Šiandien viena aktualiausių Lietuvos problemų yra socialinės rizikos grupės asmenų atsiradimas. Lietuvai atgavus nepriklausomybę, atsirado daug socialinių, ekonominių sunkumų, dėl kurių daug mūsų šalies gyventojų pateko į socialinės rizikos grupę. Šioje grupėje atsidūrė daug šeimų, auginančių mokyklinio amžiaus nepilnamečius vaikus. Yra manoma, kad mokykloje, būtent šių šeimų vaikai dažniausiai patenka į socialinės rizikos grupes. Mokykloje, rizikos grupės vaikai- tai viena aktualiausių temų. Vis daugiau ir daugiau vaikų praleidinėja pamokas, tarp jų atsiranda vis daugiau pažeidžiančių mokyklos tvarką, tokie vaikai automatiškai patenka į rizikos grupę. Taip pat vis dažniau ir dažniau kalbama apie jaunėjanti alkoholizmo amžių, atsiranda vis daugiau ir daugiau vaikų vartojančių psichotropines medžiagas, nusikalstančių vaikų skaičius daugėja ir jaunėja, bet kol kas šioje srityje matomų poslinkių į gerąją pusę beveik nėra, o juk vaikų ir jaunimo nusikalstamumas, anot G.Sakalausko(2000) jau seniai tiek Lietuvoje, tiek ir visame pasaulyje yra opi diskusijų tema. / Nowadays one of the most important problems of Lithuania is the appearance of social high- risk groups. After the restoration of independence in Lithuania a lot of economic difficulties arose because of which the inhabitants of Lithuania got info social high- risk groups. In these groups there young and schoolagechildren. Especially children from such families are likely to get into a school social high- risk group. This is one of the main problem in Lithuanian schools. More and more schoolchildren play truant from the lessons, get abused of drugs and alcohol, commit crimes. All these children become school high- risk group. Furthermore, observing such children and their families, it because clear that even ate pre school period they lack love, attention, care and respect. When they come to school they try to get all they need from the surrounding the people in all possible ways. As a result, a lot of problems appear as one teacher can pay enough attention to every individual. Such specialists as a social teacher and psychologist most often work with such children at school. Their work primarily is based in individual or personal consultations with children. Sometimes the community is also involved into the social work. These are the police, the Children’s Rights Protection Service and day canters. The main peculiarity in the organization of the social work is to pay to such children as much attention as possible, surround them with care and kidness which are their basic... [to full text] / На сегодняшний день одна из наиболее важгых проблем Литвы- это появление групп социального риска. После восстановления независимости в Литве появилось иного экономических проблем и многие жители Литвы попали в группы социального риска.В это число попало много семей, воспитывающих малолетних детей. Дети группы социального риска- это одна из наиболее важгых проблем школ Литвы.

Elite freestyle snowboarders often expose themselves to large risks while performing their sport. A natural response to risk is fear, and it is the aim of this study to explore how elite freestyle snowboarders experience and cope with emotions of fear in conjunction with performing their sport. When examining these mechanisms, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) will be used as the theoretical framework. The aim is to try to determine if the riders accept or avoid situations, thoughts and emotions of fear. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with seven elite freestyle snowboarders (six men and one woman). The content of the interviews where processed with theory driven thematic analysis and inductive thematic analysis. The analysis revealed eight themes related to the athletes’ experience of fear: (1) Sources of fear, (2) Fear inducing events and situations, (3) Physiological responses, (4) Cognitive changes, (5) Action tendencies, (6) Fear appraisal, (7) Fear and risk and (8) Fear as a problem. In the analysis of the participants’ coping strategies for fear two themes emerged: Coping strategies not related to ACT and ACT-related coping strategies. It can be concluded from this study that elite freestyle snowboarders at times experience fear when exposed to high risk of injury, and can interpret this experience both as a negative and positive for well-being and performance. Participants use a range of coping strategies for fear; some which are in line with traditional sport psychology with an avoidance approach. Despite no previous ACT training, some participants have developed an accepting approach to relate to fear. The complexity of ACT as a theoretical framework is also demonstrated in this study due to the difficulties in categorizing the distinction between processes and orientations of strategies.

Orientador: José Carlos Peraçoli / Resumo: Introdução: Nos últimos 20 anos, o conceito de near miss (risco de morte iminente) é abordado na saúde materna como adjuvante dos inquéritos confidenciais de morte materna. No sistema de saúde, o Hospital Terciário/Quaternário é centro de referência para pacientes em situações graves que as colocam em risco de morte. A Maternidade do HC-FMB-Unesp é um dos centros terciário/quaternário de referência para patologias obstétricas do DRS-VI do Estado de São Paulo. A análise da frequência de situações de risco que chegam à maternidadegestantes portadoras de hipertensão arterial, bem com a assistência que receberam até serem referenciadas e ao chegarem à maternidade, poderá identificar deficiências e propor o seu aprimoramento, reduzindo-se assim o risco do binômio mãe-feto. Objetivo: Determinar a frequência de casos de morbidade materna grave não near missque evoluíram para situação de near miss, associados à hipertensão arterial e propor protocolo clínico de assistência pré-natal, bem como aprimorar o protocolo de assistência praticada no centro terciário com finalidade de reduzir o risco do binômio mãe-feto. Sujeitos e métodos: Foram identificados todos os casos de gestantes ou puérperas com diagnóstico de morbidade materna grave e de near miss,relacionados à hipertensão arterial, que receberam assistência obstétrica durante os anos de 2015 e 2016.De forma descritiva os resultados foram apresentados em porcentagem sob a forma de tabelas. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Étic... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Introduction: Between 10% and 15% of maternal deaths are related to hypertensive gestational diseases, and most of these deaths are avoided by effective and timely care. Over the past 20 years, the concept of near miss has been addressed in maternal health as an adjunct to confidential maternal death surveys. Objective: To determine the frequency of evolution of cases of severe maternal morbidity not near miss (SMM not MNM) for maternal near miss (MNM) associated with hypertension in the reference center of the Polo Cuesta and Jurumirim Vale subareas of the Regional Health Division - VI (DRS-VI) of the State of São Paulo. Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study was carried out between 2015 and 2016 at a tertiary/quaternary reference center for the Polo Cuesta and Jurumirim Vale sub-areas of DRS-VI in the state of São Paulo. A total of 167 pregnant women or postpartum women with a diagnosis of hypertension with signs of severity were included. In addition to the frequency of near miss, demographic, clinical and origin data were obtained according to the subarea of the regional health study population. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine of Botucatu - Unesp (Opinion No. 2,309,947). The categorical variables were analyzed by the statistical program SPSS. Results: The demographic characteristics of the population studied were predominantly between 20-35 years old (68%), Caucasian (75.4%), stable union (71.9%), and no paid oc... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Objective: To determine the feasibility of audiological screening in low-risk neonates, using Otoacoustic Emissions (OAEs), at various test times following birth. The achievability of a screening programme within the Midwife Obstetric Unit (MOU) 3-day assessment clinic at the Phola Park Community Health Centre (PPCHC) was deliberated. Participants: Two hundred and seventy two neonates were included in this study. Design: A prospective and longitudinal design was employed. Methods and Materials: Case history interviews, otoscopic examinations and Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions (DPOAEs) were carried out at two sessions. The initial session took place within 6 hours after birth and the second session at approximately 3 days after birth at the MOU 3-day assessment clinic. Data Analysis: Data was collected as “pass” and “refer” screening results, the number of births was compared to the number of participants at the two sessions. The number of “pass” and “refer” results per session were analysed and results per participant at the two sessions were compared to detect false-positives. The return for follow-up rate was considered. Results: Screening is possible within hours of birth but is more practical and efficient at the MOU 3-day assessment clinic. During the study, 260 neonates were born at PPCHC, 38.07% of these were screened at session 1 and a total of 268 newborns were screened at session 2. The pass rate was 16.16% at session 1 and 99.25% at session 2; rendering a false-positive rate of 82.10% at session 1. Time of birth relative to discharge, resources, environmental factors, noise levels, return for follow-up rate and referral rate have been identified as factors that may impact the practicability and efficiency of screening. Conclusion: Outcomes of the study highlight the importance of studying methodologies to ensure effective reach for hearing screening within the South African context. Based hereon, screening neonates immediately after birth is possible. However, it is recommended that screening forms part of the MOU 3-day assessment protocol to ensure that a higher number of neonates are reached when confounding factors such as vernix have plummeted; hence decreasing false- positives.

Thesis advisor: Thanh V. Tran / It has been well documented that El Salvador faces tremendous challenges in terms of youth involvement in problem behavior. It has also been observed that spirituality and religiosity are important factors in the lives of many Salvadoran youth. While scholarship in developed nations among adolescents and young adults has consistently found spirituality and religiosity to be protective factors against delinquency, violence, and substance abuse, few studies have systematically examined the relationships between these concepts in the Salvadoran context. The principal purpose of this dissertation is to examine the direct and mediated relationships between spirituality, religiosity, and problem behavior among high-risk and gang-involved youth in San Salvador, El Salvador. Structured interviews were conducted with 301 high-risk youth and gang members (81.6% male) between the ages of 11 and 25 (M age = 18.5, SD = 3.3) living in marginalized Salvadoran neighborhoods. Drawing from the Social Development Model, it was hypothesized that higher levels of spirituality and religiosity, as mediated by antisocial bonding and antisocial beliefs, would be associated with lower levels of participation in delinquency, violence, and substance use and abuse. Structural equation modeling, as well as logistic and multiple regression analyses, were employed to examine the direct and mediated associations between these variables. The results of this dissertation indicate that spirituality and, to a lesser degree, religiosity are of relevance to the behavior of Salvadoran high-risk and gang-involved youth. In examining the relationship of spirituality and religiosity to social developmental factors of relevance to problem behaviors, it is evident that spirituality has implications across the board in terms of setting in motion dynamics that are associated with youth involvement in problem behaviors. While not associated with minor forms of problem behavior, religiosity was found to be protective against several severe manifestations of problem behavior. Findings from this dissertation have several implications for social work research and practice. These implications relate to the salience of spirituality and religiosity as protective factors in the Salvadoran context, the differential impact of spirituality and religiosity on problem behavior involvement, and the identification of factors that mediate the relationship between spirituality, religiosity, and problem behavior. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2012. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Social Work. / Discipline: Social Work.

A gestação pode ser considerada, dentro das etapas de desenvolvimento, para o homem, mas principalmente para a mulher, como um dos momentos de crise dentro desse processo contínuo e dinâmico. É um momento transitório existencial que envolve necessidade de reestruturações e reajustamentos em várias dimensões, verificando-se necessidade de mudança de identidade e redefinição de papéis. Nesse período, existem alguns estados emocionais que são peculiares, com uma variedade de mudanças e nuances cuja etiologia ainda é bastante discutida, pois envolvem complexas inter-relações entre fatores hormonais e psicológicos. Encontra-se na literatura estreita vinculação entre intercorrências clínico-obstétricas e estados emocionais específicos, o que nos levou, neste trabalho, à investigar o porquê de algumas mulheres desenvolverem o quadro hipertensivo durante a gravidez e outras não. Haveria alguma coisa em seu perfil psicológico que as diferenciasse das grávidas normais? A gravidez acompanhada de hipertensão é uma das principais causas de morte materna em todo o mundo e por constituir-se numa gravidez de alto risco, todas as características peculiares a uma gravidez normal mostram-se exacerbadas. Dentro desse contexto, ainda existe o agravante do risco real de morte para a gestante e/ou o bebê e muitas vezes, a mulher responsabiliza-se por tal situação. Considerando-se todos estes aspectos, investigou-se neste trabalho o contexto social das gestantes, ou seja, sua estrutura familiar, condição sócio-econômica, relação com pai da criança, se houve ou não planejamento da gravidez e o perfil psicológico das gestantes hipertensas, comparando-as com as mulheres com gestação normal. Participaram deste estudo 20 gestantes primíparas, com idade gestacional a partir de 10 semanas, divididas em 2 grupos: 10 gestantes normais (grupo A) e 10 hipertensas (grupo B), sendo 5 hipertensas crônicas (B1) e 5 portadoras da Doença Hipertensiva Específica da Gravidez (DHEG)- B2. Utilizou-se um roteiro de entrevista semi-estruturado, o Desenho da Figura Humana (DFH), o DFH com tema e o Psicodiagnóstico de Rorschach. Todas as gestantes foram atendidas nos Ambulatórios de Gestação de Alto Risco (AGAR) e de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia do HC-FMRP/USP. A análise dos dados foi quantitativa e qualitativa e posteriormente, foi feita uma validação cruzada dos índices significativos das técnicas projetivas. Quanto ao tratamento dos dados: as entrevistas foram transcritas e elaboradas categorias de respostas; os protocolos dos desenhos analisados por 2 juízes e os protocolos do Rorschach codificados dentro da nomenclatura francesa, seguindo normas regionais. A análise das entrevistas demonstra que há características comuns aos dois grupos, relacionados ao fato da gravidez não ter sido planejada porém desejada e à não utilização, por parte da maioria, de métodos contraceptivos. Entretanto, observou-se diferenças entre os grupos em relação à: estabilidade na relação com o companheiro - no grupo A predominaram relações estáveis enquanto que no grupo B predominaram as relações instáveis; reação do companheiro e familiares em relação à gravidez - predominaram reações positivas no grupo A e negativas no grupo B; sentimentos da grávida em relação ao seu filho as mães do grupo A referem sentimentos positivos, enquanto que no grupo B, os sentimentos são mais negativos; e aos medos as gestantes do grupo A relatam medos referentes ao parto, enquanto que as do grupo B, referem-se à possibilidade de perda fetal. Em relação às técnicas projetivas, foi possível observar os seguintes resultados: há nos três grupos uma característica de coartação, ou seja, a existência de recursos adaptativos internos que, no momento, apresentam-se recolhidos, frente à forte tentativa de manter o controle racional sobre as vivências afetivas. Esse recolhimento pode ser decorrente da inabilidade em lidar com os seus afetos de forma mais equilibrada e satisfatória. Frente ao temor de perder o controle sobre esses impulsos, que se mostram neste momento em intensidade elevada, recorrem ao fechamento como forma de autoproteção. Todas as gestantes (grupo A e B) apresentaram uma forma mais introversiva na vivência de seus afetos, o que denota tendência em utilizar os recursos de forma mais voltada à reflexão. No grupo das gestantes normais, este esforço mostra-se eficiente na utilização de seus recursos, entretanto, apresentaram sentimentos de insegurança, egocentrismo, angústia e comportamentos regressivos, sentimentos esses esperados e considerados normais durante o período da gravidez. O grupo B1 (HAC), apresentou apego minucioso da realidade, ou seja, o ambiente é visto e vivenciado através de um estreitamento perceptivo, dificultando a comunicação com a realidade, num esforço de abarcá-la através da minuciosidade, gerando sentimentos de insatisfação pessoal e elevando os níveis de ansiedade. O grupo B2 (DHEG), apresenta uma tendência à ampliação do campo de atuação, tentando controlar a situação de forma ampla, deixando-as sobrecarregadas. Frente à imensidão de seus afetos, mostra-se insuficiente no controle dos mesmos, gerando sentimentos de insatisfação interna e conseqüente elevação dos níveis de ansiedade. Portanto, podemos afirmar que os perfis de personalidade apresentados no grupo de hipertensas, aliados aos aspectos sociais, sugerem diferenças importantes que podem estar atuando no desenvolvimento do quadro hipertensivo na gravidez. Seria adequado que, no atendimento prestado a essas gestantes, houvesse uma diferenciação na forma de abordagem de cada grupo atendido, respeitando-se as respectivas qualidades e as dificuldades, com o objetivo de favorecer a adesão ao tratamento e manter os quadros estabilizados, aproximando-os o mais que possível da gestação normal. / The pregnancy is one of the most critical stages of the human development not only for women but also men. Thats a transient moment of the existency that requires a personal adjustments in various aspects of life. This, showing the necessity of a change of identity as well as reevaluation of roles. During pregnancy, there are peculiar emocional status and a variety of changes which at the etiology is still very debated due to the fact those changes envolve complexes such as hormonal and psychological factors. Previous works, have shown a very tight relation between clinical and obstetric occurrences and specific emocional status. This lead us, in this work, to investigate why some women had presented hypertension during their pregnancy while others did not. A question can be raised, is there anything in their psychological profile making them different from the normal pregnancy? The hypertension during pregnancy is one of the major causes of maternal mortality worldwide, besides the fact of being considered a highers risk pregnancy showing an exacerbation of all features of a normal pregnancy. In this context, there is still another agravating factor, the real risk of death of both mother and baby (son). This, sometimes evokes a guilty feeling by the mother. Taking all the aspects decribed so far into account, we have tried in this work to investigate the social context of the mother (pregnant women), such as family structure, social-economic status , relationship with the babies fathers, if the pregnancy was planned or not, as well as the psychological profile of normal and hypertensive pregnant women. Took part in this study 20 primiparous women with at least 10 weeks of pregnancy or olders divided into two groups. Group A, 10 normal women and 10 hypertense (group B). In the group B, 5 women were cronic hypertense (B1) while the remainder were Gestational Hypertension, group B2. A semi-structured interview, Draw a Person Test, and Rorschach Test were applied. All women were followed, in the clinic of higher risk preganncy (AGAR) in the department of ginecology and obstetrics of the HC-FMRP/USP (General Hospital). The data analysis was quanlitative and quantitative including a cross-validation of the signification index of projective techniques. Also, regarding, the data of all interviews were transcribed and categorized, drawing protocols are analyzed by two judges and the Rorschachs protocols were encoded following the French nomenclature and local rules. These analyses showed that are common aspects in the two groups, like the fact of unexpected but accepted pregnancy as well as the neglected use of contraceptive methods in the majority of the pregnancies. However, we observed diferences between the groups when the rob stability of the relationship is concerned. In the group A, the majority of the relationship could be considered stable, while the opposite was observed in the group B. Also, in the group A positive reaction to the pregnancy was dominant for both father and family. Once again, the opposite was observed in B. Regarding mothers feeling, in group A, again, positive feeling are dominant while negative ones are shown by the majority of B. Group A shows fear mostly robted to the birth, while in B, a fear of fetus death is clear. Regarding projective techniques, it was possible to observe the following: all groups have shown the existence of self-adaptative resources, hidden at the moment due to the necessity of keeping a rational control over the affective experiences. This ca be an effect of inability of managing affectiveness in a balanced way. Other fact that contributes for that is the fear of loosing control of these feeling now much stronger, leading to an introspection as self-protection. This introspection was observed in all women regarding their affective feelings, denotating a resource towards reflection. The women in group A this effort had shown efficient when using the resources, however, they showed insecurity egocentrism, anguish, and regressive behaviours. All these feeling are expected and considered normal during pregnancy. In the group B1 shows a meticulous attachment to reality thus, the enviroment is seen and experienced through a perception narrowing. This feeling disturbes the conexion to reality and generate insatisfaction which in terms increase the ansiety. The B2 group shows tendency of widening their acting field what makes them overwhelmed. Also, this group shows an insufficient control of their affectivity what causes insatisfaction and increased anxiety. Thus, we can state that the personality profiles presented in hypertension women as well as the social aspects suggest important differences that play a role in the occurency hypertension during pregnancy. It would be adequate to develop a differencial approach during the following of the pregnancy for these two groups trying qualities and dificulties in order to facilitate adheson to the treatment and maintenance of stabel condition towards a more normal pregnancy.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:27:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissert michelle dias.pdf: 513673 bytes, checksum: 31b459c280e7919fb7236f11396d3fab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-27 / This study aims to detect both Self-Esteem and associated factors to high and low risk pregnant women seen by SUS (Unique Health System), in the city of Pelotas. It is crosssection type counting with 560 who were interviewed from may to november of 2006. These interviews were taken in specific places meant to high-risk pregnant women. Among them 62,9% were diagnosed as high-risk ones. Their Self-Esteem was evaluated by Rosenberg Scale, 9,2 mean and 4,6 standard deviation. The variables which matched positively and meaningfully to the self-esteem were age, school level as well as economical level. However, the perception about the risk to the baby´s health and the pregnancy numbers shown to be negatively associated to Self-Esteem. Moreover, these high-risk pregnant women have more developed self-esteem if compared to those low-risk ones / O estudo tem como objetivo mensurar a Auto-Estima e fatores associados em gestantes de alto e baixo-risco atendidas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde na cidade de Pelotas, RS. É do tipo transversal, tendo-se entrevistado 560 gestantes nos meses de maio à novembro de 2006, em locais referência ao atendimento à gestantes de alto-risco na cidade. Dentre elas 62,9% tinham o diagnóstico de alto-risco. A Auto-Estima foi avaliada pela Escala de Rosenberg, com média de 9,2 e desvio padrão de 4,6. As variáveis associadas positiva e significativamente com Auto-Estima foram idade, nível de escolaridade e nível econômico. Já as variáveis percepção de risco à saúde do bebê e número de gestações, mostraram-se associadas negativamente a Auto-Estima. Além disso, as gestantes com condição gestacional de alto-risco têm uma Auto-Estima mais elevada quando comparadas com as de baixo-risco

A gestação de alto risco apresenta maior probabilidade de evolução desfavorável e está relacionada a fatores socioeconômicos, demográficos e de ordem médica. A crescente necessidade de medicamentos por gestantes de alto risco e o potencial teratogênico destes tornam os estudos epidemiológicos indispensáveis para fornecer dados para subisidiar medidas que garantam o uso racional desses medicamentos, prevenindo efeitos indesejáveis. Este estudo pretende descrever o perfil farmacoepidemiológico das gestantes de alto risco no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP) e correlacionar a utilização dos medicamentos com suas características socioeconômicas, demográficas e clínicas. Uma amostra de 386 gestantes foi entrevistada entre maio de 2014 e outubro de 2015. Dados socioeconômicos e demográficos; de acesso a serviços de saúde; sobre a gravidez; hábitos relacionados à saúde e informações sobre medicamentos e correlatos foram coletados. A idade média foi 28,7 anos (DP 6,2) e a mediana da renda per capita foi R$ 600,00 (IQ 550,00). A maioria das mulheres era branca (47,7%), possuía mais de nove anos de estudo (69,7%), não exercia atividade remunerada (54,7%), era casada ou morava com companheiro (76,9%), não possuía plano de saúde privado (87,6%), não planejou a gestação (61,9%), não era primigesta (68,8%), tinha filhos (55,7%), não teve aborto prévio (70,7%), confirmou a gestação (88,6%) e iniciou o pré-natal (86,8%) no primeiro trimestre, não fazia acompanhamento com outro médico além do ginecologista (75,1%) ou com outro professional de saúde (75,6%), recebeu orientações sobre o risco do uso de medicamentos durante a gestação (58%) e não era aderente à farmacoterapia (63%). Os diagnósticos mais prevalentes entre as entrevistadas foram hipertensão arterial (20,5%), diabetes mellitus (19,7%), obesidade (14,8%) e infecção no trato urinário (9,6%). A minoria consumia álcool (6%), fumava (8,8%), tomava café (39,6%), consumia adoçantes (14,2%), utilizava tinturas/produtos químicos capilares (9,6%), plantas medicinais (26%), praticava exercícios físicos (9,3%) e automedicação (12,7%). O consumo de medicamentos foi relatado por 99,7% das entrevistadas, com uma média de 5,1 (DP 2,1) por mulher. Os medicamentos mais utilizados pelas gestantes foram antianêmicos (88,9%), analgésicos (63,2%), antibacterianos de uso sistêmico (26,7%), medicamentos para distúrbios gastrintestinais (20,2%), anti-histamínicos de uso sistêmico (19,7%), anti-hipertensivos (19,4%), medicamentos para desordens relacionadas à acidez (18,1%), antinfecciosos e antissépticos ginecológicos (17,4%) e vitaminas (16,8%). De acordo com as categorias de risco para uso na gestação da Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 2,5% dos medicamentos utilizados são da categoria A, 25% da B, 35% da C, 11,3% da D e 1,2% da X. Segundo a classificação de risco de Briggs; Freeman e Yaffe (2015), a maioria dos medicamentos são classificados nas categorias \"compatível\" (25,6%) e \"dados humanos sugerem baixo risco\" (10,6%). Na categoria \"contraindicado\", encontram-se 10% dos medicamentos. Não foram encontradas evidências de associação entre o número de medicamentos utilizados pelas gestantes e as demais características estudadas. Os dados obtidos neste estudo podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de estratégias para melhorar o atendimento e o uso racional de medicamentos pelas gestantes de alto risco, aumentando a qualidade de vida desta população / High risk pregnancy is more likely to be unfavorable and is related to socioeconomic, demographic and medical factors. The increasing need for medicines by high-risk pregnant women and its teratogenic potential make epidemiological studies indispensable to provide data to subsidize measures that guarantee the rational use of these drugs, preventing undesirable effects. This study aims to describe the pharmacoepidemiological profile of high-risk pregnant women at the Clinical Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP) and to correlate the use of medicines with their socioeconomic, demographic and clinical characteristics. A sample of 386 high-risk pregnant women was interviewed between May 2014 and October 2015. Socioeconomic and demographic data; access to health services data; pregnancy data; health-related habits data and medicines and correlated data were collected. The mean age was 28.7 years (SD 6.2) and the median per capita income was R$ 600.00 (IQ 550.00). The majority of the women were white (47.7%), had more than nine years of study (69.7%), were not emplyed (54.7%), were married or lived with a partner (76.9%), did not have a private health plan (87.6%), did not plan the pregnancy (61.9%), were not primigravida (68.8%), had children (55.7%), had no previous abortion (70.7%), confirmed gestation (88.6%) and started prenatal care (86.8%) in the first trimester, did not follow up with another physician other than the gynecologist (75.1%) or another health professional (75.6%), received guidance on the risk of using medication during pregnancy (58%) and was not adherent to pharmacotherapy (63%). The most prevalent diagnoses among the interviewees were hypertension (20.5%), diabetes mellitus (19.7%), obesity (14.8%) and urinary tract infection (9.6%). The minority consumed alcohol (6%), smoked (8.8%), drank coffee (39.6%), consumed sweeteners (14.2%), used tinctures/chemical hair products (9.6%), medicinal plants (26%), practiced physical exercises (9.3%) and self-medication (12.7%). Consumption of medicines was reported by 99.7% of the interviewees, with an average of 5.1 (SD 2.1) per woman. The medicines most used by pregnant women were antianemics (88.9%), analgesics (63.2%), systemic antibacterials (26.7%), medications for gastrointestinal disorders (20.2%), antihistamines (19.7%), antihypertensives (19.4%), medications for acidity-related disorders (18.1%), gynecological anti-infectives and antiseptics (17.4%) and vitamins (16.8%). According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) pregnancy risk categories, 2.5% of the drugs used are of category A, 25% of B, 35% of C, 11,3% of D and 1.2% of X. According to Briggs, Freeman and Yaffe\'s risk classification (2015), most medicines are classified in the categories \"compatible\" (25.6%) and \"human data suggest low risk\" (10.6%). In the \"contraindicated\" category, there are 10% of the medicines used. No evidence of association was found between the number of medications used by pregnant women and the other characteristics studied. The data obtained in this study may contribute to the development of strategies to improve care and rational use of medications by high-risk pregnant women, increasing the quality of life of this population

INTRODUÇÃO: O Diabetes Gestacional (DG) é qualquer grau de intolerância a carboidratos com início ou diagnóstico na gravidez, com prevalência de 1% a 14% de todas as gestações. Para que complicações provenientes da doença sejam minimizadas, faz-se necessário o adequado controle glicêmico da paciente portadora dessa doença. Modelos experimentais sugerem que reside na musculatura estriada esquelética o principal sítio de resistência à insulina ocorrida durante a gestação. A prática de exercícios resistidos (ER) durante a gestação, embora ainda pouco difundida, é considerada segura, tanto para o feto como para a gestante. A literatura científica, porém, é extremamente escassa em relação à utilização dessa forma de atividade física como coadjuvante no tratamento do DG. OBJETIVOS: O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar pacientes com diagnóstico de DG, incluídas em programa de ER realizados com corda elástica, comparando a freqüência de mulheres que usaram insulina no grupo que realizou o programa ao grupo que não se exercitou, e verificar o impacto do programa sobre a adequação do controle glicêmico capilar das gestantes. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um ensaio clínico randomizado com 62 portadoras de DG que acompanharam o programa de pré-natal da Clínica Obstétrica do Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP no período entre outubro de 2006 e novembro de 2008. Elas foram alocadas em dois grupos de estudo após o diagnóstico de DG: o grupo de exercícios (GE; n = 31), que praticou ER e o grupo controle (GC; n = 31). Os grupos eram semelhantes em todas as características aferidas no momento da inclusão no estudo. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se redução estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,009) no número de pacientes que necessitou de insulina no GE (n = 07) em comparação ao observado no GC (n= 17). Houve diferença significativa do controle glicêmico entre os grupos. Enquanto o GC atingiu a meta para monitoração glicêmica capilar durante, em média, 43% do período de acompanhamento, o GE o fez por 62% do período de estudo (p = 0,014). Foi verificada também maior freqüência de médias glicêmicas ideais no GE (67,7%) em comparação ao GC (25,8%) (p = 0,001). Não houve diferença significativa (p =0,836) no período (semanas ± DP) entre a inclusão no estudo e o início da terapia com insulina entre o GC (2,00 ± 1,62) e o GE (1,86 ± 1,21), bem como na quantidade de insulina (UI/kg ± DP) utilizada pelas gestantes na comparação entre os grupos (GC: 0,49 ± 0,12; GE: 0,45 ± 0,11; p = 0,398). CONCLUSÕES: A prática de ER por portadoras de DG foi eficiente em diminuir a utilização de insulina, além de melhorar o controle glicêmico dessa população. / INTRODUCTION: Gestational Diabetes (GD) is any degree of intolerance to carbohydrates that begins or is diagnosed in pregnancy, with a prevalence of 1% to 14% of all gestations. So that complications arising from the disease may be minimized, adequate blood sugar control of patients with this disease is necessary. Experimental models suggest that the main area of resistance to insulin occurring during gestation resides in the skeletal muscle. The practice of resistance exercises (RE) during pregnancy, although not widely disseminated, is considered safe for the fetus as well as for the pregnant woman. Scientific literature is extremely scarce with regard to the utilization of this form of physical activity in conjunction with treatment for GD. OBJECTIVES: The object of this study was to evaluate patients with a diagnosis of GD who were included in a program of RE carried out with rubber tubes, comparing the frequency of women who used insulin in the group who participated in the program with the group that did not do the exercises, and to verify the impact of the program on the adequacy of capillary glycemic control of the pregnant women. METHODS: A randomized clinical trial was performed with 62 GD patients who were following the prenatal program at the Obstetric Clinic of the Hospital of Clinics of FMUSP (Faculty of Medicine from University of Sao Paulo) from October, 2006 to November, 2008. They were divided into two study groups after the diagnosis of GD: the exercise group (EG), who practiced RE, and the control group (CG). The groups were similar in all characteristics assessed at the time of enrollment in the study. RESULTS: A statistically significant reduction (p = 0,009) was verified in the number of patients who needed insulin in the EG (n = 07) in comparison with what was observed in the CG (n = 17). There was a significant difference in glycemic control between the groups. While the CG reached the goal for capillary glycemic monitoring during, on the average, 43% of the follow-up period, the EG reached it for 62% of the study period (p = 0,014). A higher frequency of ideal glicemic mean levels was also verified in the EG (67.7%) in comparison with the CG (25.8%) (p = 0,001). There was no significant difference (p =0,836) in the period (weeks ± SD) between study enrollment and the start of insulin therapy between the CG (2,00 ± 1,62) and the EG (1,86 ± 1,21), nor was there in the amount of insulin (UI/kg ± SD) used by the pregnant women in the comparison between the groups. (CG: 0,49 ± 0,12; EG: 0,45 ± 0,11; p = 0,398). CONCLUSIONS: The practice of RE by pregnant women with GD was efficient to reduce the use of insulin, as well as to improve the glycemic control of this population.

Against all odds, in uncertain and violent times, Colombian women are mobilising for gender justice. They do so even when they face ongoing violence and personal threats from a variety of armed actors. The questions arise: how and why do women mobilise in contexts of high violence and insecurity? Despite a well-established tradition of studying women's social movements in times of conflict, and of high risk collective action more generally, there is a lacuna when it comes to analysing feminism as a mobilisation strategy. My research uses the case studies of the Liga de las Mujeres Desplazadas (League of Displaced Women, LMD), and AFROMUPAZ (Afro-Colombian Women for Peace) to illustrate the utility of an original framework - High Risk Feminism - to explain how and why women chose to act collectively, despite the real and threatened dangers that this implies. The thesis further looks to a similar setting (an invaded neighbourhood in Riohacha, La Guajira) where displaced women do not mobilise, in order to strengthen the parameters of the HRF framework. In all, it posits that we will see a specifically feminist type of mobilisation emerge when a leader is able to form a charismatic bond with participants by framing participation as 'worth it' in a domain of losses, despite the risks this incurs.