Cette thèse de doctorat à été réalisée au sein du Laboratoire des Écoulements Géophysiques et Industriels (LEGI) et du Service des Basses Températures du CEA de Grenoble. Ce travail expérimental a porté sur l'étude comparative de la turbulence classique et quantique à très grand nombre de Reynolds d'un écoulement turbulent de jet d'hélium liquide normal (HeI) et superfluide (HeII) entre 2.3K et 1.78K. Le travail s’est en premier lieu concentré sur le développement des moyens d'essais (une soufflerie cryogénique à boucle fermée pressurisée et régulée en température) et sur l'adaptation de la technique de l'anémomètrie à fil chaud aux basses températures. L’étude s’est poursuivie par l'analyse statistique du champ de vitesse en He I et, plus particulièrement, des incréments spatiaux de vitesse en fluide normal montrant un bon accord avec la littérature et fournissant un véritable point de départ pour la mise en évidence de comportements différents en HeII. Les résultats obtenus en superfluide montrent d'une part un comportement classique à grande échelle et, d’autre part, des écarts aux petites échelles qui dépendent de la température du fluide (i.e. de la fraction variable de superfluide). L'effet le plus évident se manifeste par un changement du signe de la fonction de structure d'ordre 3 des incréments de vitesse. / This experimental work is focused on the the statistical study of the high Reynolds number turbulent velocity field in an inertially driven liquid helium axis-symmetric round jet at temperatures above and below the lambda transition (between 2.3 K and 1.78 K) in a cryogenic wind tunnel. The possibility to finely tune the fluid temperature allows us to perform a comparative study of the quantum HeII turbulence within the classical framework of the Kolmogorov turbulent cascade in order to have a better understanding of the energy cascade process in a superfluid. In particular we focused our attention on the intermittency phenomena, in both He I and He II phases, by measuring the high order statistics of the longitudinal velocity increments by means of the flatness and the skewness statistical estimators.A first phase consisted in developing the cryogenic facility, a closed loop pressurized and temperature regulated wind tunnel, and adapting the classic hot-wire anemometry technique in order to be able to work in such a challenging low temperature environment. A detailed calibration procedure of the fully developed turbulent flow was the carried out at 2.3 K at Reynolds numbers based on the Taylor length scale up to 2600 in order to qualify our testing set-up and to identify possible facility-related spurious phenomena. This procedure showed that the statistical properties of the longitudinal velocity increments are in good agreement with respect to previous results.By further reducing the temperature of the working fluid (at a constant pressure) below the lambda point down to 1.78K local velocity measurements were performed at different superfluid density fractions. The results show a classic behaviour of the He II energy cascade at large scales while, at smaller scales, a deviation has been observed. The occurence of this phenomenon, which requires further investigation and modelling, is highlighted by the observed changing sign of the third order structure function of the longitudinal velocity increments. The intermittency phenomena is also observed and a quantitative analysis is carried out by measuring the scaling behaviour of the velocity increments flatness which is consistent with results obtained in Navier-Stokes fluids. This Ph.D. thesis has been carried out at the LEGI (Laboratoire des Écoulement Géophysiques et Industriels) laboratory in Grenoble and at the CEA Low Temperature Department (SBT) in Grenoble.

Direct and large-eddy simulations of wall-bounded turbulent flows in complex geometries are presented in the thesis. To avoid the challenging resolution requirements of the near-wall region, we develop a virtual wall model in generalized curvilinear coordinates and incorporate the non-equilibrium effects via proper treatment of the momentum equations. The wall-modeled large-eddy simulation (WMLES) framework is formulated based on the wall model, accomplished via the stretched-vortex subgrid scale (SGS) model for the LES region. Based on this, we develop high-resolution in-house CFD codes, including direct numerical simulation (DNS), wall-resolved simulation (WRLES) and WMLES for wall-bounded turbulence simulations in complex geometries. First, we present LES of flow past different airfoils with Rec, based on the free-stream velocity and airfoil chord length, ranging from 104 to 2.1106. The numerical results are verified with DNS at low Rec, and validated with experimental data at higher Rec, including typical aerodynamic properties such as pressure coefficient distributions, velocity components, and also more challenging measurements such as skin-friction coefficient and Reynolds stresses. The unsteady separation behavior is investigated with skin friction portraits, which reveal a monotonic shrinking of the near wall structure scale. Second, we present LES of turbulent flow in a channel constricted by streamwise periodically distributed hill-shaped protrusions. Two Reynolds number cases, i.e. Reh=10595 and 33000 (based on the hill height and bulk mean velocity through the hill crest), are utilized to verify and validate our WMLES results. All comparisons show reasonable agreement, which enables us to further probe simulation results at higher Reynolds number (Reh=105). The Reynolds number effects are investigated, with emphasis on the mean skin-friction coefficients, separation bubble size and pressure fluctuations. The flow field at the top wall is evaluated with the empirical friction law and log-law as in planar channel flows. Finally, we present DNS of flow past the NACA0012 airfoil (Rec=104, AoA=10) with wavy roughness elements located near the leading edge. The effects of 2D surface roughness on the aerodynamic performance are investigated. For k8, massive separation occurs and almost covers the suction side of the airfoil dominating the airfoil aerodynamic performance.

Ce travail porte sur l’étude des structures cohérentes dans une couche limite de plaque plane à hauts nombres de Reynolds (Reθ=9830 et Reθ=19660). L'estimation Stochastique Linéaire est utilisée pour reconstruire un champ de vitesses résolu en espace et en temps à partir des mesures aux fils chauds à 30 KHz et des mesures PIV à 4 Hz. Une base de données DNS d’un écoulement de canal turbulent a été utilisée pour valider la procédure de reconstruction. Le champ de vitesse reconstruit est comparé à un champ de référence extrait de la DNS avec la visualisation des contours du champ de vitesse, l’analyse spectrale, les corrélations, etc. Par ailleurs, une analyse statistique est réalisée sur le champ de PIV originale, les données issues des fils chauds et celles reconstruites. Les résultats obtenus sont comparés à ceux de Carlier et Stanislas (2005) qui servent de référence. Des algorithmes ont été développés pour extraire les structures cohérentes du champ reconstruit. Les régions de vitesse uniforme sont caractérisées avec leur diamètre hydraulique, leur durée de vie et leur contribution aux tenseurs de Reynolds. Pour les tourbillons, on leur associe un rayon, une circulation et une vorticité en plus de leur durée de vie et leur nombre calculé à une distance fixe de la paroi. L’organisation spatiale des structures est étudiée avec la corrélation de leurs fonctions indicatives. Le modèle simplifié à grandes échelles qui en découle est comparé à ceux qui existent dans la littérature / This study lies in the context of large scale coherent structures (uniform momentum regions and vortical motions) investigation in a near wall turbulent boundary layer at high Reynolds numbers (Reθ=9830 and Reθ=19660).   With a Linear Stochastic Estimation procedure based on correlations computation, a full time-resolved 3 component field is reconstructed at high frequency from stereo-PIV at 4 Hz and hot wire data at 30 kHz . A DNS database of turbulent channel flow was used to validate the reconstruction method. To evaluate the quality of the method, reconstructed velocity fluctuations are compared to refence ones extracted directly from the DNS database.  Furthermore,  a statistical analysis is performed on HWA, PIV and LSE velocity fields. The results obtained are compared to those from Carlier and Stanislas (2005). Algorithms were developed to extract coherent structures from the reconstructed field. Uniform momentum regions are characterized with their mean hydraulic diameter in the YZ plane, their life time and their contribution to Reynolds stresses. The vortical motions are characterized by their position, radius, circulation and vorticity in addition to their life time and their number computed at a fixed position from the wall. The spatial organization of the structures was investigated through a correlation of their respective indicative functions in the spanwise direction . The simplified large scale model that arised is compared to the ones in the literature

V této diplomové práci byla provedena série numerických výpočtů proudění kolem křídla s aktivním řízením proudu. Výpočty jsou provedeny pro různé úhly náběhu křídla s profilem NACA 0015. Křídlo s zařízením pro aktivní řízení proudu bylo testováno v podmínkách s Machovým číslem M=0,21 a Re= 2500000. Bylo zkoušeno více možných konfigurací s cílem nalézt nejúčinější variantu, která bude zároveň stále energeticky efektivní. Vybraný přístup k aplikaci aktivního řízení na křídle se od ostatních liší. Použito je velkých ploch pro vyfukování vzduchu o nízké rychlosti a zároveň v souvislosti s tím je studována energetická účinnost. Snížení odporu a zvýšení vztlaku je dosaženo změnou řídících veličin. Při určitých specifických podmínkách je zařízení schopno při velmi vysoké energetické účinnosti dosáhnout pro všechny úhly náběhu výrazného snížení odporu, zvýšení vztlaku křídla, nebo obojího zároveň. Maximální pokles odporu křídla na malých úhlech náběhu přesahuje 40% z celkového odporu křídla a stále s dodržením energetické účinnosti.

In this study, two major internal erosion initiation processes, suffusion and concentrated leak mechanisms, which lead to both defect formation in a dam’s body and its foundation and high throughflow in dams subjected to internal erosion were studied. This understanding has the potential to facilitate numerical modelling and expedite dam safety assessment studies.  The throughflow properties of coarse rockfill material were studied by; analysing filed pump test data, performing extensive laboratory experiments with a large-scale apparatus and numerically simulating the three-dimensional flow through coarse rock materials, replicating the material used in the laboratory experiments. Results from the tests demonstrate that the parameters of the nonlinear momentum equation of the flow depend on the Reynolds number for pore Reynolds numbers lower than 60000.  Numerical studies were also carried out to conduct numerical experiments. By applying a Lagrangian particle tracking method, a model for estimating the lengths of the flow channels in the porous media was developed.  The shear forces exerted on the coarse particles in the porous media were found to be significantly dependent on the inertial forces of the flow. Suffusion and concentrated leak mechanisms were also studied by means of laboratory experiments to develop a theoretical framework for continuum-based numerical modelling. An erosion apparatus was designed and constructed with the capability of applying hydraulic and mechanical loading. Results were then used to develop constitutive laws of the soil erosion as a function of the applied hydromechanical load for both suffusion and concentrated leak mechanisms. Both the initiation and mass removal rate of were found to be dependent on the soil in-situ stresses. A three-dimensional electrical-resistivity-based tomography method was also adopted for the internal erosion apparatus and was found to be successful in visualising the porosity evolution due to suffusion. / <p>QC 20161006</p>

Este trabalho é dedicado à análise e implementação de esquemas "upwind" de alta ordem modernos e o modelo de turbulência k-epsilon padrão no Freeflow-2D; um ambiente integrado para simulação numérica em diferenças finitas de problemas de escoamentos incompressíveis com superfícies livres. O propósito do estudo é a simulação de escoamentos de fluidos newtonianos incompressíveis, bidimensionais, confinados e/ou com superfícies livres e a altos valores do número de Reynolds. O desempenho do código Freeflow-2D atual é avaliada na simulação do escoamento numa expansão brusca e de um jato livre incidindo perpendicularmente sobre uma superfície rígida impermeável. O código é então aplicado na simulação de um jato planar turbulento em uma porção de fluido com superfície livre e estacionário. Os resultados numéricos obtidos são comparados com dados experimentais, soluções analíticas e soluções numéricas de outros trabalhos. / This work is devoted to the analysis and implementation of modern high-order upwind schemes and the standard k-epsilon turbulence model into the Freeflow-2D; a finite difference integrated environment for the numerical simulation of incompressible free surface flow problems. The purpose of this study is the two-dimensional simulation of high-Reynolds incompressible newtonian confined and/or free surface flows. The performance of the current Freeflow-2D code is assessed by applying it to the simulation of flow over a backward facing step and of an impinging free jet onto an impermeable rigid surface. The code is then applied to a turbulent planar jet into a pool. The numerical results are compared with experimental data, analytical solution, and numerical simulations of other works.

Mieux comprendre les spécificités de la dynamique des couches limites à grand nombre de Reynolds malgré les contraintes métrologiques et son coût de simulation numérique est crucial. A titre d'exemple, cette dynamique peut déterminer plus de la moitié de la traînée d'un avion en croisière. Décrire la turbulence pariétale peut guider la résolution numérique d'une partie des fluctuations à un coût maîtrisé par des stratégies WMLES (simulation des grandes échelles avec modèle de paroi). Les présentes analyses physiques de couches limites turbulentes incompressibles à gradient de pression nul et à grand nombre de Reynolds s'appuient sur des simulations numériques avancées. Après validation d'une base de données, le frottement moyen pariétal est décomposé selon l'identité FIK (Fukagata et al. (2002)), dont l'application malgré le développement spatial est discutée. Une analyse spectrale montre que les grandes échelles (\lambda_x > \delta) contribuent à environ la moitié du frottement vers Re_\theta = 10^4. Les limitations de l'identité FIK motivent la dérivation d'une décomposition physique de la génération du frottement dont le comportement asymptotique est alors relié à la production d'énergie cinétique turbulente dans la zone logarithmique. Pour mieux reconstruire les spectres spatiaux, une nouvelle méthode d'estimation de la vitesse de convection turbulente en fonction de la longueur d'onde des fluctuations, adaptée au développement spatial et à des signaux temporels de durée finie, est dérivée, interprétée et évaluée à Re_\theta = 13000. Certaines des conclusions éclairent des modifications d'une stratégie WMLES, le mode III de la méthode ZDES. / Better understanding the specificities of the dynamics of high-Reynolds number boundary layers despite metrological constraints and its numerical simulation cost is crucial. For instance, this dynamics can determine more than half of the drag of a cruising aircraft. Describing wall turbulence can guide the numerical resolution of some of the fluctuations at a limited cost by WMLES strategies (wall-modelled large eddy simulation). The present physical analyses of zero-pressure gradient incompressible turbulent boundary layers at high Reynolds number rely on advanced numerical simulations. After validating a database, mean skin friction is decomposed by means of the FIK identity (Fukagata et al. (2002)), whose application despite the spatial growth is discussed. A spectral analysis shows that the large scales (\lambda_x > \delta) contribute approximately half of the friction near Re_\theta = 10^4. The limitations of the FIK identity motivate the derivation of a physical decomposition of the generation of friction whose asymptotic behaviour is then related to turbulent kinetic energy production in the logarithmic layer. In order to better reconstruct spatial spectra, a new method to estimate the turbulent convection velocity as a function of the wavelength of the fluctuations, adapted to spatial growth and to temporal signals of finite duration, is derived, interpreted, and assessed at Re_\theta = 13000. Some of the conclusions enlighten modifications to a WMLES strategy, mode III of the ZDES method.

Este trabalho é dedicado à análise e implementação de esquemas "upwind" de alta ordem modernos e o modelo de turbulência k-epsilon padrão no Freeflow-2D; um ambiente integrado para simulação numérica em diferenças finitas de problemas de escoamentos incompressíveis com superfícies livres. O propósito do estudo é a simulação de escoamentos de fluidos newtonianos incompressíveis, bidimensionais, confinados e/ou com superfícies livres e a altos valores do número de Reynolds. O desempenho do código Freeflow-2D atual é avaliada na simulação do escoamento numa expansão brusca e de um jato livre incidindo perpendicularmente sobre uma superfície rígida impermeável. O código é então aplicado na simulação de um jato planar turbulento em uma porção de fluido com superfície livre e estacionário. Os resultados numéricos obtidos são comparados com dados experimentais, soluções analíticas e soluções numéricas de outros trabalhos. / This work is devoted to the analysis and implementation of modern high-order upwind schemes and the standard k-epsilon turbulence model into the Freeflow-2D; a finite difference integrated environment for the numerical simulation of incompressible free surface flow problems. The purpose of this study is the two-dimensional simulation of high-Reynolds incompressible newtonian confined and/or free surface flows. The performance of the current Freeflow-2D code is assessed by applying it to the simulation of flow over a backward facing step and of an impinging free jet onto an impermeable rigid surface. The code is then applied to a turbulent planar jet into a pool. The numerical results are compared with experimental data, analytical solution, and numerical simulations of other works.

The incompressible Navier-Stokes equations have proven formidable for nearly a century. The present difficulties are mathematical and computational in nature; the computational requirements, in particular, are exponentially exacerbated in the presence of high Reynolds number. The issues are further compounded with the introduction of markers or an immiscible fluid intended to be tracked in an ambient high Reynolds number flow; despite the overwhelming pragmatism of problems in this regime, and increasing computational efficacy, even modest problems remain outside the realm of direct approaches. Herein three approaches are presented which embody direct application to problems of this nature. An LES model based on an entropy-viscosity serves to abet the computational resolution requirements imposed by high Reynolds numbers and a one-stage compressive flux, also utilizing an entropy-viscosity, aids in accurate, efficient, conservative transport, free of low order dispersive error, of an immiscible fluid or tracer. Finally, an integral commutator and the theory of anti-dispersive spaces is introduced as a novel theoretical tool for consistency error analysis; in addition the material engenders the construction of error-correction techniques for mass lumping schemes.

Nous nous intéressons au transport turbulent de particules de taille grande devant l’échelle de Kolmogorov. Cette situation se retrouve à la fois dans les écoulements naturels (comme le transport de sédiments) et dans les écoulements industriels (solutés solides dans un mélangeur par exemple). Pour aborder ce problème, nous étudions la dynamique de particules de taille proche de l’échelle intégrale, de densité égale ou légèrement différente de celle du fluide, dans un écoulement turbulent de von Kármán contra-rotatif, à l’aide d’un montage de suivi lagrangien rapide. L’étude de la dynamique rapide des particules montre une diminution forte des fluctuations selon la taille, mais aussi l’apparition d’un phénomène nouveau : à partir d’une certaine taille, les particules n’explorent plus l’écoulement de façon homogène. Cette exploration préférentielle est liée à la structure moyenne de l’écoulement de von Kármán, qui crée une force de piégeage. Cette force devient alors supérieure aux fluctuations des particules quand leur taille dépasse une taille critique. Une étude dans le régime laminaire, où l’écoulement moyen domine largement les fluctuations, a en effet mis en évidence un piégeage fortement accru. Les particules orbitent alors pendant des temps très longs autour des attracteurs stables des particules fluides de l’écoulement laminaire. Même en régime pleinement turbulent, le déplacement des particules entre ces zones s’effectue sur des durées longues, décorrélées des temps de la dynamique turbulente. Nous avons adapté les outils d’analyse pour caractériser cette dynamique et l’avons comparée à celle de particules isodenses dans un écoulement de von Kármán qui possède deux états asymétriques. Nous avons également élaboré un modèle qui reproduit ces caractéristiques dans les cas symétrique et asymétrique. Ces questions sont intimement liées au transfert de masse ou de chaleur entre une particule et l’écoulement. Nous avons donc aussi étudié la fusion de grosses billes de glace en turbulence développée, analysant l’influence de la taille des billes et de la vitesse de glissement sur le transfert thermique, à l’aide d’un montage d’ombroscopie afocale. Nous avons notamment montré que les grosses billes de glace fondent dans un régime ultime de convection forcée lorsqu’elles sont librement advectées par l’écoulement. / We are interested in the turbulent transport of particles whose size is bigger than the Kolmogorov length scale. This issue takes place as much in natural flows (such as sediment transport) as in industrial flows (solid solute in mixer for instance). To tackle this problem, we study the dynamics of particle with size close to the integral length scale, whose density can be neutral or slightly different from the one of the fluid, in a turbulent counter-rotating von Kármán flow, through a fast Lagrangian tracking setup. Studying the fast scale motions, we find out that the fluctuations decrease strongly with particle diameter, but we also discover a new phenomena: particles bigger than a certain size do not sample the flow homogeneously. This preferential sampling is link to the von Kármán mean structure, which applies a trapping force on the particles, overcoming their fluctuations as their size becomes bigger than a critical size. A study in the laminar flow regime, where the mean flow is much greater than the fluctuations, showed an strongly increased trapping effect. The particles indeed orbit for very long times around stable attractors of the fluid particles of the laminar flow. Even in turbulent regime, the motion of the particle between these areas occurs at long times intervals, in a decorrelated way of the turbulent motion. We adapted our analysis tools to characterize this dynamics, comparing it to the one of large neutrally-buoyant particles in a von Kármán flow which presents two asymmetric states. We also designed a model that can reproduce these characteristics in both symmetrical and asymmetrical cases. These issues are tightly linked to mass or heat transfer between a particle and the carrier flow. Therefore, we also studied the melting dynamics of large ice balls in fully developed turbulence, analyzing the impact of particles size and sliding velocity on the turbulent heat transfer, through an afocal shadowgraphy setup. We showed in particular that large freely advected ice balls melt in the ultimate regime of heat transfer.