This thesis will present results on the measurement of Z boson production in the electron channel associated with b-jets in proton-proton collision at 13 TeV, a measurement of fundamental interest in precision measurements and physics searches. This measurement represents important precision tests of perturbative QCD and provides information related to the b-quark inside of the proton. This measurement also represents one of the main sources of background in top quark production studies, Higgs precision measurements and the search for supersymmetric particles. The results on cross section measurements and kinematic distributions presented in this work have been unfolded to particle level and are compared to the four and five flavor schemes in Monte Carlo generators, showing that the predictions are consistent within the experimental uncertainties. In this thesis it will be also shown results of the development of the new event selection system proposed for high luminosity measurements. This system will be implemented during the second LHC long shutdown (2019-2020), which involves studies on the reconstruction of electrons using the concept of supercells, where the fine granularity of the cells of the ATLAS Liquid Argon detector is exploited to mitigate the problems to be found in high luminosity conditions. One of the problems is the increase of pile-up, caused by secondary collisions of protons in the same event, generating a large number of low pT jets that can be erroneously identified as electrons. The studies in this work introduce new discriminants based on the electromagnetic shower shape, showing that is possible to further reduce the rate of low pT jets maintaining a good performance on electron reconstruction. / Esta tese apresentará resultados da medida da produção de bósons Z no canal de elétrons associado com jatos b em colisões próton-próton a 13 TeV, uma medida de fundamental interesse em medidas de precisão e buscas por nova física. Essa medida representa importantes testes de precisão da QCD perturbativa e prove informações relacionadas ao quark b dentro do próton. Essa medida também representa uma das principais fontes de background na produção do quark top, medidas de precisão do Higgs e na busca de partículas supersimétricas. Os resultados na medida da seção de choque e distribuições cinemáticas apresentadas neste trabalho são comparados com os esquemas de quatro e cinco sabores nos geradores Monte Carlo, mostrando que as predições são consistentes dentro das incertezas experimentais. Nesta tese também serão apresentados estudos do desenvolvimento de um sistema de seleção de eventos proposto para medidas em alta luminosidade. Esse sistema será implementado durante o segundo LHC long shutdown (2019-2020), envolvendo estudos na reconstrução de elétrons usando o conceito de supercélulas, onde a fina granularidade das células do detector de Argônio Líquido do ATLAS será aproveitada para mitigar as dificuldades que se terão em condições de alta luminosidade. Um dos problemas é o aumento do empilhamento (pile-up), causado por colisões secundárias de prótons no mesmo evento, gerando uma grande quantidade de jatos de baixo pT que podem ser erroneamente identificados como elétrons. Os estudos neste trabalho apresentam novos discriminantes com base na forma da cascata eletromagnética, mostrando que é possível reduzir ainda mais a taxa de jatos de baixo pT mantendo uma boa reconstrução de elétrons.

Com base em indicadores bibliométricos de produção, colaboração e impacto, este trabalho investiga os artigos científicos brasileiros da Física de Altas Energias (FAE) indexados pelo Science Citation Index (SCI) da Web of Science (WoS) no período de 1983-2013. Fizeram parte do estudo todas as publicações em periódicos abrangidos na categoria de assunto Physics, Particles & Fields. Os dados foram organizados e analisados com auxílio dos softwares Bibexcel, UCINET, Gephi, Philcarto, SPSS, R e Excel 2007. Os 6.350 artigos sugerem que o crescimento anual da produção pode ter sido consequência da ampliação dos Programas de Pós-Graduação (PPGs) com linhas de pesquisa FAE e grupos do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), da participação do Brasil nas colaborações internacionais e da instituição da Rede Nacional de Física de Altas Energias (RENAFAE). A distribuição das artigos por Web of Science Category (WC) demonstrou que a área centraliza a publicação em um número reduzido de periódicos estrangeiros de língua inglesa, com destaque para Physical Review D (PRD). A Astronomia & Astrofísica com 45,63% e a Física Nuclear com 18,66% de participação foram as categorias predominantes. Os cientistas nacionais mais produtivos são da subárea experimental e filiados a instituições públicas do eixo Rio de Janeiro-São Paulo. As universidades foram responsáveis por 80,92% da produção. A coautoria entre indivíduos cresceu ao longo do período, registrando média de 155,89 autores por artigo. O estudo por amostragem provou que a parcela de publicações de autoria única (11,39%) está vinculada à Física Teórica. Tanto o crescimento do número de artigos quanto o de colaborações se ajustam ao modelo de regressão linear. O decréscimo da média de instituições por artigo quando consideradas somente as nacionais, denota a preferência pela colaboração internacional em razão do custo e complexidade das investigações. As análises de MDS e clusters confirmam a existência de grupos regionais. A média de países por artigo é de 4,87. A proporção de coautorias internacionais da FAE (49,07%) é superior aos índices verificados na produção científica brasileira em anos recentes. O predomínio de pesquisadores estrangeiros na rede de colaboração confirma a internacionalização da atividade e a presença do Brasil nos experimentos multinacionais. Os indicadores absolutos expressam que EUA, Rússia e França são os principais parceiros. Os indicadores relativos expõem um processo de desconcentração e diversificação das colaborações nacionais, com presença relevante da Colômbia e países do leste europeu. O impacto da pesquisa em FAE aponta que os artigos brasileiros receberam 78.812 citações provenientes de 41.152 documentos. Os dados mostram que 87,65% das publicações foram citadas uma ou mais vezes no período. As características gerais dos citantes revelam a prevalência do artigo publicado em periódico estrangeiro na língua inglesa. A Física de Partículas e Campos com 36,24% e a Astronomia & Astrofísica com 21,17% de participação foram as categorias citantes salientes. Os documentos internacionais representam 88,15% das citações, com distinção para as publicações dos EUA, Alemanha e Itália. O Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) se destaca entre as instituições de filiação dos autores citantes. Conclui que a FAE detém reconhecimento internacional, entretanto, o incremento da participação nas colaborações multinacionais e a intensificação da atividade científica na subárea experimental pode conceder ao Brasil o status dos países desenvolvidos. / Based on bibliometric indicators of production, collaboration and impact, this study investigates the Brazilian scientific papers on High Energy Physics (HEP) indexed by the Science Citation Index (SCI) in the Web of Science (WoS) from 1983 to 2013. All publications in journals embraced by the subject category Physics, Particles & Fields were part of this research. Data were organized and analyzed using the software Bibexcel, UCINET, Gephi, Philcarto, SPSS, R and Excel 2007. The 6.350 papers recovered suggest that the annual growth in production may have been caused by the expansion of Graduate Programs on lines of research related to HEP and by the expansion of groups of the same line in the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), as well as by Brazil’s participation in international collaborations and by the institution of the National Network of High Energy Physics (RENAFAE). The distribution of papers by Web of Science Category (WC) showed that the area centers its publication in a small number of journals in English, especially the Physical Review D (PRD). The predominant categories were Astronomy & Astrophysics, with 45,63% of the publications, and Nuclear Physics, with 18,66%. The most productive Brazilian scientists are from the experimental subarea and affiliated to public institutions in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Universities were responsible for 80,92% of the output. The numbers related to coauthorship grew in the researched period, registering an average of 155,89 authors per article. The study sample proved that the share of single authorship publications (11,39%) is tied to Theoretical Physics. The growth in both the number of articles and the number of collaborations is coherent with the linear regression model. The decrease in the average of institutions per article when considering only the Brazilian institutions indicates the preference for international collaborations due to the cost and complexity of the researches. MDS and clusters analyzes confirm the existence of regional groups. The average of countries per article is of 4,87. HEP’s proportion of international coauthorship (49,07%) is higher than the rates found in the Brazilian scientific output in recent years. The predominance of foreign researchers in the collaboration network confirms the internationalization of the activity and the presence of Brazil in multinational experiments. Absolute indicators show that the U.S.A., Russia and France are Brazil’s main partners in coauthored publications. Relative indicators display a process of decentralization and diversification of Brazilian collaborations, with a significant presence of Colombia and Eastern Europe in the coauthorships. Impact indicators show that Brazilian papers received 78.812 citations to 41.152 documents. The data show that 87,65% of the publications were mentioned one or more times during the period. The general characteristics of the articles that cited Brazilian works revealed a predominance of publications in foreign journals and in English. Field and Particle Physics, with 36,24%, and Astronomy & Astrophysics, with 21,17%, were the two categories that most cited Brazilian works in the area. International documents represent 88,15% of the citations, especially the publications by the U.S.A., Germany and Italy. The Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) stands out among the institutions which the citing authors are affiliated to. The study concludes that HEP has international recognition; however, the increase in Brazil’s participation in multinational collaborations and the intensification of scientific activity in the experimental subarea can give Brazil the same status granted to developed countries. / Con base en indicadores bibliométricos de producción, colaboración e impacto, este trabajo investiga los artículos científicos brasileños de Física de Altas Energías (FAE) indexados por el Science Citation Index (SCI) de la Web of Science (WoS) en el período de 1983-2013. Hicieron parte del estudio todas las publicaciones en revistas incluidas en la categoría de materias Physics, Particles & Fields. Los datos fueron organizados y analizados con ayuda de los softwares Bibexcel, UCINET, Gephi, Philcarto, SPSS, R y Excel 2007. Los 6.350 artículos sugieren que el crecimiento de la producción anual puede haber sido consecuencia de la expansión de los Programas de Postgrado con líneas de investigación FAE y grupos del Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), de la participación de Brasil en las colaboraciones internacionales y de la institución de la Rede Nacional de Física de Altas Energias (RENAFAE). La distribución de los artículos por Web of Science Category (WC) demostró que la área centraliza la publicación en un número reducido de periódicos extranjeros de lengua inglesa, con realce para Physical Review D (PRD). Astronomía & Astrofísica con 45,63% y Física Nuclear con 18,66% de participación fueron las categorías predominantes. Los científicos brasileños más productivos son de la subárea experimental y pertenecen a instituciones públicas del eje Rio de Janeiro-São Paulo. Las universidades fueron responsables por 80,92% de la producción. La co-autoría entre individuos creció durante el período, registrando media de 155,89 autores por artículo. El estudio por muestreo demostró que la fracción de publicaciones de autoria única (11,39%) está vinculada a la Física Teórica. Tanto el crecimiento del número de artículos como el de colaboraciones se ajustan al modelo de regresión lineal. La disminución de la media de las instituciones por artículo cuando consideradas solamente las nacionales, denota a preferencia por la colaboración internacional debido a los costos y complejidad de las investigaciones. Los análisis de MDS y clusters confirman la existencia de grupos regionales. La media de países por artículo es de 4,87. La proporción de co-autorías internacionales de la FAE (49,07%) es superior a las tasas verificadas en la producción científica brasileña en los últimos años. El predominio de investigadores extranjeros en la red de colaboración confirma la internacionalización de la actividad y la presencia de Brasil en los experimentos multinacionales. Los indicadores absolutos muestran que los EE.UU., Rusia y Francia son los principales socios. Los indicadores relativos exponen un proceso de descentralización y diversificación de las colaboraciones nacionales, con presencia relevante de Colombia y países del este europeo. El impacto de la investigación en FAE señala que los artículos brasileños recibieron 78.812 citas provenientes de 41,152 documentos. Los datos muestran que 87,65% de las publicaciones fueron citadas una o más veces en el período. Las características generales de los citandos revelan el predominio del artículo publicado en revista extranjera en lengua inglesa. La Física de Partículas y Campos con 36,24% y la Astronomía & Astrofísica con 21,17% de participación fueron las categorías citandas salientes. Los documentos internacionales representan 88,15% de las citas, con distinción para las publicaciones de Estados Unidos, Alemania e Italia. El Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) se destaca entre las instituciones de los autores citandos. Concluye que la FAE tiene reconocimiento internacional, sin embargo, el aumento de la participación en las colaboraciones multinacionales y la intensificación de la actividad científica en la subárea experimental pueden darle al Brasil el status de los países desarrollados.

Submitted by Marco Antonio Oliveira da Silva (maosilva@ipen.br) on 2016-12-22T12:14:15Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-22T12:14:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A irradiação de alimentos é um meio de preservação de alimentos onde se utiliza uma técnica de processamento que expõe os alimentos a uma radiação ionizante controlada de alta energia. O tratamento realizado com o uso das radiações ionizantes em alimentos tem muitas aplicações tecnologicamente e tecnicamente viáveis incluindo a capacidade de melhorar a segurança microbiológica, reduzir os níveis de bactérias patogénicas, inibir a germinação de tubérculos, aplicação fitossanitária, conservar alimentos armazenados ou a estabilidade de armazenamento e também é utilizada para aumentar a vida de prateleira de determinados produtos devido à redução da contaminação por microrganismos. Em função do aumento do comércio internacional de alimentos e das crescentes exigências regulatórias dos mercados consumidores, cada vez mais países importadores e exportadores têm demonstrando interesse na irradiação de alimentos e desenvolvido pesquisas na aplicação prática desta tecnologia e de métodos de detecção do tratamento. Inúmeras pesquisas foram realizadas mundialmente, resultando em eficientes protocolos para identificar quais alimentos foram ou não irradiados. Até então, o \"mito\" que alimentos irradiados não poderiam ser detectados e que não eram formados quaisquer produtos únicos da radiação foi substituído pelo conhecimento que muitas mudanças podem ocorrer nos alimentos irradiados e essas mudanças poderiam ser utilizadas como ferramentas para identificar essa tecnologia. O processamento por radiação resulta em formações de padrões característicos de hidrocarbonetos saturados, aldeídos, metil e etil ésteres e 2-alcilciclobutanonas, dependendo da composição do ácido graxo do lipídio que compõe o alimento. Com isso a proposta do trabalho foi levantar dados para comparar os efeitos das diferentes doses de radiação gama e de elétrons em alimentos que possuem gordura para verificar as possíveis alterações decorrentes do uso da irradiação, como a presença de 2-Alcilciclobutanonas e também, mostrar os principais equipamentos utilizados para a irradiação de alimentos e suas categorias, com o objetivo de informar o publico em geral. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-12T11:54:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 thiagocampospaschoalin.pdf: 3743029 bytes, checksum: f4b20678855edee77ec6c63903785d60 (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: Isabela, verifique que no resumo há algumas palavras unidas. on 2016-08-15T13:06:32Z (GMT) / Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-15T13:57:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 thiagocampospaschoalin.pdf: 3743029 bytes, checksum: f4b20678855edee77ec6c63903785d60 (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: separar palavras no resumo e palavras-chave on 2016-08-16T11:34:37Z (GMT) / Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2016-12-19T13:07:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 thiagocampospaschoalin.pdf: 3743029 bytes, checksum: f4b20678855edee77ec6c63903785d60 (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: Consertar palavras unidas no resumo on 2017-02-03T12:27:10Z (GMT) / Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-02-03T12:51:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 thiagocampospaschoalin.pdf: 3743029 bytes, checksum: f4b20678855edee77ec6c63903785d60 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-02-03T12:54:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 thiagocampospaschoalin.pdf: 3743029 bytes, checksum: f4b20678855edee77ec6c63903785d60 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-03T12:54:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 thiagocampospaschoalin.pdf: 3743029 bytes, checksum: f4b20678855edee77ec6c63903785d60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-15 / Esta dissertação apresenta técnicas de processamento de sinais a fim de realizar a Estimação da energia, utilizando calorimetria de altas energias. O CERN, um dos mais importantes centros de pesquisa de física de partículas, possui o acelerador de partículas LHC, onde está inserido o ATLAS. O TileCal, importante calorímetro integrante do ATLAS, possui diversos canais de leitura, operando com altas taxas de eventos. A reconstrução da energia das partículas que interagem com este calorímetro é realizada através da estimação da amplitude do sinal gerado nos canais do mesmo. Por este motivo, a modelagem correta do ruído é importante para se desenvolver técnicas de estimação eficientes. Com o aumento da luminosidade (número de partículas que incidem no detector por unidade de tempo) no TileCal, altera-se o modelo do ruído, o que faz com que as técnicas de estimação utilizadas anteriormente apresentem uma queda de desempenho. Com a modelagem deste novo ruído como sendo uma Distribuição Lognormal, torna possível o desenvolvimento de uma nova técnica de estimação utilizando Estimadores de Máxima Verossimilhança (do inglês Maximum Likelihood Estimator MLE), aprimorando a estimação dos parâmetros e levando à uma reconstrução da energia do sinal de forma mais correta. Uma nova forma de análise da qualidade da estimação é também apresentada, se mostrando bastante eficiente e útil em ambientes de alta luminosidade. A comparação entre o método utilizado pelo CERN e o novo método desenvolvido mostrou que a solução proposta é superior em desempenho, sendo adequado o seu uso no novo cenário de alta luminosidade no qual o TileCal estará sujeito a partir de 2018. / This paper presents signal processing techniques that performs signal detection and energy estimation using calorimetry high energies. The CERN, one of the most important physics particles research center, has the LHC, that contains the ATLAS. The TileCal, important device of the ATLAS calorimeter, is the component that involves a lot of parallel channels working, involving high event rates. The reconstruction of the signal energy that interact with this calorimeter is performed through estimation of the amplitude of signal generated by this calorimter. So, accurate noise modeling is important to develop efficient estimation techniques. With high brightness in TileCal, the noise model modifies, which leads a performance drop of estimation techniques used previously. Modelling this new noise as a lognormal distribution allows the development of a new estimation technique using the MLE (Maximum Like lihood Estimation), improving parameter sestimation and leading to a more accurately reconstruction of the signal energy. A new method to analise the estimation quality is presented, wich is very effective and useful in high brightness enviroment conditions. The comparison between the method used by CERN and the new method developed revealed that the proposed solution is superior and is suitable to use in this kind of ambient that TileCal will be working from 2018.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-04-20T15:14:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardosottomaiorperalva.pdf: 4608167 bytes, checksum: c63c1f7fc453965f36158791fb85964e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-04-24T16:49:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardosottomaiorperalva.pdf: 4608167 bytes, checksum: c63c1f7fc453965f36158791fb85964e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-24T16:49:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardosottomaiorperalva.pdf: 4608167 bytes, checksum: c63c1f7fc453965f36158791fb85964e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-07 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nesta dissertação, são apresentados métodos para detecção de sinais e estimação de energia para calorimetria de altas energias aplicados no calorímetro hadrônico (TileCal) do ATLAS. A energia depositada em cada célula do calorímetro é adquirida por dois canais eletrônicos de leitura e é estimada, separadamente, através da reconstrução da amplitude do pulso digitalizado amostrado a cada 25 ns. Este trabalho explora a aplicabilidade de uma aproximação do Filtro Casado no ambiente do TileCal para detectar sinais e estimar sua amplitude. Além disso, este trabalho explora o impacto na detecção de eventos válidos e estimação da amplitude quando somam-se os sinais referentes à mesma célula antes da aplicação do filtro. O método proposto é comparado com o Filtro Ótimo atualmente utilizado pelo TileCal para reconstrução de energia. Os resultados para dados simulados e de colisão mostram que, para condições em que a linha de base do sinal de entrada pode ser considerada estacionária, a técnica proposta apresenta uma melhor eficiência de detecção e estimação do que a alcançada pelo Filtro Ótimo empregada no TileCal. / The Tile Barrel Calorimeter (TileCal) is the central section of the hadronic calorimeter of ATLAS at LHC. The energy deposited in each cell of the calorimeter is read out by two electronic channels for redundancy and is estimated, per channel, by reconstructing the amplitude of the digitized signal pulse sampled every 25 ns. This work presents signal detection and energy estimation methods for high energy calorimetry, applied to the TileCal environment. It investigates the applicability of a Matched Filter and, furthermore, it explores the impact when summing the signals belonging to the same cell before the estimating and detecting procedures. The proposed method is compared to the Optimal Filter algorithm, that is currently been used at TileCal for energy reconstruction. The results for simulated and collision data sets showed that for conditions where the signal pedestal could be considered stationary, the proposed method achieves better detection and estimation efficiencies than the Optimal Filter technique employed in TileCal.

L'expérience CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid), construite sur l'anneau du LHC (Large Hadron Collider) a enregistré une quantité colossale de données provenant des collisions proton-proton de 2009 à 2012 à des énergies dans le centre de masse de 7 TeVet 8 TeV. Cette expérience est consacrée aux mesures de précision des paramètres du modèle standard, à l'étude du boson de Higgs ainsi qu'à la mise à l'épreuve de théories au-delà du modèle standard. Un certain nombre de ces théories prévoient l'existence de particules appelées leptoquarks, de nouveaux bosons se couplant à la fois aux leptons et au quarks. La première partie de cette thèse est consacrée à la présentation du Modèle Standard des particules et à une introduction théorique aux leptoquarks. La seconde présente brièvement le fonctionnement du LHC et de l'expérience CMS. La troisième partie est dédiée au travail effectué dans le groupe générateur de CMS au cours de la première année de ma thèse. Cette mission consistait principalement à générer et à valider massivement des évènements Monte-Carlo avec le logiciel Madgraph pour l'ensemble de la collaboration CMS. Enfin, la dernière partie porte sur l'analyse de données et la recherche de paires de leptoquarks scalaires de troisième génération. Trois canaux de désintégration des LQ sont envisagés : en quark top et lepton tau, en quark top et neutrino et enfin en quark top et muon. Cette étude est basée sur l'ensemble des données enregistrées par l 'expérience CMS au cours de l'année 2012. Ce qui représente une luminosité intégrée totale de 19,7 fb. Différentes sélections basées sur au moins un lepton et de nombreux jets sont examinées afin de définir les régions présentant les meilleures efficacités de signal par rapport au fond du Modèle Standard. Enfin, une optimisation des coupures sur des variables très discriminantes est réalisée afin d'obtenir les meilleures limites à 95% de confiance sur les sections efficaces de production des leptoquarks. Aucun excès significatif par rapport aux prévisions du modèle standard n'a pu être mis en évidence ce qui a permis de poser des limites sur les sections efficaces de production des leptoquarks. Les leptoquarks de troisième génération sont exclus jusqu'à des masses de 320 GeV à 95 % de niveau de confiance pour le canal top tau, jusqu'à 240 GeV pour le canal top nu et jusqu'à 910 GeV pour le canal top mu / Installed on the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) ring, the CMS experiment (Compact Muon Solenoid) recorded a great amount of proton-proton collisions data from 2009 to 2012 at center of mass energies of 7 TeV and 8 TeV. This experiment was designed for precise measurements of the Standard Model parameters, for Higgs boson studies and to test theories beyond the standard model. Some of these theories foresee the existence of leptoquarks which are new bosons with couplings to both leptons and quarks. The first part of this thesis is dedicated to a presentation of the Standard Model and to a leptoquarks theoretical introducion. The second one briefly explains how the LHC and the CMS experiment work. The third part details the work accomplished during the first year of my thesis in the CMS generator group. Finaly, the last one deals with data analysis and the search of third generation leptoquarks pair production. Three LQ desintegration channels are investigated : to a top quark and a tau lepton, to a top quark and a neutrino and at last to a top quark and a muon. This study is based on the full integrated luminosity recorded during 2012, namely 19.7 fb. Various selections requiring at least one lepton and several jets are scrutinized in order to identify the regions with best signal efficiency regarding to Standard model backgrounds. Finally, a selection optimisation on discriminative variables is performed to extract the best 95 No significative excess with respect to Standard Model expectations was found. Thus we were able to set limits on the leptoquarks pair production cross sections. Third generation leptoquarks with masses below 320 GeV, 240 GeV and 910 GeV are excluded for the top tau, top nu and top mu channels, respectively

L'expérience CMS auprès du LHC, grand collisionneur de hadrons, est un détecteur généraliste qui permet d'étudier tous les aspects des collisions proton-proton produites par le LHC : de l'étude du Modèle Standard et du boson de Higgs à la recherche de signaux de nouvelle physique au-delà du Modèle Standard.La première partie de cette thèse est dédiée à la calibration en énergie des jets dans CMS, un des plus grands défis et une étape fondamentale pour la réussite du programme de physique dans cet environnement hadronique. Plus particulièrement, l'étude des événements multijets permet de contraindre l'échelle en énergie des jets au-delà du TeV. Les corrections en énergie ainsi extraites sont primordiales pour les analyses de physique utilisant des jets, et sont utilisées par toute la collaboration CMS.La deuxième partie est consacrée à la recherche de particules de spin 0 se désintégrant en paires de quarks top-antitop. En effet, de nombreux modèles de nouvelle physique prédisent de nouvelles particules scalaires ou pseudoscalaires avec un fort couplage au quark top. Une étude phénoménologique de deux de ces modèles est présentée, à savoir les modèles à deux doublets de Higgs (2HDM) et l'extension supersymétrique minimale du Modèle Standard (MSSM). Ces modèles offrent tous deux un secteur de Higgs enrichi avec entre autre deux bosons de Higgs neutres additionnels, un scalaire et un pseudoscalaire. Une analyse du spectre de masse invariante des paires top-antitop utilisant les données collectées par CMS en 2012 à une énergie dans le centre de masse de 8 TeV visant à mettre en évidence l'existence de telles particules est menée. Cette analyse prend en compte pour la première fois les effets des interférences entre la production des paires top-antitop du Modèle Standard et la production résonante à travers la nouvelle particule de spin 0. Il est montré que l'impact des interférences ne peut être négligé. Aucune déviation par rapport aux prédictions théoriques du Modèle Standard n'a été observée dans le spectre de masse invariante des paires top-antitop. Un premier aperçu des données à 13 TeV est également présenté / The CMS experiment at the LHC, the Large Hadron Collider, is a general-purpose detector built to study the proton-proton collisions produced by the LHC, corresponding to a broad physics programme ranging from studying the Standard Model and the Higgs bosons to searching for signal of new physics beyond the Standard Model.The first part of this thesis is dedicated to the jet energy calibration in CMS, one of the most challenging and crucial steps for the sucess of the physics programme within the hadronic environment. More specifically, the study of multijet events allows to constraint the jet energy scale beyond the TeV-scale. The jet energy corrections thus obtained are fundamental for the physics analyses using jets, and are used by all the CMS collaboration.The second part of this manuscript is dedicated to the search for new spin 0 particles decaying into top-antitop quarks pairs. Indeed, several new physics models predict new scalar or pseudoscalar particles with an enhanced coupling to the top quark. A phenomenological study of two of those models is presented, namely the two higgs doublet models (2HDM) and the minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model (MSSM). These models both offer an enriched Higgs sector with in particular two additional neutral Higgs bosons, one scalar and one pseudoscalar. The analysis of the top-antitop pairs mass spectrum using data collected by CMS in 2012 at an energy in the center of mass of 8 TeV is presented, looking for such particles. This search takes into account for the first time the effects of interference between Standard Model top-antitop pairs production and its resonant production through the spin 0 particle. This work shows the impact of interference cannot be neglected. No deviation from the Standard Model predictions has been observed in the top-antitop mass spectrum. A first look at 13 TeV data is also presented

La première partie de cette thèse est dédiée à l’extraction des corrections de l’échelle en énergie des jets dans l’expérience CMS du LHC. Les diverses méthodes d’extraction sont détaillées, en insistant tout particulièrement sur l’utilisation des événements photon + jets. Les corrections ainsi extraites sont primordiales pour les analyses de physique utilisant des jets, et sont d’ores et déjà utilisées par toute la collaboration.La deuxième partie présente la recherche de physique au-delà du Modèle Standard dans le secteur du quark top. De nombreux modèles de nouvelle physique prédisent en effet de nouvelles particules, pouvant se manifester comme des résonances dans le spectre de masse top-antitop. Deux analyses sont présentées dans cette thèse, une dédiée à la recherche des résonances de spin 1 et une dédiée à la recherche de résonances de spin 0, où les phénomènes d’interférences avec le Modèle Standard sont pris en compte / The first part of this thesis is dedicated to the extraction of jet energy scale corrections for the CMS experiment at the LHC. Various extraction methods are described, with a particular interest on corrections extraction using photon + jets events. These corrections are necessary for all analyses using jets and are already used by the whole collaboration. The second part presents the searches for new physics beyond the Standard Model. Many models of new physics predict new particles with enhanced coupling to the top quark, which can show up as resonances in the top-antitop invariant mass spectrum. Two separate analyses are described in this thesis, one dedicated to the search of spin 1 resonances and one dedicated to the search of spin 0 resonances, where interference effects with the Standard Model production are taken into account

Many quantum computation algorithms, and processes like measurement based quantum computing, require the initial state of the quantum computer to be an eigenstate of a specific unitary operator. Here we study how quantum states that are eigenstates of finite dimensional irreducible representations of the special unitary (SU(d)) and the permutation (S_n) groups can be efficiently constructed in the computational basis formed by tensor products of the qudit states. The procedure is a unitary transform, which first uses Schur-Weyl duality to map every eigenstate to a unique Schur basis state, and then recursively uses the Clebsch - Gordan transform to rotate the Schur basis state to the computational basis. We explicitly provide an efficient quantum algorithm, and the corresponding quantum logic circuit, to generate any desired eigenstate of SU(2) and SU(3) irreducible representations in the computational basis.

The Standard Model (SM) of particle physics provides the theoretical framework to describe the fundamental interactions among elementary constituents of matter. SM is supported by experiments to a high degree of accuracy, up to parts per-mil for the electroweak (EW) sector and parts-per-trillion for QED alone, but it still remains incomplete. Many observed phenomena lack explanation in the framework of the SM and its particles. They indicate the possibility of existence of particles and interactions beyond the SM (BSM). These phenomena include dark matter (DM), dark energy and baryonic asymmetry of the universe. In addition, a quantum description of gravity is still lacking. The top quark has the largest mass among the SM particles. Due to it’s heavy mass, top quark is the only colored particle which does not hadronize and hence its properties are directly accessible by studying it’s decay particles. The order one Yukawa coupling of the top quark also imbibes it with an important role in the behavior of the SM couplings at higher energy scales where possible BSM physics may contribute. As a result, precision measurements of top quark properties may provide a glimpse into BSM physics and hence making these measurements is one of the core aims of the Large Hadron Collider. In stark contrast with top quark physics is the elusive, dark matter (DM) of the universe. There exists a lot of observational evidence for it but, as of yet, with no clue with regards to its particle properties and interactions. Compelling evidence for the existence of DM comes from measurements based on cosmic microwave background radiation, astrophysical observations of distribution of visible matter in galaxy clusters, galactic cluster collisions (e.g. bullet cluster), gravitational lensing, galactic rotation curves, structure formation simulations, to name a few. It is interesting to investigate the possibility that there may be a connection between top quark and DM. In this thesis, we extend the SM with simplified models to study BSM physics at colliders and also to explain the DM puzzle. Here, we use the Top quark as a laboratory for constructing generic probes of BSM and also of the dark sector physics. In Chapter 1, we introduce some relevant background and salient aspects of the SM framework on which the following BSM theories are built. In Chapter 2 we explore an s channel and a t-channel simplified model in the context of top quark pair production using asymmetries constructed with kinematic variables of the top decay products. In Chapter 3, we then propose a simplified model which includes a colored scalar as the mediator between DM and SM particles, termed gluphillic scalar dark matter (GSDM). Monojet process is one of the primary channels to probe DM at hadron colliders. In Chapter 3, the discussion of monojet process at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is limited to the effective field theory (EFT) framework. In Chapter 4 we discuss collider processes in GSDM model with complete loop calculations for the diagrams involving the mediating colored scalar. We also compare the loop calculation with the EFT results to find the range of applicability of the EFT. The top quark study in Chapter 2 was initially inspired from an interesting observation made in 2008 which suggested a deviation from the SM in the forward-backward asymmetry (FBA) of a pair produced top quark. The value of FBA measured at the time was 18% ±12%. This value deviated by more than 1σ with respect to the SM leading order (LO) value of 5%. The deviation was observed by both the detectors at Tevatron, D0 and CDF, and it’s significance increased with additional data in 2012. Recent analyses of the data by D0 is now in better agreement with the latest effective-NNNLO calculations. However, the FBA measurements by CDF are still in tension with those by D0 and the value predicted by theoretical calculations. Inspired by this puzzle, which may be on its way to getting solved, we have been able to construct effective probes of BSM physics for the on-going and future searches of BSM in the top quark sector. In our analyses, we studied correlations among observables which can distinguish between different sources of BSM contributions in the top quark pair production. As a template, we use an s-channel and a t-channel mediator, both of which leave very different signatures in the kinematic asymmetry correlations. The simplified models considered by us also included parity breaking interactions which lead to polarized top quarks, providing another probe into the underlying production process. We find that all the kinematic distributions of the decay lepton get influenced by the polarization of the top quark. We show that these correlations can distinguish well between the template models of axigluon and diquark. In general, all of these observables also provide a probe into the polarization of the top quark and therefore any chiral couplings with the mediator. However, the lepton polar angle asymmetry measured in the lab frame is special in that it can not only probe the longitudinal polarization as other observables but is also sensitive to the transverse polarization of the top quark. We also show the effectiveness of the proposed top quark kinematic observables, to distinguish between s and t-channel BSM physics models, in future searches for BSM particles at the run-II LHC. In a large verity of dark matter (DM) models the simplest candidate is the model of a singlet scalar particle. The scalar may couple to the standard model in a number of ways via any of the SM particles. Such models with BSM Yukawa interactions or gauge sector extensions are strongly constrained from both the direct detection and collider precision measurements. The remaining models either predict a very heavy dark matter, completely out of reach of collider searches or introduce an unnaturally weak coupling with the SM particles giving no justifications for the small numbers. An interesting corner of the space of possible DM models which has been under-explored so far includes interactions of DM particles with gluons. Although DM particles cannot themselves be charged or colored, a colored scalar mediator can allow this interaction. One such model arises when we consider the scalar DM in presence of a colored scalar particle, for example the one from t-channel model above. Such colored scalars are generically present in a number of BSM theories including SUSY and GUT. How-ever, without the need for any additional gauge symmetries, the two scalars would interact with each other via the marginal operators. In Chapter 3 we study a SM singlet scalar DM candidate which couples to SM via a colored scalar particle. In the GSDM model, DM and mediator interact via the quartic, marginal operator. DM annihilation cross-section of the order of weak interactions (∼ 0.1pb) is predicted to explain the observed dark matter relic density if arising from thermal production of a WIMP DM candidate of mass ∼ 100 GeV. On investigating the GSDM model, we find that it allows a large annihilation cross-section and is still compatible with direct detection bounds. This is so because the annihilation cross-section to a pair of colored scalars proceeds via a tree-level interaction, whereas the interaction with SM particles proceeds via loop diagrams involving the colored scalars. Our work shows that this model is compatible with the observed relic density of DM when the mediating particle is lighter than DM for a large range of the couplings. For masses of the DM and the mediator less then ∼ 50 GeV, the DM can also be lighter than the mediator where the annihilation then proceeds via loop interactions. This region of parameter space is strongly constrained from the collider physics bounds on a colored scalar particle. These bounds become much weaker in the case where the colored scalar does not couple to quarks and hence cannot decay. The bounds coming from long-lived colored scalars become relevant in those cases and also constrain the light mass window. A colored scalar interacting with quarks must do so without violating the strong flavor constraints. We consider the scalar in the framework of a class of models termed minimally flavor violating (MFV) and also assume that it couples only to the right handed up-sector quarks. Such a particle would couple to the top quark and would be observable at the LHC pair production of the top quark. We find constraints on a color triplet particle in such a case and show the coupling and mass regions allowed. Constraints from the decays to light quarks are interpreted from dijet process searches and limit the mass of a color-triplet scalar above 350 GeV. The primary process for direct search of stable particles produced at a collider is a single jet in association with missing transverse energy (MET). We find that in an effective field theory (EFT) framework, very weak bounds are obtained on the mediating scale. In Chapter 4, we perform complete loop calculations for processes involving colored scalar particles and DM at LHC in order to explore the GSDM model at LHC and FCC (Future Circular Collider). The EFT is valid only for mediator masses much heavier than the momentum transfer or the MET cuts. We show the region of applicability of the EFT by comparing it with respect to the loop induced calculation. We analyze the monojet + missing transverse energy (MET) process to find the expected bounds from LHC 13 TeV run-II. We calculate the reach of the LHC in the high luminosity run in the future and also the reach of the FCC to explore the GSDM model. We perform all our calculations for a number of representations of the colored mediator from a triplet to dimension 15. As expected, collider constraints are only significant when the dark matter is light enough (mDM ∼ 10 GeV) to be copiously produced at the LHC. We find that in the high luminosity run, LHC can probe the scalar triplet particle up-to 50 GeV mass in the monojet process though a dimension 15 particle can be probed up to 150 GeV. With an order of magnitude higher beam energy, FCC can rule out much larger parameter space or provide observational evidence for TeV scale mediating particles. In conclusion, this thesis adds to the growing body of literature which points towards BSM discoveries around the corner at high luminosity LHC in the top physics and in dark sector physics. We have also proposed avenues for precision BSM studies at the next generation colliders.