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Influência do teor de carbono na formação da camada de nitretos e nas propriedades mecânicas em aços da família 43XX submetidos à nitretação a plasma /Sakamoto, Felipe Sannomiya. January 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Antonio Jorge Abdalla / Banca: José Vitor Candido de Souza / Banca: Rosinei Batista Ribeiro / Resumo: Os aços de alta resistência da série AISI 43XX apresentam importantes aplicações na indústria aeroespacial e automobilística. Devido as suas características, podem atingir altos limites de escoamento e resistência. A presença de elementos de liga como cromo, molibdênio e níquel juntamente com o teor de carbono, variando neste estudo de 0,20 a 0,70 %, podem promover melhorias nas propriedades mecânicas. O tratamento de superfície de nitretação utilizado pode promover melhorias nas propriedades de corrosão, desgaste e aumento da dureza superficial. Neste estudo foi aplicado o tratamento de nitretação a plasma em amostras dos aços da família AISI 43XX e foi avaliada, de forma comparativa, as alterações na superfície e na microestrutura dos aços nitretados em relação aos não nitretados. A elevação do teor de carbono pode dificultar ou reduzir a formação da camada de nitretos, portanto, é importante avaliar a influência do percentual de carbono nestas estruturas. As características microestruturais foram analisadas por microscopia óptica, microdureza e difração de raios-X. Foram também estudadas a influência do teor de carbono no aço apenas temperado e temperado e revenido. Com o aumento do teor de carbono do aço foi observada a elevação na dureza do aço temperado ou apenas recozido. O tratamento termoquímico de nitretação a plasma elevou a dureza da superfície para valores em torno de 800 HV, dureza superior à encontrada no substrato. A profundidade da zona de difusão de nitrogên... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The high strenght steel from series AISI 43XX are heavely applied on the aerospacial and automotive industry. Due to their chacteristics, they reach high yield values and resistence levels. The presence of chrome, nickel and molybdenum allied with the carbon content, from 0,20 to 0,70% in this study, can provide improvements on the mechanical properties. The nitriding surface threatment used may provide improvement on corrosion, wear properties and increase the surface hardness. In this study was applied the nitriding plasma threatment on samples of family 43XX steel and was evaluated, on comparative basis, the alterations on the surface and in the microstructure of nitrided steels in comparison to not nitrided steels. Higher carbon content may hamper or reduce the nitrides deposition, therefore, it is important to evaluate the influence of the carbon concentration in theses structures. The microstructure characteristics were analysed by optical microscopy, microhardness and X-ray difraction. The nitriding plasma thermochemical threatment raised the surface hardness to values of about 800 HV, higher than the values measured in the substract. The nitrogen diffused zone of higher carbon content steels was thicker than the lower. The content of arrested austenite increased as the carbon contend increased, but was just possible to measure it by optical microscopy, because it is difficult to measure lower contents than 5% or homogen and thick distributed by X-ray difraction / Mestre
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Estudo da influência do tratamento térmico a laser nas características dos aços avançados de alta resistência dual phase 600 e transformed induced plasticity 750 /Amorim, Marcelo Soares. January 2016 (has links)
Orientador: Fernando de Azevedo Silva / Coorientador: Davi Neves / Banca: Marcelino Pereira do Nascimento / Banca: Rosinei Batista Ribeiro / Resumo: Os aços avançados de alta resistência são de importância na indústria moderna da mobilidade. Na indústria automobilística, por exemplo, é previsto que o uso destes materiais cresça de maneira acentuada nos próximos anos. Algumas características destes materiais podem ser melhoradas por meio de tratamento térmico, seja ele em toda a extensão do produto ou em partes específicas para as quais se deseja um dado comportamento mecânico. Neste trabalho se propôs a investigação inicial do efeito de um tratamento térmico local por radiação laser, uma forma controlada de adição de energia, nas propriedades mecânicas e na microestrutura de dois destes materiais. Os materiais estudados foram os aços dual phase (DP 600) e o transformed induced plasticity (TRIP 750), e a contribuição pretendida aqui foi prover informações sobre a interação entre a radiação laser e os materiais de estudo, dentro de determinados parâmetros de processamento térmico. Para a caracterização dos materiais, conforme recebidos e após os tratamentos térmicos a laser propostos, foram realizados ensaios metalográficos, de difratometria de raios-X, de dureza e de tração. Verificou-se que, para a faixa de parâmetros de processo experimentada, houve mudanças significativas nas características dos materiais estudados, notadamente um aumento na dureza superficial, alcançando valores correspondentes ao dobro dos relativos aos materiais sem tratamento, nos limites de escoamento, com aumentos de até 15% com relação ao material-base, e de resistência, com aumentos até cerca de 30% com relação ao material-base. Por outro lado, verificou-se uma diminuição no alongamento específico dos materiais, quando submetidos a ensaios de tração, de até 80% com relação aos materiais sem tratamento térmico / Abstract: The advanced high strength steels are of importance in modern mobility industry. In the automotive industry, for example, it is anticipated that the use of such materials will be increased in the near future. Some characteristics of these materials can be improved through heat treatments, considering the entire mass of the product or in specific regions of a part, for which it is necessary a particular mechanical behavior. This work focused on the initial investigation of a local heat treatment by laser radiation, a controlled form of energy addition, in the mechanical properties and microstructure of two of these materials. The studied materials are the dual phase steel (DP 600) and the transformed induced plasticity steel (TRIP 750), and the desired contribution here was to provide information about the interaction between the laser radiation and the studied materials for a given range of thermal processing parameters. To characterize the materials as received and after proposed laser heat treatments, metallographic evaluation, X-ray diffraction, and hardness and tensile tests were performed. It was found that, for the range of process parameters investigated, there were significant changes in the characteristics of the materials, notably an increase in surface hardness, reaching values corresponding to twice of those for materials without treatment, in the yield limits, with increases of up to 15% with respect to the base material, and strength limits, with increases up to about 30% with respect to the base material. On the other hand, there was a decrease in the elongation of materials, when subjected to tensile tests, up to 80% in comparison to materials without heat treatment / Mestre
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Analytical techniques for determining temperatures, thermal strains, and residual stressesPapazoglou, V. J. (Vassilios John) January 1981 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Vassilios John Papazoglou. / Ph.D.
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Bond Strength of ASTM A615 Grade 100 Reinforcement for BeamsRebecca L. Glucksman (5930642) 03 January 2019 (has links)
<div>In the past decade, high-strength reinforcement (fy > 60 ksi) has become more prevalent and more widely accepted. Building codes such as ACI 318-14 do not address the use of highstrength reinforcement for proper development and splicing of reinforcement. Furthermore, research on development of high-strength reinforcement is limited. The objective of the study is to develop a suitable expression for the development and splicing of high-strength reinforcement.</div><div>Of particular interest is evaluating the influence of splice length and confinement on bond strength as well as evaluating the effectiveness of high-strength transverse reinforcement on bond strength. The study tested 22 large-scale concrete beams reinforced with ASTM A615</div><div>Grade 100 deformed steel bars: 11 specimens without transverse reinforcement within the splice region (unconfined) and 11 specimens with transverse reinforcement within the splice region (confined). Splice lengths varied from 40 bar diameters to 120 bar diameters, which are some of the largest ever tested. The effect of the test variables which were systematically studied, found</div><div>that splice strength is nonlinearly related with splice length and can be represented by a power equation. Furthermore, it was found that high-strength transverse reinforcement does not improve bond strength compared with the use of Grade 60 transverse reinforcement. Considering the test results and review of historical test results, an analytical investigation was conducted which developed a simple expression for estimating the capacity of both unconfined</div><div>and confined beams. The results are compared with the current building code design expressions as well as other proposed bond strength equations. The research conducted here provides the basis for development of a design expression that will allow for the incorporation of highstrength reinforcement in future building codes.</div>
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Estudo de confiabilidade no projeto de pilares esbeltos de concreto de alta resistência / Reliability study of long high-strenght concrete columnsDamas, Alexandra Pinto January 2015 (has links)
A nova norma NBR 6118:2014, Projeto de estruturas de concreto – Procedimento, traz recomendações específicas para o dimensionamento de estruturas de concreto com resistência característica à compressão (fck) superior a 50 MPa, às quais não faziam parte de sua versão anterior NBR 6118:2007. Os pilares de concreto armado são as peças estruturais que mais se beneficiam com a utilização de concretos de elevada resistência, pois o seu emprego torna possível a redução da seção transversal, o emprego de menores taxas de armadura e um melhor desempenho estrutural. Então, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a confiabilidade de pilares de concreto armado projetados de acordo com estas novas especificações para concreto de alta resistência. Inicialmente foi feita a validação de um modelo numérico de elementos finitos para representar o comportamento de pilares esbeltos de concreto armado. Após, considerando-se a variabilidade das resistências dos materiais e das dimensões da seção transversal, empregando-se o método de Monte Carlo é feita a determinação do valor médio, desvio padrão e distribuição de probabilidade da capacidade resistente destes pilares. Finalmente, combinando-se as propriedades da distribuição de probabilidade da capacidade resistente destes pilares, as propriedades estatísticas do carregamento, empregando-se o Método de Monte Carlo, foram determinados os índices de confiabilidade alcançados no projeto de diversos tipos de pilares, variando-se a resistência à compressão do concreto, a taxa de armadura, o índice de esbeltez e a relação entre as parcelas variável e permanente do carregamento. Desta forma, através de modelos matemáticos implementados computacionalmente, é possível analisar a confiabilidade de pilares de concreto projetados pela NBR-6118:2014 para diferentes situações. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o índice de confiabilidade está normalmente em níveis adequados, sendo que os casos mais críticos são os de pilares mais esbeltos e cuja parcela da carga acidental seja muito significativa. / The new Brazilian design code NBR 6118:2014, Design of concrete structures – Procedure, introduces new recommendations to the design of concrete structures with a concrete characteristic compressive strength (fck) higher than 50 MPa, which were not part of the previous version of this code NBR 6118:2007. The use of high-strength concrete is most advantageous in the design of concrete columns because it allows a reduction of the concrete cross sectional area, the use of lower steel ratio and a better structural performance. The objective of this study is to evaluate, through numerical modeling, the reliability reached in the design of reinforced concrete columns according to these new specifications for high strength concrete present in the new code. At first, a finite element model for slender reinforced concrete columns is validated. Then, once the variability of the materials strength and column’s dimensions are known, by using the Monte Carlo method, the mean value, standard deviation and the probability distribution of the column resistance are determined. Finally, by combining the statistical properties of the column resistance with the loading probability distribution and using the Monte Carlo method the reliability index for each designed column is calculated. Different types of columns are studied by varying the concrete characteristic compressive strength, the slenderness ratio, the first order eccentricity, the steel ratio and the live to dead load ratio. Therefore, through numerical models, it is possible to analyze the reliability for concrete columns in different situations designed by the NBR-6118:2014. In conclusion, the results achieved are normally in adequate reliability levels, and the critical cases are the long columns under condition of high live to dead load ratio.
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Estudo comparativo do efeito de diferentes arames de adição em juntas soldadas de aços de fase dupla no comportamento em fadiga por flexãoMezzomo, Tiago January 2015 (has links)
Atualmente, no setor de máquinas agrícolas o uso de aços de alta resistência está começando a ganhar espaço e cada vez mais lembrado nos projetos estruturais; para atender as necessidades citadas acima e também para redução de emissão de poluentes. A utilização dos aços de alta resistência na indústria de implementos agrícolas está focada nos aços DP (Dual Phase), sendo este o objeto de estudo desta presente pesquisa. Este trabalho visa analisar o comportamento mecânico, priorizando a análise de resistência à fadiga em flexão de uniões soldadas através do processo de soldagem de metal de gás ativo (GMAW) utilizando dois tipos de arames como material de adição. Neste estudo foram utilizadas chapas metálicas de aços de alta resistência da marca DOCOL 1000 fabricado pela SSAB e os arames de adição fornecidos pela ESAB, sendo um usado largamente na indústria de maquinas agrícolas e o outro um fio especial desenvolvido para soldagem de aços de alta resistência e baixa liga. O processo de solda robotizada foi adotado para assegurar a homogeneidade dos cordões das juntas durante a obtenção das amostras. Para a análise das características mecânicas das amostras foi realizado o ensaio de flexão estático, caracterização macroestrutural, perfil de microdureza e ensaios de fadiga de flexão em quatro pontos. Os resultados mostraram que a vida em fadiga, por flexão em quatro pontos, nas juntas soldadas com o material de adição para aço carbono comum obteve uma melhor resposta em relação ao material de adição especial para soldagem de aços de alta resistência, porém pode-se verificar que ambas as curvas de fadiga respeitaram a curva de projeto conforme norma. / Nowadays, in the agricultural industry the use of high strength steels is being used each day more and more as well and increasingly coming in our mind in structural designs, to meet the requirements mentioned above and also to reduce the emission of pollutants. The highstrength steels application in the agricultural machinery industry is focused on the DP steels (Dual Phase), which is the subject of this present study. The focus of this work is analyze the mechanical behavior, prioritizing the deflection fatigue strength analysis on welded joints by Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process using two welding wire types. In this study it was used high strength steels sheet metal called DOCOL 1000, manufactured by SSAB and solder wires supplied by ESAB, and one widely used in the agricultural machinery industry for carbon steel welding and other a special wire developed for high strength. The robotic welding process was used to ensure the homogeneity of the weld bead on the samples manufacture process. For the mechanical characteristics analysis was done the static bending test, macrography, microhardness profile and deflection fatigue tests by four points. The results showed that the fatigue life, four-point bending, at welded joint used welding wire to carbon steel achieved a better result regarding a special welding wire to high strength steel, however, both fatigue curve respected project curve as British Standard.
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Uncertainty Analysis of Mechanical Properties from Miniature Tensile Testing of High Strength SteelsMalpally, Deepthi Rao 01 May 2014 (has links)
This Miniature mechanical testing study is concerned with the use of miniature specimens to identify the mechanical properties of stainless steel Type 304, sensitized Type 304 and SA516 Grade 70 carbon steel as a viable replacement for the standard sized mechanical testing. The study aims at obtaining suitable specimen geometry and tensile testing proce- dure for miniature mechanical testing whose mechanical properties are comparable to that of conventional specimens of ASTM A370-10 of the same steel. All specimens are at and the gauge length cross section will be varied to obtain suitable geometry. The miniature tensile testing results are further validated by using Monte Carlo Method (MCM) for uncertainty estimation in order to know the probability distribution of mechanical properties. Miniature specimens with a cross section of 3 mm2 and 12 mm gauge length are found to produce equiva- lent mechanical properties as tested from standard-sized specimens. If a reasonable agreement is received, it will provide us with a very useful tool to evaluate mechanical properties of de- graded materials, which cannot be removed from service for standard testing, for repair and service life evaluation.
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Particularities of the structural behaviour of reinforced high strength concrete slabsBliuc, Radu, Aerospace, Civil & Mechanical Engineering, Australian Defence Force Academy, UNSW January 2004 (has links)
The introduction of high strength concrete in construction demanded an assessment of the current methods of structural design. In the case of the slabs, the benefits brought about by concretes of higher strength could translate into design of slender sections. Theoretically these sections could be prone to excessive deflections. The flexural behaviour of such structural elements should be carefully assessed. The present thesis addresses a series of particular issues such as deflection at service loads, crack formation and development of tension stiffening and ductility. An experimental program on large-scale samples was conducted. Six one way and four two way slabs made of reinforced high strength concrete were tested under simulated and accurately measured equally distributed loads. Different loading stages were recorded. Crack formation, crack patterns and yield line disposition were observed. The main characteristics of concrete that influence the deflection behaviour were assessed based on collected data and on available literature results. Statistical methods were employed in order to refine empirical equations that help in the design of slabs. To improve the calculation of deflection of slabs a new equation for the effective moment of inertia was proposed. The new formula was integrated into a method of calculating deflection and verified against experimental results. Limits of the use of high strength concrete in slabs were investigated by means of a parametric study. This was designed to answer some questions as: which would be the most important characteristics of high-strength concrete that influence the design and up to what value of strength would the beneficial effect on deflection exhaust its effectiveness. Models based on the refined empirical equations for different concrete parameters were proposed. Another area that has been studied was the ductility of high strength concrete slabs. An analytical comparative study of the ductility of slabs reinforced with steel of different ductility class was conducted. Results were critically appraised and discussed.
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Strength and ductility of fibre reinforced high strength concrete columnsZaina, Mazen Said, Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW January 2005 (has links)
The main structural objectives in column design are strength and ductility. For higher strength concretes these design objectives are offset by generally poor concrete ductility and early spalling of the concrete cover. When fibres are added to the concrete the post peak characteristics are enhanced, both in tension and in compression. Most of the available experimental data, on fibre reinforced concrete and fibre reinforced high strength concrete columns, suggest that an improvement in both ductility and load carrying capacity due to the inclusion of the fibres. In this thesis the ductility and strength of fibre reinforced high strength concrete are investigated to evaluate the effect of the different parameters on the performance of columns. The investigation includes both experimental and the numerical approaches with 56 high strength fibre reinforced concrete columns being tested. The concrete strength ranged between 80 and 100 MPa and the columns were reinforced with 1, 2 or 2.6 percent, by weight, of end hooked steel fibres. The effect of corrugated Polypropylene fibres on the column performance was also examined. No early spalling of the cover was observed in any of the steel fibre reinforced column tested in this study. A numerical model was developed for analysis of fibre and non-fibre reinforced eccentrically loaded columns. The column is modelled as finite layers of reinforced concrete. Two types of layers are used, one to represent the hinged zone and the second the unloading portion of the column. As the concrete in the hinged layers goes beyond the peak for the stress verus strain in the concrete the section will continue to deform leading to a localised region within a column. The numerical model is compared with the test data and generally shows good correlation. Using the developed model, the parameters that affect ductility in fibre-reinforced high strength concrete columns are investigated and evaluated. A design model relating column ductility with confining pressure is proposed that includes the effects of the longitudinal reinforcement ratio, the loading eccentricity and the fibre properties and content and design recommendations are given.
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Analysis of current methods of flexural design for high strength concrete beamsTabassum, Javeria, javeriaajaz@yahoo.co.in January 2008 (has links)
Considerable amount of research was carried out into the properties and structural performance of high strength concrete for more than few decades. Whilst this research has produced relevant and useful results, there are several properties of high strength concrete like compressive and tensile strengths, stiffness, durability etc. that need to be evaluated and investigated to determine an accurate representation for the determination of different structural properties of beams made of high strength concrete. For this purpose, an investigation into the behaviour of beams made of higher concrete strengths has been carried out and conclusions drawn for the design of high strength concrete beams in flexure. Experimental data from previous research was considered for the study to establish some understanding of flexural behavior of HSC beams. A number of spreadsheets in Excel were developed using available data and various graphs were plotted to determine the accuracy of the code provisions for calculating the ultimate moment capacity of beams. A study on flexural ductility of beams has been carried out using a computer program FRMPHI which generates moment-curvature curves for the beams. Ductility has been studied using ductility factors. The influence of ductility on the value of the depth of neutral axis has been analysed and discussed. A chapter on the short-term deflection of simply supported high strength concrete beams under instantaneous deflections is presented. This chapter includes analysis of the available formula to calculate deflection to determine if these can be adopted for high strength concrete. Extensive ongoing research on the shear strength of beams by several researchers since many years has lead to the generation of a large body of knowledge. Although each author has analysed the data comparing them with existing relationships, the whole body of information has not been analysed to establish a statistical significance. In this study, regression analysis on experimental data collected from published research is carried a relationship between the different parameters affecting the shear strength of beams. The level of significance of the association between parameters influencing shear strength is also discussed.
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