain an increased understanding of self-organization and formal and informal structures in non-hierarchical organizations. An experimental phenomenological study was conducted on two flat organizations in Sweden with the criterion of few or no middle levels of managers. The method used was a method combination where group interviews and in-depth interviews were combined. A total of eight people were interviewed at the companies where a semi-structured interview guide based on Jo Freeman's essay The Tyranny of structurelessness from 1970 were used. The empirical material was later categorized through a thematic content analysis and analyzed through three approaches to be able to identify and describe how the companies were flat. The result and the analysis showed that the two companies could be considered flat in different ways. Other findings were that the concept flat is complex where different factors interact with each other. Further research should focus on whether it is the organization that initiates flatness or whether the right individuals are selected into an organization and make it flat. Further research can also focus on intersectionality and how identity and power interact in a flat organization to promote democratic participation.