The proliferation of distributed energy resources (DER)s has prompted interest in the expansion of DC power systems. The technological limitations that hinder the expansion of DC power systems are the absence of DC circuit breakers and high step-up/high step-down DC converters for interconnecting DC systems. This thesis presents a transformerless high step-up DC-DC converter intended for use as an interconnect between DC systems. The converter is required to operate at medium to high voltage (>1kV) and provide high voltage gain (>5). This work details the steady state operation and dynamic model of the proposed converter. The component ratings are identified and converter design limitations are investigated. A 100V:1kV/4kW prototype is produced to verify the analytic steady state model and measure efficiency. An experimental efficiency of 90% was achieved at a step-up ratio of 1:10, however efficiency at low power is limited due to the need to circulate power.

With the continuous growth of non-linear power electronic components and the increasing penetration of the distributed generation (DG), the potential for degradation in the power quality of the existing grid exists. There are concerns that the total harmonic distortion (THD) could reach unacceptable levels of 5% or higher. Moreover, there is additional potential of the presence of amplified harmonic components in the power network grid when the harmonic frequencies align with the resonant frequencies that are being injected by power electronic components of the DG. The above conditions could increase the electrical stresses on the insulation system of the power system components, and in particular, cable terminations are a concern. Standard cable terminations are designed to operate under power frequency in the power system network and their service life is considered accordingly. The research work aims to provide an understanding of the performance of the stress grading (SG) system of a commercial cable termination when the voltage waveform is distorted due to the presence of harmonics and when the high frequency and high dV/dt voltage waveforms are present from a typical power electronic drive. An aging experiment was performed for over a 600 hour time period using the pulse width modulated (PWM) high-voltage generator to quantify the impact of high frequency stress on SG system of cable termination. Furthermore, the cable termination was tested under power frequency, distorted voltage waveforms composed of fundamental and low order harmonics using an experiment setup that generate distorted voltage waveforms. Diagnostic techniques such as surface potential distribution measurements and surface temperature monitoring are used to analyze the termination performance. The surface tangential field is calculated based on the gradient of the termination surface potential as measured with an electrostatic voltmeter. The study shows that distorted voltage waveforms with high frequency and high dV/dt components, increase the electric field, resistive heating, and surface temperature rise in the terminations that use the field-dependent SG materials. The rise of electric field by as high as 27.1% and surface temperature rise of as high as 17C demonstrates the severity on the cable terminations. Such electric field enhancements for a period of time have a potential to initiate partial discharge that could lead to degradation of the termination. Moreover, surface temperature rise of 17 deg C could reduce the allowable ampacity of the cable conductor, reduce the short circuit levels, and reduce the feeder loading limits. The field-dependent electrical conductivity (σ(E,T)), permittivity (ε), and the temperature dependencies of (σ(E,T) and ε) have strong impact to degrade the electrical and thermal properties of the termination due to stress from the non-sinusoidal distorted voltage waveform. In order to minimize the surface temperature rise from the hotspot and electrical stress enhancement that eventually lead to insulation degradation and failure, the following recommendations are made for a suitable SG design for a termination to handle the severe voltage stress: Apply the capacitively graded termination in the grid where the distortion levels are low. Under the increased total harmonic distortion levels and HF components, resistively grading with higher degree of nonlinearity (achieved through the use of ZnO filler) is beneficial. The utilities could take preventive maintenance on medium voltage power cable accessories to prevent the termination failure before it actually occurs. Researchers could focus to resolve and minimize the rising power quality issues when the distribution generations are operated, improve the power electronic converters, and provide cost-effective harmonic filter solutions for harmonic mitigation.

Any switching action or lightning stroke on a transmission system causes excessive of voltage, which are propagated through the equipment. The withstand capability of the electrical equipment to these overvoltages is dependent on the rate of rise, peak value and the duration of these overvoltages and are especially critical to information technology (IT) equipment. Whenever there is a probability of these overvoltages appearing across the electrical equipment, they should be limited to a safe value by the application surge arresters of the metal oxide type. However, surge arresters are expensive, an optimal location for these should be found so as to minimise the number of surge arresters used.

In this thesis, a high precision motion and position control system has been developed and applied to a high voltage sphere gap control and measurement system. The system is able to support up to 3-axes position and motion control. The control system includes a microcontroller card, three DC servo motor driver cards and a data storage unit. To provide communication between computer and motion control system, the Universal Serial Bus (USB) port is used. The microcontroller card is equipped with an USB interface and a PIC (Peripheral Interface Controllers) microcontroller. This microcontroller controls the dedicated motion control processors (LM629), on servo motor driver cards and read/write operations of data storage unit, which consists of a Multi Media Card.

Σκοπός αυτής της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η μελέτη της μεταβατικής συμπεριφοράς ενός υποσταθμού υψηλής τάσης. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, με τη χρήση του προγράμματος εξομοίωσης EMTP μετρώνται τα δυναμικά σε ορισμένα σημεία του πλέγματος γείωσης του υποσταθμού όταν κεραυνός πλήττει τον πυλώνα του υποσταθμού και όταν εμφανίζεται ρεύμα βραχυκύκλωσης στον μετασχηματιστή. Πιο αναλυτικά, σε αυτή την εργασία περιλαμβάνονται τα εξής: Στο κεφάλαιο 1 περιγράφονται τα χαρακτηριστικά του κεραυνού και ο μηχανισμός δημιουργίας του ενώ αναλύονται τα είδη των υπερτάσεων που προκαλούνται από τα κεραυνικά πλήγματα. Στο κεφάλαιο 2 περιγράφονται τα είδη και οι μορφές των γειώσεων ενώ γίνεται αναφορά και στα συστήματα γειώσεων που χρησιμοποιούνται. Στο κεφάλαιο 3 αναλύεται το φαινόμενο ιονισμού του εδάφους το οποίο λάβαμε υπόψιν στην προσομοίωση του πλέγματος γείωσης του υποσταθμού. Περιγράφεται ο μηχανισμός διάσπασης του εδάφους και αναλύονται τα διάφορα μοντέλα που έχουν προταθεί για τη περιγραφή της διαδικασίας του ιονισμού. Στο κεφάλαιο 4 γίνεται μια αναλυτική περιγραφή των διαφόρων μοντέλων που έχουν αναπτυχθεί για τη μελέτη της μεταβατικής συμπεριφοράς των συστημάτων γείωσης. Από τα μοντέλα αυτά επιλέγεται το κατάλληλο που θα χρησιμοποιηθεί για την προσομοίωση του πλέγματος γείωσης του υποσταθμού. Στο κεφάλαιο 5 περιγράφεται το πρόγραμμα ανάλυσης ηλεκτρομαγνητικών φαινομένων που χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την προσομοίωση του υποσταθμού. Στο κεφάλαιο 6 δίνονται τα στοιχεία για το πλέγμα γείωσης του υποσταθμού και γίνεται η επιλογή του μοντέλου προσομοίωσης για το πλέγμα ενώ παρουσιάζεται και η μορφή του πλέγματος γείωσης που σχεδιάστηκε στο EMTP. Επίσης, αναλύεται η διαδικασία της εξομοίωσης που περιλαμβάνει μελέτη της μεταβατικής συμπεριφοράς του υποσταθμού σε πλήγμα κεραυνού στον πύργο των 150 kV και σε ενδεχόμενη εμφάνιση ρεύματος βραχυκύκλωσης στον μετασχηματιστή. Επίσης, μελετάμε και την περίπτωση όπου προσθέτουμε επιπλέον κατακόρυφες ράβδους γείωσης. Στο κεφάλαιο 7 παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα της εξομοίωσης. Δίνονται αναλυτικά όλα τα γραφήματα των δυναμικών που μετρήθηκαν καθώς και συγκεντρωτικά γραφήματα ενώ παρατίθενται και τα συμπεράσματα της προσομοίωσης. Έτσι, καταλήγουμε στο ότι οι μεγαλύτερες τιμές των δυναμικών εμφανίζονται στους κόμβους που εγχέουμε το ρεύμα κεραυνού και το ρεύμα βραχυκύκλωσης ενώ με την προσθήκη των επιπλέον κατακόρυφων ράβδων οι τιμές των δυναμικών μειώνονται. / The aim of this diploma thesis is the study of the transient behavior of a high voltage substation. First, basic senses such as the grounding and the lightning are analyzed. Sesondly, the bibliography related to the phenomenon of soil ionization of the ground and the transient behavior simulation models is presented while there is an analytical description of the simulation program that is used, EMTP-ATP. Moreover, the appropriate model for the simulation of the grounding grid is selected, including the phenomenon of the soil ionization, and the process of the simulation is explained. Finally, the simulation results are presented as well as the conclusions.

abstract: Electric utilities are exploring new technologies to cope up with the in-crease in electricity demand and power transfer capabilities of transmission lines. Compact transmission lines and high phase order systems are few of the techniques which enhance the power transfer capability of transmission lines without requiring any additional right-of-way. This research work investigates the impact of compacting high voltage transmission lines and high phase order systems on the surface electric field of composite insulators, a key factor deciding service performance of insulators. The electric field analysis was done using COULOMB 9.0, a 3D software package which uses a numerical analysis technique based on Boundary Element Method (BEM). 3D models of various types of standard transmission towers used for 230 kV, 345 kV and 500 kV level were modeled with different insulators con-figurations and number of circuits. Standard tower configuration models were compacted by reducing the clearance from live parts in steps of 10%. It was found that the standard tower configuration can be compacted to 30% without violating the minimum safety clearance mandated by NESC standards. The study shows that surface electric field on insulators for few of the compact structures exceeded the maximum allowable limit even if corona rings were installed. As a part of this study, a Gaussian process model based optimization pro-gram was developed to find the optimum corona ring dimensions to limit the electric field within stipulated values. The optimization program provides the dimen-sions of corona ring, its placement from the high voltage end for a given dry arc length of insulator and system voltage. JMP, a statistical computer package and AMPL, a computer language widely used form optimization was used for optimi-zation program. The results obtained from optimization program validated the industrial standards. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Electrical Engineering 2012

Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire ont été réalisés dans le cadre d’une collaboration entre le LAboratoire PLAsma et Conversion d’Énergie (LAPLACE), Université de Toulouse, et la Seconde Université de Naples (SUN). Ce travail a reçu le soutien de la société Rongxin Power Electronics (Chine) et traite de l’utilisation des convertisseurs multi-niveaux pour le transport d’énergie électrique en courant continu Haute Tension (HVDC). Depuis plus d’un siècle, la génération, la transmission, la distribution et l’utilisation de l’énergie électrique sont principalement basées sur des systèmes alternatifs. Les systèmes HVDC ont été envisagés pour des raisons techniques et économiques dès les années 60. Aujourd’hui il est unanimement reconnu que ces systèmes de transport d’électricité sont plus appropriés pour les lignes aériennes au-delà de 800 km de long. Cette distance limite de rentabilité diminue à 50 km pour les liaisons enterrées ou sous-marines. Les liaisons HVDC constituent un élément clé du développement de l’énergie électrique verte pour le XXIème siècle. En raison des limitations en courant des semi-conducteurs et des câbles électriques, les applications à forte puissance nécessitent l’utilisation de convertisseurs haute tension (jusqu’à 500 kV). Grâce au développement de composants semi-conducteurs haute tension et aux architectures multicellulaires, il est désormais possible de réaliser des convertisseurs AC/DC d’une puissance allant jusqu’au GW. Les convertisseurs multi-niveaux permettent de travailler en haute tension tout en délivrant une tension quasi-sinusoïdale. Les topologies multi-niveaux classiques de type NPC ou « Flying Capacitor » ont été introduites dans les années 1990 et sont aujourd’hui couramment utilisées dans les applications de moyenne puissance comme les systèmes de traction. Dans le domaine des convertisseurs AC/DC haute tension, la topologie MMC (Modular Multilevel Converter), proposée par le professeur R. Marquardt (Université de Munich, Allemagne) il y a dix ans, semble particulièrement intéressante pour les liaisons HVDC. Sur le principe d’une architecture de type MMC, le travail de cette thèse propose différentes topologies de blocs élémentaires permettant de rendre le convertisseur AC/DC haute tension plus flexible du point de vue des réversibilités en courant et en tension. Ce document est organisé de la manière suivante. Les systèmes HVDC actuellement utilisés sont tout d’abord présentés. Les configurations conventionnelles des convertisseurs de type onduleur de tension (VSCs) ou de type onduleur de courant (CSCs) sont introduites et les topologies pour les systèmes VSC sont ensuite plus particulièrement analysées. Le principe de fonctionnement de la topologie MMC est ensuite présenté et le dimensionnement des éléments réactifs est développé en considérant une commande en boucle ouverte puis une commande en boucle fermée. Plusieurs topologies de cellules élémentaires sont proposées afin d’offrir différentes possibilités de réversibilité du courant ou de la tension du côté continu. Afin de comparer ces structures, une approche analytique de l’estimation des pertes est développée. [...] / This work was performed in the frame of collaboration between the Laboratory on Plasma and Energy Conversion (LAPLACE), University of Toulouse, and the Second University of Naples (SUN). This work was supported by Rongxin Power Electronic Company (China) and concerns the use of multilevel converters in High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission. For more than one hundred years, the generation, the transmission, distribution and uses of electrical energy were principally based on AC systems. HVDC systems were considered some 50 years ago for technical and economic reasons. Nowadays, it is well known that HVDC is more convenient than AC for overhead transmission lines from 800 - 1000 km long. This break-even distance decreases up to 50 km for underground or submarine cables. Over the twenty-first century, HVDC transmissions will be a key point in green electric energy development. Due to the limitation in current capability of semiconductors and electrical cables, high power applications require high voltage converters. Thanks to the development of high voltage semiconductor devices, it is now possible to achieve high power converters for AC/DC conversion in the GW power range. For several years, multilevel voltage source converters allow working at high voltage level and draw a quasi-sinusoidal voltage waveform. Classical multilevel topologies such as NPC and Flying Capacitor VSIs were introduced twenty years ago and are nowadays widely used in Medium Power applications such as traction drives. In the scope of High Voltage AC/DC converters, the Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC), proposed ten years ago by Professor R. Marquardt from the University of Munich (Germany), appeared particularly interesting for HVDC transmissions. On the base of the MMC principle, this thesis considers different topologies of elementary cells which make the High Voltage AC/DC converter more flexible and easy suitable respect to different voltage and current levels. The document is organized as follow. Firstly, HVDC power systems are introduced. Conventional configurations of Current Source Converters (CSCs) and Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) are shown. The most attractive topologies for VSC-HVDC systems are analyzed. The operating principle of the MMC is presented and the sizing of reactive devices is developed by considering an open loop and a closed loop control. Different topologies of elementary cells offer various properties in current or voltage reversibility on the DC side. To compare the different topologies, an analytical approach on the power losses evaluation is achieved which made the calculation very fast and direct. A HVDC link to connect an off-shore wind farm platform is considered as a case study. The nominal power level is 100 MW with a DC voltage of 160 kV. The MMC is rated considering press-packed IGBT and IGCT devices. Simulations validate the calculations and also allow analyzing fault conditions. The study is carried out by considering a classical PWM control with an interleaving of the cells. In order to validate calculation and the simulation results, a 10kW three-phase prototype was built. It includes 18 commutation cells and its control system is based on a DSP-FGPA platform.

A crise na biodiversidade tem se agravado como resultado das atividades humanas. Identificar os efeitos ecológicos causados por empreendimentos, como linhas de transmissão de energia elétrica (LTs), é essencial para o planejamento dessas estruturas e para melhor informar seu processo de tomada de decisão. A Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA) é um importante instrumento para a minimização de impactos na biodiversidade. No entanto, uma das maiores deficiências para a mitigação de impactos está na ausência da antecipação dos mesmos na fase de planejamento das estruturas. Um dos objetivos deste estudo foi listar e descrever os potenciais efeitos ambientais causados pelas LTs, sua natureza e os componentes bióticos afetados. A partir de uma abordagem de revisão sistemática, a síntese dos estudos mostrou que as interações das linhas com a biodiversidade têm sido investigadas em uma grande amplitude de organismos, abordando doze diferentes efeitos no ambiente. No entanto, é notável a ausência de estudos relacionados a grupos funcionais de menor mobilidade e sobre efeitos como a perda de habitat. Além de listar e descrever os efeitos das LTs, este trabalho estruturou um modelo conceitual para auxiliar na definição do escopo das AIAs. Nós acreditamos que o reconhecimento antecipado do espectro de potenciais impactos, além de ser importante para a compreensão das cadeias causais pelas quais as ações de cada empreendimento conduzem efeitos, auxilia na qualificação do processo de licenciamento, direcionando os estudos para impactos prioritários. Como a forma mais efetiva de evitamento de impactos, nós recomendamos fortemente que iniciativas de espacialização dos mesmos sejam desenvolvidas para a futura incorporação no planejamento da expansão da rede de transmissão de energia. / The biodiversity crisis has worsened in the last decades, as a result of human activities. Identifying the ecological effects caused by infrastructure developments, such as electric power transmission lines (TLs), is essential for planning these developments and for better informing the decision-making process. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an important instrument to ensure the minimization of impacts on biodiversity. However, one of the major shortcomings for mitigation of impacts is the lack of anticipation in the planning phase of these developments. One of the objectives of this study was to list and describe the potential environmental effects caused by TLs, their nature and the affected biotic components. From a systematic review approach, the synthesis of the studies reveal that line interactions with biodiversity have been investigated over a wide range of organisms, addressing twelve different effects on the environment. However, the absence of studies related to functional groups of lower mobility and other effects, such as habitat loss, is notable. In addition to listing and describing the effects of LTs, this work structured a conceptual model to help define the scope of EIAs. We believe that the early recognition of the spectrum of potential impacts, in addition to being important for understanding the causal chains through which the actions of each undertaking have effects, helps in the qualification of the licensing process, directing the studies to priority impacts. As the most effective way of avoiding impacts, we strongly recommend that spatial analysis and investigation should be developed and incorporated in planning the expansion of the power transmission network.

L'émergence des énergies renouvelables a entraîné le développement de nouvelles technologies pour la distribution de l'énergie sur de longues distances. Ces dernières sont basées sur le transport via de hautes tensions continues (HVDC) pour éviter les pertes capacitives. Ce réseau de distribution est interconnecté via des Postes Sous Enveloppes Métalliques (PSEM), dont l'isolation est composée de gaz sous pression (SF6) et d'isolants solides (résine époxy), qui doivent résister sous HVDC. Dans ces dispositifs, le champ électrique n'est plus déterminé par la permittivité relative des matériaux, mais par leurs résistivités et les phénomènes d'accumulation de charges. Dans le cas d'un isolant solide présentant une interface avec un gaz, des électrons ou des ions vont être susceptibles de se déplacer suivant les lignes de champ électrique et charger la surface de l'isolant solide. Le comportement des propriétés des isolants (solides et gazeux) constitue un enjeu majeur dans le développement de PSEM HVDC, notamment dans la compréhension des mécanismes d'accumulation et relaxation des charges.Dans ce travail de thèse, la caractérisation de l'isolant solide a d'abord été étudiée, basée sur des mesures de courants faibles bruits. Il est ainsi possible de mesurer le courant de fuite dans le volume et sur la surface des échantillons, dans une enceinte sous pression, à haut champ électrique et pour différentes températures. Ces mesures ont mis en évidence que les résistivités de volume et de surface sont fortement impactées par l'augmentation de la température et la teneur en eau des échantillons. Il a également été montré que la résistivité de surface a un comportement non-linéaire en fonction du champ électrique. Un modèle numérique a été développé pour simuler les résultats obtenus, et implémenter les propriétés de surface de l'isolant solide.Les propriétés isolantes du gaz ont également été étudiées pour différentes géométries de champ électrique, dans le but d'estimer la contribution du courant passant à travers le gaz, sur l'accumulation de charge en surface de l'isolant solide. Des courants non négligeables sont mesurés dans le gaz (~pA-nA). Pour déterminer les mécanismes responsables de la présence de tels courants, il a été caractérisé selon plusieurs paramètres (la rugosité de la surface de l'électrode, la nature du matériau, le champ électrique, la température et l'humidité relative). Cela a mis en évidence que les variations de courants dépendent du conditionnement du dispositif, et sont donc fortement influencés par l'humidité relative adsorbée sur les surfaces du dispositif (électrodes et cuves). En présence d'un système sec, de faibles courants sont mesurés (~pA), et augmentent en fonction de la température. A l'inverse, dans le cas d'un système humide, le courant diminue avec l'augmentation de la température. Ces résultats, combinés à l'influence de la rugosité de l'électrode, suggèrent fortement un mécanisme d'injection de charge à la surface de l'électrode, favorisé en présence d'eau adsorbée.Enfin, les résultats obtenus pour les deux isolants solides et gazeux sont utilisés pour élaborer un modèle numérique ayant une forme proche de celle de l'application industrielle, et permettent d'observer la modification de la distribution du champ électrique en présence de la concentration en eau et du gradient de température. Une estimation du courant circulant au travers des isolants est donc possible.En conclusion, ce travail donne les variations des résistivités de volume et de surface dans une résine époxy en fonction de la température et du champ électrique. Il met également en évidence la forte influence de l'humidité relative et de la température sur les mécanismes d'injection de charges qui contribuent au courant mesuré à travers le gaz. Cette caractérisation approfondie permet de développer une simulation qui prédit les variations de la distribution du champ électrique au sein d'un PSEM sous tension continue. / The emergence of renewable energy leads to a development of new technologies for energy distribution across long distances. The latter will be based on High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) to avoid capacitance losses. This network is interconnected using Gas Insulated Substation (GIS), which insulation is composed of pressurized gas (SF6) and solid insulators (epoxy resin), which have to withstand HVDC. The electric field is not anymore determined by permittivity of materials, but by resistivities and charge accumulation. In the case of an insulator with an interface with gas, electrons or ions will move across electric field lines and will charge the surface of the solid insulator. The behavior of insulator's properties (gas and solid) constitutes a major challenge for the development of HVDC GIS, to understand the charge relaxation/accumulation mechanisms.In this work, the characterization of solid insulator has first been investigated, based on a low-noise current measurement method. It is thus possible to measure the leakage current through samples and onto their surface, in a pressurized gas, at high electric field and for different temperatures. Those measurements permit to evidence that both volume and surface resistivities are strongly impacted by the increase of temperature and water concentration. It has also been shown that surface resistivity has a non-linear behavior with electric field. A numerical model was developed, to simulate experimental results, showing that the surface properties of the insulator can be implemented.Furthermore, the insulating properties of the gas were also investigated through different electric field geometry (coaxial and uniform), in order to estimate the contribution of current through gas on the charge accumulated on solid insulators. It has been found that a non-negligible current passes through the gas (~pA to nA). To determine the mechanisms responsible for such currents, the latter has been characterized depending on several parameters (electrode surface roughness, material nature, electric field, temperature and relative humidity). It revealed that the variations of currents are strongly impacted by the conditioning of the device and thus by the relative humidity adsorbed on electrodes and enclosure surfaces. In presence of a dry system (dry gas and device) low current were measured (~pA), which increases with temperature. On the contrary, in case of a “wet” system (humid gas and device) the current decreases with increasing temperature. Those results combined with the influence of the electrode roughness, strongly suggest a mechanism of charge injection at the electrode surface, enhanced by water adsorption.Finally, the results obtained for both solid and gaseous insulations are used to develop a numerical model with a shape close to the industrial application, and observe the modification of electric field distribution in presence of water concentration and temperature gradient. An estimation of current flowing through the insulator and gas is thus possible in case of uniform and gradient temperature.In conclusion, this work gives the variations of both volume and surface resistivities in an epoxy resin with temperature and electric field. It also evidences the major influence of relative humidity and temperature on charge injection mechanisms which contribute to the current measured through gas. The extensive characterization performed, enables to develop a simulation which predicts the variations of electric field distribution within an HVDC GIS.

A comparison between a traditional fixed high voltage direct current energy transmission system and a mobile transmission system utilizing vanadium redox flow batteries has been conducted in this degree work.  The purpose of this comparison was to evaluate if a mobile energy transmission system could be competitive in terms of energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness for use in offshore wind power applications. A literary study was made to fully grasp the various technologies and to create empirical ground of which cost estimation methods and energy calculations could be derived. A specific scenario was designed to compare the two transmission systems with the same conditions. To perform the comparison, a model was designed and simulated in MATLAB. The results from the model showed that the flow battery system fell behind in energy efficiency with a total energy loss of 33.3 % compared to the 11.7 % of the traditional system, future efficiency estimations landed it at a more competitive 17.5 %. The techno-economic results proved that a mobile flow battery system would be up to nine times more expensive in comparison to a traditional transmission system, with the best-case scenario resulting in it being roughly two times more expensive. The main cause of this was found out to be the expensive energy subsystem, specifically the electrolyte, used in the flow battery system. Several environmental risks arise when using a flow battery system with this electrolyte as well which could harm marine life severely. In conclusion; with further development and cost reductions, a case could be made for the advantages of a truly mobile energy transmission system. Specifically, in terms of the pure flexibility and mobility of the system, allowing it to circumvent certain complications. The mobility of the system gives the possibility of selling energy where the spot prices are at their highest, providing a higher revenue potential compared to a traditional fixed system. As for now though, it is simply too expensive to be a viable solution.