Orientador: Paulo Roberto Ribeiro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica e Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T18:02:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PaulaJunior_RubensRibeirode_M.pdf: 2205711 bytes, checksum: 8d99ae4553a735e11f7c7662c3878d30 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O trabalho apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre poços HPHT, abordando o desafio na construção dos mesmos, com ênfase no aspecto de segurança de poço. Do ponto de vista de desenvolvimento, o trabalho envolveu a implementação de um modelo de controle de poços com fluidos de perfuração não aquosos em software existente (Unikick), que incorpora correlações empíricas derivadas de resultados experimentais com n-parafina e diesel. A importância dessa implementação deve-se ao fato de que a previsão do comportamento das pressões, vazões e volumes desenvolvidos em um poço durante a detecção e circulação de um kick de gás, é muito útil para o engenheiro de perfuração que poderá tomar decisões sobre a maneira mais segura de lidar com estas situações. Alguns estudos de casos foram realizados através de comparação dos resultados obtidos pelo Unikick e outros simuladores disponíveis e análise de sensibilidade de parâmetros. Nessa análise, foram simuladas circulações de kicks em terra e marítimos em várias lâminas d'água, com trajetórias verticais e horizontais e observados os comportamentos de parâmetros importantes durante o controle do poço, como a pressão no choke, pit gain e vazão de gás na superfície. / Abstract: The first part of the work provides a review of the literature on HPHT wells, addressing the challenge in the construction of these wells, emphasizing the safety aspects. From the point of view of development, the work involved an implementation of a well control model for nonaqueous drilling fluids using existing software (Unikick), that incorporates empirical correlations derived from experimental results with n-paraffin and diesel. The importance of this implementation is due to the fact that the estimation of the behavior of pressures, flow rates and volumes developed inside a well during gas kick detection and circulation out of the well is very useful for the drilling engineer to take decisions about the safest way to handle these situations. Some case studies were performed through the comparison of simulated results from Unikick and other simulators available and a sensitivity analysis. In this analysis, some kick circulations were simulated in onshore and offshore wells with various water depths, vertical and horizontal trajectories, when important parameters of well control were observed, such as choke pressure pit gain and gas flow rate at surface. / Mestrado / Explotação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Armando Lopes Moreno Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T18:03:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_AdrianaAparecidaAmbrosiode_M.pdf: 1895866 bytes, checksum: 56c9d86c8b6077c4a8e742e4b5060552 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Este trabalho trata da influência do tipo de agregado nas propriedades mecânicas do concreto não armado, quando submetido a temperaturas elevadas, avaliando as prováveis alterações na resistência à compressão, resistência à tração e no módulo de elasticidade. Apresenta-se um estudo experimental da influência dos três agregados escolhidos, argila expandida, basalto e calcário no comportamento do concreto submetido às temperaturas de 300°C e 600°C. Moldaram-se corpos-de-prova com os agregados escolhidos, utilizando misturas usuais da região de Campinas - SP, de dimensões 10cm x 20cm, onde procurou-se manter como parâmetro fixo a relação água/cimento para as três misturas. Através das propriedades mecânicas procurou-se avaliar o efeito do resfriamento rápido e lento após aquecimento, e a provável recuperação das mesmas pelo processo de reidratação do concreto. A reidratação foi feita com parte dos corpos-de-prova imersos em água, parte envolvida em filme plástico e parte exposta à temperatura e a umidade ambiente. Os ensaios para avaliar a resistência à compressão, a resistência à tração e o módulo de elasticidade, foram realizados para as idades de 7, 28, 56 e 112 dias. Os resultados obtidos, de maneira geral, comprovaram o decréscimo nas propriedades mecânicas avaliadas, indicado por normatização internacional em situação de incêndio. Foi comprovado o efeito prejudicial do resfriamento rápido e, por outro lado, foi quantificada a recuperação nas propriedades mecânicas avaliadas, provenientes da reidratação. Os resultados desta pesquisa, em sua grande maioria, são inéditos e serão de grande valia ao meio técnico nacional, carente de informações deste tipo. / Abstract: This work deals with aggregate types influence in mechanical properties of the concrete submitted to high temperatures, evaluating the probable alterations to compression and tension resistances and elasticity module. An experimental study of the three chosen aggregates influence is presented, expanded clay, basalt and limestone in the concrete behavior submitted to 300°C and 600°C temperatures. Samples were molded with the chosen aggregates, using usual mixtures in the region of Campinas -SP - Brazil with 10cm x 20cm dimensions, where it was maintained as a fixed parameter, the water-cement relation for the three mixtures. Through mechanical properties, the effect of quick and slow cooling after the heating, and their probable recuperation by the concrete re-hydratation process is evaluated. The re-hydratation was done with part of samples immersed in water, and part of it evolved in plastic and the other part exposed to room temperature and moisture. The tests to evaluate mechanical properties were accomplished for the ages of 7, 28, 56 and 112 days. The results proved the decrease in mechanical properties, tensile strength, compressive strength and modulus of elasticity, indicated in international standards to concrete behavior under fire effect. It was showed the injurious effect of cooled rapdly and on the other hand, it was evaluated the re-hydratation contribution in residual mechanical properties. The results of this study are previously unpublished and they will be important for means of technical, lacking of these informations. / Mestrado / Edificações / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Nesta dissertaÃÃo sÃo apresentados resultados de espalhamento Raman em cristais de Ãcido DL-aspÃrtico sob diversas condiÃÃes de temperatura. O Ãcido DL-aspÃrtico (C4H7NO4) cristaliza-se no grupo espacial C2h6 com oito molÃculas por cÃlula unitÃria, existindo portanto 128 Ãtomos na cÃlula unitÃria que darÃo origem a 384 modos normais de vibraÃÃo. Destes um total de 192 modos sÃo Raman ativos, que poderiam ser observados nos espectros nÃo polarizados, mas que por diversos fatores apenas parte desses modos à observada. Fez-se a identificaÃÃo tentativa de todos os modos normais de vibraÃÃo que aparecem no intervalo espectral entre 50 e 3200cm-1 e um estudo com variaÃÃo de temperatura entre 10 e 433K. O intervalo compreendido entre 0 e 150 cm-1 à de extrema importÃncia para detecÃÃes de transiÃÃes de fase estrutural pois contÃm os modos de vibraÃÃo da rede. No caso do Ãcido DL-aspÃrtico ocorreu uma inversÃo de intensidade para os modos em 82 e 87 cm-1, considerando os extremos do intervalo de temperatura medido. Tal inversÃo foi interpretada como uma pequena mudanÃa conformacional, nada associado a transiÃÃo. Com exceÃÃo desse fato nÃo ocorreram anomalias, nem aparecimento ou surgimento de modos nessa regiÃo, o que apontou para a estabilidade do material. Outro evento ocorreu nessa regiÃo: as bandas em 116 e 132 cm-1, bastante distintas a baixÃssimas temperaturas (< 150 K) tornam-se indistinguÃveis a 200 K. Tal fato nÃo pode ser associado a uma transiÃÃo de fase pois o prÃprio alargamento das linhas, consequÃncia do aumento da temperatura, implica a superposiÃÃo dos modos. Some-se a isso o fato de que nas vibraÃÃes de torÃÃo do NH3 e rocking do CO2â (modos associados Ãs ligaÃÃes de hidrogÃnio) ter-se observado linearidade nas curvas frequÃncia-temperatura. Por fim realizou-se um estudo de calorimetria diferencial de varredura, confirmando-se o que havia sido observado pela espectroscopia Raman â a estabilidade da estrutura em todo o intervalo de temperatura investigado. / This dissertation presents the results of Raman scattering in crystals of DL-aspartic acid under various temperature conditions. The DL-aspartic acid (C4H7NO4) crystallizes in space group C2h6 with eight molecules per unit cell, so there are 128 atoms in the unit cell that give rise to 384 normal modes of vibration. Of these modes a total of 192 modes are Raman active, which could be observed in not polarized spectra, but by various factors only some of these modes are observed. We did an attempt identification of all normal modes of vibration that appears in the spectral range between 50 and 3200cm-1 and a study with variation in temperature between 10 and 433 K. The interval between 0 and 150 cm-1 is extremely important for detection of phase transitions because it contains the structural modes of vibration of the lattice. In the case of DL-aspartic acid there was a reversal of intensity for the modes at 82 and 87 cm-1, in considering the extremes of temperature interval measured. This reversal was interpreted as a small conformational change, not associated with a phase transition. With exception of this reversal there were not anomalies, not appearance or disappearance of modes in this region, which pointed to the stability of the material. Another event occurred in this region: the bands at 116 and 132 cm-1, very different at very low temperatures (< 150 K) become indistinguishable at 200 K. This fact can not be associated with a phase transition because the broadening of bands, arising from increasing temperatures, implies the superposition of modes. Added to this there is the fact that the torsional vibrations of the NH3+ and rocking of CO2- (modes associated with hydrogen bonds) behaved linearly in frequency-temperature curves. Finally we did a study of differential scanning calorimetry, which confirmed what had been observed by Raman spectroscopy - the stability of the structure throughout the temperature range investigated.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The current civil building use several kinds of materials for fencing as solid or hollow bricks or closure function and structural like the structural masonry. The codes and national laws of fire protection define a minimum period of fire resistance for walls and sealing elements. However, the great majority of the codes offer few alternatives of materials and thicknesses to define the minimum capacity for fire. Normally in the suggested alternatives, when tested, the materials exhibit superior performance. The alternative to a proper definition of time of fire resistance is testing a prototype of the wall in real scale, usually being expensive test. The purpose of this paper is to study the behavior of structural masonry walls and its components against high temperatures using furnances adapted to this end. It was studied the level of degradation of the materials singly and within the set, the increasing of load in small walls due to the temperature rising, besides the residual strength of the masonry and its constituents after exposure the high temperatures. The rate of heating of the oven did not follow Standard Curve, even so, it was possible to verify which the laws are conservative in relation to the performance against high temperatures of the materials. The walls obtained good performance against high temperatures, showing low cracking level and maintaining the structural stability. It was tested mortars with various resistances to temperature of 900ºC, seeing that this temperature was sufficient to promote the complete deterioration of materials. Mortars of 4 MPa were heated to 400ºC, noting that remained intact, showing residual strength. It was observed that the type of aggregate used in mortars affect the weight loss and stability of the material when subject to high temperatures. It was molded ceramics prisms with mortar of 4 MPa to verify the residual strength after heating to 400º and 900ºC, noting that the strength these was higher than average for the same strength of mortars subjected to the same heating. In addition, failure stress of the small wall exposed the high temperatures was very close to the average of the ceramic prisms subjected to the same heating rate. / A construção civil atual utiliza diversos tipos de materiais para vedação como tijolos cerâmicos vazados ou maciços ou com função de fechamento e estrutural como a alvenaria estrutural. Os códigos e legislações nacionais de proteção contra incêndio definem um tempo mínimo de resistência ao fogo para paredes e elementos de vedação. Entretanto, a maioria desses códigos oferece poucas alternativas de materiais e espessuras mínimas para definir a capacidade de resistência ao fogo. Normalmente nas alternativas sugeridas, quando ensaiados, os materiais apresentam desempenho superior. A alternativa para a definição adequada do tempo de resistência ao fogo é ensaiar um protótipo da parede em escala real, sendo um ensaio geralmente dispendioso. A proposta deste trabalho é efetuar o estudo do comportamento de paredes de alvenaria estrutural e seus componentes frente a altas temperaturas, utilizando fornos adaptados para essa finalidade. Foi estudado o nível de degradação dos materiais isoladamente e no conjunto, o aumento de carga em pequenas paredes devido à elevação da temperatura, além da resistência residual da alvenaria e seus constituintes após exposição às altas temperaturas. A taxa de aquecimento do forno não seguiu a Curva Padrão de norma, mesmo assim, foi possível verificar que as legislações são conservadoras em relação ao desempenho frente ao fogo dos materiais. As paredes obtiveram bom desempenho frente às altas temperaturas, apresentando nível de fissuração baixo e mantendo a estabilidade estrutural. Foram ensaiadas argamassas de diversas resistências à temperatura de 900ºC, constatando que esta temperatura foi suficiente para promover a completa deterioração dos materiais. Argamassas de 4 MPa foram aquecidas a 400ºC, observando que mantiveram-se íntegras, apresentando resistência residual. Foi constatado que o tipo de agregado usado nas argamassas tem influência na perda de massa e estabilidade do material quando submetido a altas temperaturas. Foram moldados prismas cerâmicos com argamassa de 4 MPa para verificar a resistência residual após o aquecimento a 400º e 900ºC, constatando que a resistência desses foi superior a resistência média para as argamassas de mesma resistência submetidas ao mesmo aquecimento. Além disso, a tensão de ruptura da pequena parede exposta às altas temperaturas ficou bem próxima à média dos prismas cerâmicos submetidos à mesma taxa de aquecimento.

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La durabilité des matériaux employés en génie civil est remise en question par le vieillissement physico-chimique de ces matériaux pouvant engendrer des dégradations significatives qui peuvent mettre en péril la stabilité des structures du génie civil. Pour pallier à certains inconvénients des bétons hydrauliques, l'utilisation des matériaux composites à l'instar des bétons de résine, qui possèdent des qualités remarquables par rapport aux matériaux de construction conventionnels, s'avère très intéressant.À l'heure actuelle, les freins majeurs quant aux développements des bétons résines sont d'une part le coût de la résine dont le taux varie, selon l'application industrielle, de 5% à 25% et d'autre part leurs comportements aux températures élevées et au feu puisque les liants dans ces bétons sont des substances organiques qui résistent beaucoup moins à la chaleur que les matières inorganiques. L'objectif de l'étude est de favoriser le développement des bétons résines par la diminution du taux de la résine en optimisant les constituants du béton et l'amélioration de leurs ténues aux températures élevées par l'ajout des additions tout en assurant des performances mécaniques raisonnables. L'optimisation de la formulation du béton est menée sur deux étapes ; la première vise à optimiser le squelette granulaire (sable 0/4 et Gravier 4/10, silico-calcaires) expérimentalement en confrontant les résultats à ceux issus du modèle d'empilement compressible. La deuxième étape vise à optimiser la fraction massique du liant époxydique (6%, 9%, 13% et 16%) sur la base des essais de caractérisation mécaniques et physiques. Le deuxième objectif de l'étude a était menée par l'ajout des ignifugeants appartenant à deux familles différentes c'est-à-dire les hydroxydes de métal et les produits phosphorés inorganiques. Les propriétés physiques, thermiques et mécaniques des bétons additionnées et témoins, avant et après exposition à un cycle de chauffage-refroidissement de la température ambiante à une température de consigne de 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 225°C et 250 °C avec une vitesse de montée fixée à 0.5°C/min, ont été évaluées par les techniques de caractérisation usuelles en plus des essais d'analyses chimiques et thermiques.Cette étude aboutit à la formulation d'un béton optimal en terme de composition et à évaluer l'effet de l'addition des ignifugeants surtout sur les propriétés thermiques et mécaniques.Mots clés : béton de résine, optimisation, température élevée, ignifugeants, propriétés mécaniques, propriétés physiques, propriétés thermiques. / The material used in civil engineering applications must be re-evaluated because of their physicochemical ageing which can generate significant damages and hence put the stability of civil engineering structures in danger.The replacement of the hydraulic concrete by composite materials as the polymer concrete which offer higher properties compared to conventional construction materials seems to be very interesting. At the present time, the major restrain for the development of polymer concrete are on one hand the cost of the polymer whose ratio varies according to the industrial applications between 5% and 25%, and on the other hand their behaviour when exposed to high temperatures or fire since the resin acting as binder in these polymer concretes are organic substances which are more sensitive to heat than the inorganic matters as cement.The aim of this study was to help the development of polymer concrete by optimizing the formulation and improving their behaviour when exposed the high temperatures by incorporating additions while keeping acceptable mechanical performances.The optimisation of the formulation is done in two steps; the first step consists of optimising the aggregates content (Natural River sands 0/4 mm and crushed gravels 4/10 mm). Experimental results are compared to those given by means Compressible Packing Model. The second step consists of optimizing the amount of polymer (6%, 9%, 13% et 16%) based on mechanical and physical tests.The second aim of this work was fulfilled by the incorporation of two flame retardants belonging to metal hydroxide and phosphorous components types. Physical, thermal and mechanical properties of concretes with or without flame retardant, before and after heating-cooling cycle from ambient temperature to exposure temperature of 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 225°C et 250 °C with a rate of 0.5°C/min, are evaluated by common characterisation tests besides chemical and thermal ones. This study has leading to obtaining an optimum polymer concrete and evaluates the effect of flame retardant particularly on the thermal and mechanical properties.Keywords: polymer concrete, optimization, high temperatures, flame retardant, mechanical properties, physical properties, thermal properties.

This thesis deals with a high temperature testing of fracture toughness and studies the size effect on measured values using miniature size CT specimen. Two types of specimen geometry were manufactured from P91 steel, the standard size and the quarter size specimen. J-R curves were obtained in the temperature range from 23°C to 600°C. No specimen size effect was observed at room temperature tests. The realized experiments together with fractography analysis demonstrated the drop of toughness at 400°C caused by the effect of dynamic strain aging.

The present doctoral thesis is focused on the effect of dwells on the low cycle fatigue behaviour of advanced high temperature materials. 10 minutes strain holds are introduced into the cyclic straining of cast Ni-based superalloy IN792-5A and cast intermetallic alloy TiAl-7Nb which were chosen as experimental material. Fatigue experiments were conducted in strain control mode with constant total strain amplitude and strain rate. IN792-5A was subjected to continuous cyclic loading test as well as fatigue tests either with tensile peak strain holds or compressive peak strain holds at temperature 800 °C. TiAl-7Nb was experimentally examined by continuous cyclic loading tests and also by fatigue test with tensile peak strain hold times at temperature 750 °C. Cyclic hardening/softening curves, cyclic stress-strain curves, Manson-Coffin curves and Basquin curves were obtained. Stress relaxation data were measured during hold times. Mean stress evolution was observed and documented. Microstructure of both alloys was observed in as-received state and also after cyclic loading by means of SEM and TEM. Surface relief investigation revealed cyclic plastic strain localisation as well as fatigue crack initiation sites. Fatigue crack propagation was described using fracture surface and longitudinal gauge section observations. Dislocation structures developed in the course of fatigue tests were studied and documented.

Over the past decades, several new technologies/materials (such as WMA, RAP, rubber, polymers, bio-binders…etc.) were incorporated into asphalt mixtures. However, current mix-design specifications evaluate all mixtures containing these different additives/technologies based on volumetric. Further, RAP incorporation in asphalt mixtures is still limited, and the influence of lowered production temperatures on RAP contribution in RAP-WMA mixtures is understudied. To tackle these issues, this study presents a comprehensive evaluation of the effect of production factors ( RAP content and source, binder grade, and production temperatures) on the effective binder in WMA-RAP mixtures, and the role of the effective binder in controlling mixture performance.The experimental program included evaluation of the compaction, cracking, and rutting performance of WMA-RAP mixtures produced with a different combination of the production factors. The Semi-Circular Bend (SCB) test at intermediate temperatures was used for cracking evaluation, while the Indirect Tension Test at High Temperatures (IDT-HT) was used for rutting evaluation. Further, the study included rheological characterization of extracted binder from the mixtures to investigate the role of the effective binder on cracking performance. The results showed that the effective binder properties are changed significantly with changes in the production factors, as measured by the extracted binder rheological properties. Also, the properties of the effective binder showed a direct control of the mixture performance as measured by the IDT-HT strength and the flexibility index obtained from the SCB test. Binder selection limits were developed for lab-produced WMA-RAP mixtures based on the Glover-Rowe parameter. Finally, a validation study was conducted using data from four different projects, including a field project in Texas, FHWA’s accelerated loading facility, a laboratory mixture study in Wisconsin, and a New Hampshire DOT study to confirm the refine the findings of this study. / Civil Engineering

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The details of Polarization Modulation Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (PM-NSOM) are presented. How to properly calibrate and align the system is also introduced. A measurement of Muscovite crystal is used to display the capabilities of the setup. Measurements of supported Lβʹ 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) lipid bilayers are presented, emphasizing how it was tooled in exploiting the anisotropic nature of the acyl chains. A discussion of how the effective retardance (ΔS = 2π( n_e-n_o )t/λ) and the direction of the projection of the acyl chains (θ) are measured simultaneously is given, (where t is the thickness of the bilayer and λ is the wavelength of light used). It is shown from ΔS the birefringence (ne-no) of the bilayer is determined, by assuming the acyl chain tilt with respect to the membrane's normal to be ϕ ≈ 32. Time varying experiments show lateral diffusions of ~ 2 x 10-12 cm2/s. Temperature controlled PM-NSOM is shown to be a viable way to determine the main phase transition temperature (Tm) for going from the gel Lβʹ to liquid disorder Lα state of supported DPPC bilayers. A change of ΔS ~ (3.8 +/- 0.3 mrad) at the main phase transition temperature Tm (≈41^o C) is observed. This agrees well with previous values of (ne-no) and translates to an assumed <ϕ> ~ 32^o when T < Tm and 0^o when T > Tm. Evidence of supper heating and supper cooling will be presented, along with a discussion of the fluctuations that occur around Tm. Finally it is shown how physical parameters such as the polarizability are extracted from the data. Values of the transverse (αt) and longitudinal (αl) polarizabilites of the acyl chains are shown to be, αt = 44.2 Å3 and αl = 94.4 Å3, which correspond well with the theoretical values of a single palmitic acid (C16) αt = 25.14 Å3 and αl = 45.8 Å3.