Tato dizertační práce představuje novou techniku laterární rezonanční vazby, která je využita v návrhu galvanicky izolovaného posouvače úrovně, který je následně implementován v 800 V půlmůstkovém kontroléru pro průmyslové aplikace. Ve srovnání s tradičními galvanickými izolátory jsou výrobní náklady tohoto řešení nižší. Pro aplikace vyžadující vyšší úroveň galvanické izolace je popsán následný vývoj galvanicky izolovaného posouvače úrovně, který využívá pouze jeden galvanicky oddělený posouvač úrovní pro komunikaci v obou směrech, což výrazně snižuje plochu struktury izolátoru. Jako součást následného návrhu je představen galvanický izolátor který je schopen přenášet analogovou hodnotu napětí. Analogový izolátor byl testován v reálné aplikaci síťového spínaného zdroje jako náhrada standardního optočlenu. Tato konstrukce umožňuje integraci primárních a sekundárních obvodů v jednom pouzdře, což umožní snížit složitost a cenu spínaného zdroje.

This work is concerned with power inverters for alternate high voltage power sources. The theoretical part describes the topology of inverters that can be used in alternate power sources. A model of voltage transformer is described in details to better understand the parasitic effects that are inevitably present in high voltage power sources and, therefore, have to be taken into consideration at the design of high voltage power sources. The work is oriented to problems of alternate high voltage power sources for ozone generators. This is the reason, why the theoretical and, partially, also the experimental part deal with the properties of ozone and its use. The experimental part solves high voltage inverter with capacitive load that is formed by discharge element of an ozone generator. Designed inverter is able to feed the capacitive load with high voltage at very short periods of time from several microseconds up to tens of nanoseconds. In comparison with the length of voltage pulses in common ozone generators, this pulses are more than 100-time shorter. This has a positive effect to silent discharge characteristics.

En strömbrytare är en säkerhetsanordning som är utformad för att bryta strömmen om ett problem uppstår. Det finns ett flertal olika typer av brytare beroende vilket spänningsområde som avses. Brytare för lågspänning används för hushållsapparater, medan högspänningstyper används för överföring av spänning i elnätet. Högspänningsbrytare använder idag svavelhexafluorid (SF6)-gas, som ett isolerande medium för att släcka den elektriska ljusbåge som bildas när strömmen bryts. SF6 är dock problematiskt för miljön, då dess globala uppvärmningspotential (GWP) är 23 500 gånger högre jämfört med koldioxid (CO2). Företaget Hitachi ABB Power Grids har utvecklat AirPlus™-tekniken som ersätter SF6-gasen med en koldioxidbaserad gasblandning. Examensarbetet fokuserade på att utvärdera möjligheten att minska användningen av SF6 genom AirPlus™-tekniken och hur tekniken skulle kunna en introduceras på marknaden. Slutligen så utvecklades en strategi för hur detta skulle kunna ske. Studien innefattar den bakomliggande informationsinhämtningen och analysen av data, marknadsutvärdering och utvecklingen av marknadsstrategin. Detta utfördes genom att utvärdera AirPlus™-tekniken och dess konkurrenter, samt genom en kvalitativ och kvantitativ analys av implementeringen av LTA 420 kV-brytaren på marknaden. Sammanfattningsvis så visar studien att marknadsintroduktionen av strömbrytaren LTA 420 kV är genomförbar. Även om koldioxid tekniskt inte har samma prestanda som SF6, är tekniken fortfarande bra och ger starka kundfördelar: GWP minskar med över 99,9%, användningen överensstämmer med miljöregler, den ger lägre ägandekostnader, färre kontroller, lägre kostnad för hantering av koldioxidgasen, och fungerar väl vid extremt låga temperaturer. De viktigaste utmaningarna för Hitachi ABB Power Grids relaterar till konkurrensen på marknaden. Det är därför tillrådligt att företaget arbetar med en effektiv marknadsintroduktion för att säkerställa en stor marknadsandel. / A circuit breaker is a safety device designed to interrupt power if a problem is detected. There are several kinds of circuit breakers for different applications. Low-voltage circuit breakers are used for household appliances, while high-voltage types are used for transmission networks. High-voltage circuit breakers use sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas as an insulating medium, which extinguishes the electric arc that is formed when power is cut. However, it is a huge hazard for the environment, as its global warming potential (GWP) is 23,500 times higher than that of CO2 gas. The company Hitachi ABB Power Grids developed the AirPlus™ technology, which replaces the SF6 gas with a carbon dioxide (CO2) based gas mixture. The presented degree project has evaluated the feasibility of reducing the use of SF6 through the AirPlus™ technology and then developed a strategy for the company Hitachi ABB Power Grids for the market introduction of the eco-efficient LTA 420 kV circuit breaker. This study covers the background research, market evaluation, and market strategy.  It was done through research about the AirPlus™ technology and its competitors, so as qualitative and quantitative analysis of the LTA 420 kV circuit breaker implementation in the market. In conclusion, the study shows that the market introduction of the LTA 420 kV circuit breaker is feasible. Although CO2 is not as good an insulation medium as SF6, it is still good and presents strong customer benefits: GWP reduced by over 99.9%, compliance with new regulations, lower cost of ownership, fewer regulatory controls, reduced cost of handling the gas, and well-functioning at extremely low temperatures. The main concerns for Hitachi ABB Power Grids are related to market competition. Thus, it is advisable that the company works on an effective market introduction to assure a large market share.

Thesis (D. Tech. Engineering : Electrical ; Dept. Applied Electronics and Electronic Communications) -- Vaal University of Technology / Two methods to convert an AC current source to an AC voltage source are presented. Both methods make use of a current transformer to provide energy extraction from the main system while maintaining galvanic isolation between the main system and the output system. Control is via a pulse width modulation scheme in both instances. The ftrst method uses a storage element to provide a DC voltage, which feeds an inverter that supplies the AC load with a voltage source. The second method does not use a storage element but is a direct AC current source to AC voltage source converter employing a current transformer. This has not been done before. A possible application of this study is in the extraction of power from high voltage transmission lines without the conventional substation and rural grid to supply small users such as the telecommunication industry.

O trabalho aborda o estudo e o desenvolvimento de um interferômetro sensor de alta tensão, baseado em célula Pockels (modulador eletro-óptico) na topologia reflexiva (\"double pass\") e que é parte integrante de um Transformador de Potencial Óptico (TPO), que utiliza sistema interferométrico de luz branca (WLI-White Light Interferometry), que está sendo desenvolvido pelo grupo do Laboratório de Sensores Ópticos (LSO) do PEA-EPUSP, e é capaz de medir diretamente tensões presentes em sistema elétrico de potência (SEP) classe 69kVRMS. Para desenvolver o tema proposto foi feita uma revisão da literatura baseada em livros, artigos e teses para identificar topologias em moduladores eletro-ópticos transmissiva (\"single pass\") e reflexiva (\"double pass\") para definir o tipo de modulador mais adequado para a aplicação em questão. A partir dos estudos e implementações realizadas, verificou-se um enorme potencial para o desenvolvimento e aplicação da topologia \"double pass\" no sensor interferométrico da célula de alta tensão do TPO. A topologia mostrou-se vantajosa em relação aos protótipos dos TPOs desenvolvidos anteriormente, a partir de características tais como: a facilidade de recurso de alinhamento do feixe de luz, construção e reprodução relacionados ao cristal eletro-óptico, diminuição do número de componentes ópticos volumétricos e aumento da rigidez dielétrica da célula sensora. Simulações computacionais foram realizadas mediante a aplicação do método dos elementos finitos (MEF) que contribuíram para o auxílio do projeto da célula sensora, particularmente, para estimativa do valor da voltagem de meia onda, V?, parâmetro importante para o projeto do TPO. Um protótipo do TPO com célula sensora de alta tensão reflexiva foi implementado e testado no laboratório de alta tensão do IEEUSP a partir de ensaios com tensões nominais de 69kVrms a 60Hz e máxima de 140kVrms a 60 Hz. Como resultado deste trabalho, amplia-se o conhecimento e domínio das técnicas de construção de interferômetros sensores de alta tensão na topologia reflexiva aplicadas a TPOs. / This work describes the study and development of a high-voltage interferometer sensor based on Pockels cell (electro-optical modulator) in the reflective topology (double pass), which is part of an optical potential transformer (OPT) using a white light interferometry system (WLI) being developed by the Optical Sensors Laboratory (LSO) group from PEA-EPUSP, which is able to directly measure power electrical system (PES) voltages for the 69kVrms class. To develop the work, a bibliographic review was made on books, papers and theses in order to identify electro-optical modulators related to transmissive (single pass) and reflective (double pass) topologies aiming at defining the most appropriate modulator type for the present application. From the studies and implementations performed, it was realized that there is a huge potential for the development and application of \'double pass\' topology in the OPT high-voltage interferometric sensor. This topology showed to be advantageous compared to previously developed OPT prototypes for characteristics such as: ease of beam alignment feature, construction and reproduction related to the electro optical crystals, decrease of volumetric optical components number and increase of the sensor cell dielectric strength. Computer simulations were performed by applying the Finite Element Method (FEM) that contributed to the sensor cell design, particularly in estimating the half-wave voltage value, V?. The OPT with the reflective high-voltage sensing cell was implemented and tested at the high voltage laboratory of IEE-USP for the 69kVrms at 60Hz nominal voltage and the 140kVrms at 60Hz maximum voltage. As a result of this work, nationwide expertise over the techniques of construction of high-voltage interferometer sensors in reflective topology applied to OPTs was achieved and knowledge was broadened.

O trabalho aborda o estudo e o desenvolvimento de um interferômetro sensor de alta tensão, baseado em célula Pockels (modulador eletro-óptico) na topologia reflexiva (\"double pass\") e que é parte integrante de um Transformador de Potencial Óptico (TPO), que utiliza sistema interferométrico de luz branca (WLI-White Light Interferometry), que está sendo desenvolvido pelo grupo do Laboratório de Sensores Ópticos (LSO) do PEA-EPUSP, e é capaz de medir diretamente tensões presentes em sistema elétrico de potência (SEP) classe 69kVRMS. Para desenvolver o tema proposto foi feita uma revisão da literatura baseada em livros, artigos e teses para identificar topologias em moduladores eletro-ópticos transmissiva (\"single pass\") e reflexiva (\"double pass\") para definir o tipo de modulador mais adequado para a aplicação em questão. A partir dos estudos e implementações realizadas, verificou-se um enorme potencial para o desenvolvimento e aplicação da topologia \"double pass\" no sensor interferométrico da célula de alta tensão do TPO. A topologia mostrou-se vantajosa em relação aos protótipos dos TPOs desenvolvidos anteriormente, a partir de características tais como: a facilidade de recurso de alinhamento do feixe de luz, construção e reprodução relacionados ao cristal eletro-óptico, diminuição do número de componentes ópticos volumétricos e aumento da rigidez dielétrica da célula sensora. Simulações computacionais foram realizadas mediante a aplicação do método dos elementos finitos (MEF) que contribuíram para o auxílio do projeto da célula sensora, particularmente, para estimativa do valor da voltagem de meia onda, V?, parâmetro importante para o projeto do TPO. Um protótipo do TPO com célula sensora de alta tensão reflexiva foi implementado e testado no laboratório de alta tensão do IEEUSP a partir de ensaios com tensões nominais de 69kVrms a 60Hz e máxima de 140kVrms a 60 Hz. Como resultado deste trabalho, amplia-se o conhecimento e domínio das técnicas de construção de interferômetros sensores de alta tensão na topologia reflexiva aplicadas a TPOs. / This work describes the study and development of a high-voltage interferometer sensor based on Pockels cell (electro-optical modulator) in the reflective topology (double pass), which is part of an optical potential transformer (OPT) using a white light interferometry system (WLI) being developed by the Optical Sensors Laboratory (LSO) group from PEA-EPUSP, which is able to directly measure power electrical system (PES) voltages for the 69kVrms class. To develop the work, a bibliographic review was made on books, papers and theses in order to identify electro-optical modulators related to transmissive (single pass) and reflective (double pass) topologies aiming at defining the most appropriate modulator type for the present application. From the studies and implementations performed, it was realized that there is a huge potential for the development and application of \'double pass\' topology in the OPT high-voltage interferometric sensor. This topology showed to be advantageous compared to previously developed OPT prototypes for characteristics such as: ease of beam alignment feature, construction and reproduction related to the electro optical crystals, decrease of volumetric optical components number and increase of the sensor cell dielectric strength. Computer simulations were performed by applying the Finite Element Method (FEM) that contributed to the sensor cell design, particularly in estimating the half-wave voltage value, V?. The OPT with the reflective high-voltage sensing cell was implemented and tested at the high voltage laboratory of IEE-USP for the 69kVrms at 60Hz nominal voltage and the 140kVrms at 60Hz maximum voltage. As a result of this work, nationwide expertise over the techniques of construction of high-voltage interferometer sensors in reflective topology applied to OPTs was achieved and knowledge was broadened.

A crise na biodiversidade tem se agravado como resultado das atividades humanas. Identificar os efeitos ecológicos causados por empreendimentos, como linhas de transmissão de energia elétrica (LTs), é essencial para o planejamento dessas estruturas e para melhor informar seu processo de tomada de decisão. A Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA) é um importante instrumento para a minimização de impactos na biodiversidade. No entanto, uma das maiores deficiências para a mitigação de impactos está na ausência da antecipação dos mesmos na fase de planejamento das estruturas. Um dos objetivos deste estudo foi listar e descrever os potenciais efeitos ambientais causados pelas LTs, sua natureza e os componentes bióticos afetados. A partir de uma abordagem de revisão sistemática, a síntese dos estudos mostrou que as interações das linhas com a biodiversidade têm sido investigadas em uma grande amplitude de organismos, abordando doze diferentes efeitos no ambiente. No entanto, é notável a ausência de estudos relacionados a grupos funcionais de menor mobilidade e sobre efeitos como a perda de habitat. Além de listar e descrever os efeitos das LTs, este trabalho estruturou um modelo conceitual para auxiliar na definição do escopo das AIAs. Nós acreditamos que o reconhecimento antecipado do espectro de potenciais impactos, além de ser importante para a compreensão das cadeias causais pelas quais as ações de cada empreendimento conduzem efeitos, auxilia na qualificação do processo de licenciamento, direcionando os estudos para impactos prioritários. Como a forma mais efetiva de evitamento de impactos, nós recomendamos fortemente que iniciativas de espacialização dos mesmos sejam desenvolvidas para a futura incorporação no planejamento da expansão da rede de transmissão de energia. / The biodiversity crisis has worsened in the last decades, as a result of human activities. Identifying the ecological effects caused by infrastructure developments, such as electric power transmission lines (TLs), is essential for planning these developments and for better informing the decision-making process. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an important instrument to ensure the minimization of impacts on biodiversity. However, one of the major shortcomings for mitigation of impacts is the lack of anticipation in the planning phase of these developments. One of the objectives of this study was to list and describe the potential environmental effects caused by TLs, their nature and the affected biotic components. From a systematic review approach, the synthesis of the studies reveal that line interactions with biodiversity have been investigated over a wide range of organisms, addressing twelve different effects on the environment. However, the absence of studies related to functional groups of lower mobility and other effects, such as habitat loss, is notable. In addition to listing and describing the effects of LTs, this work structured a conceptual model to help define the scope of EIAs. We believe that the early recognition of the spectrum of potential impacts, in addition to being important for understanding the causal chains through which the actions of each undertaking have effects, helps in the qualification of the licensing process, directing the studies to priority impacts. As the most effective way of avoiding impacts, we strongly recommend that spatial analysis and investigation should be developed and incorporated in planning the expansion of the power transmission network.

Les phénomènes de couplage électromagnétique entre les lignes aé- riennes de transmission d\'énergie et des structures voisines sont inévitables, surtout dans les zones densément peuplées. Les effets indésirables découlants de cette proximité sont variés, allant de l\'établissement des tensions dangereuses à l\'apparition de phénomènes de corrosion dus au courant alternatif. L\'étude de cette classe de problèmes est nécessaire pour assurer la sécurité dans les alentours de la zone d\'interaction et aussi pour préserver l\'intégrité des équipements et des dispositifs présents. Cependant, la modélisation compl ète de ce type d\'application implique la représentation tridimensionnelle de la région d\'intérêt et nécessite des méthodes numériques de calcul de champs spécifiques. Dans ces travaux, des problèmes liés à la circulation de courants électriques dans le sol (ou de couplage dit conductif) seront abordés avec la méthode des éléments finis. D\'autres problèmes résultants de la variation temporelle des champs électromagnétiques (ou de couplage dit inductif) seront aussi considérés et traités avec la méthode PEEC (Partial Element Equivalent Circuit) généralisée. Plus précisément, une condition limite particulière sur le potentiel électrique est proposée pour tronquer le domaine de calcul dans l\'analyse par éléments finis des problèmes de couplage conductif et une formulation PEEC complète pour la modélisation de problèmes de couplage inductif est présentée. Des con gurations tests de complexités croissantes sont considérées pour valider les approches précédentes. Ces travaux visent ainsi à apporter une contribution à la modélisation de cette classe de problèmes, qui tendent à devenir communs avec l\'expansion des réseaux électriques. / Electromagnetic coupling phenomena between overhead power transmission lines and other nearby structures are inevitable, especially in densely populated areas. The undesired effects resulting from this proximity are manifold and range from the establishment of hazardous potentials to the outbreak of alternate current corrosion phenomena. The study of this class of problems is necessary for ensuring security in the vicinities of the interaction zone and also to preserve the integrity of the equipment and of the devices there present. However, the complete modeling of this type of application requires the three- -dimensional representation of the region of interest and needs specific numerical methods for field computation. In this work, the modeling of problems arising from the flow of electrical currents in the ground (the so-called conductive coupling) will be addressed with the finite element method. Those resulting from the time variation of the electromagnetic fields (the so-called inductive coupling) will be considered as well, and they will be treated with the generalized PEEC (Partial Element Equivalent Circuit) method. More specifically, a special boundary condition on the electric potential is proposed for truncating the computational domain in the finite element analysis of conductive coupling problems, and a complete PEEC formulation for modeling inductive coupling problems is presented. Test configurations of increasing complexities are considered for validating the foregoing approaches. These works aim to provide a contribution to the modeling of this class of problems, which tend to become common with the expansion of power grids.

To isolate and study various components of a nuclear reaction, elaborate equipment must be developed to aid in this process. This thesis presents the design and implementation of an ultra-high slew rate Bradbury-Nielsen gate driver circuit with high-voltage input isolation. This design will be used in a multi-pass time-of-flight isomer spectrometer and separator application integrated into an overall instrument called the Oak Ridge Isomer Spectrometer and Separator (ORISS). The output drive signals of this circuit are transmitted through a vacuum feed-through system to supply the necessary signals to the Bradbury-Nielsen gate contained within the vacuum. A differential driving signal with a 100-V magnitude and switching times on the order of nanoseconds is presented in this design. The “on time” of this signal is comparable to the amount of time required for it to transition states, creating complex design constraints. The implementation of this design is based on a 4-layer printed circuit board and the use of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components.

The presence of information and communication technologies in the field of energy is increasing every day. Smart grid subject which aims to increase the percentage of energy generation through renewable resources and to make consumers to be involved in grid actively, is gaining importance day by day. In order to provide an effcient and reliable operation of smart grid network, it is necessary to collect relevant parameters from network components via communication infrastructure and to evaluate collected information. Also, with the inclusion of distributed energy sources in the power lines, collection of relevant data becomes important in order to ensure the quality of power. In the scope of this study, to measure current parameters, two DSP based electronic circuits and necessary embedded software have been developed. Data acquisition card is a fixed device which is to be installed to a point on the power line to gather current value samples. By means of being fed through magnetic induction from the line, this part of the system could stay on-line permanently and this allows taking measurements on demand. Sampling of line current is performed through principle of magnetic induction from the line on current sensing instrument which is connected to data-acquisition part. Also by utilization of clamp-on instruments, cutting of energy lines is not needed. Samples received by control card over radio frequency or infrared communication, are evaluated with the help of Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). Control card can show information about Root mean square (RMS) value and harmonic components of line current and total harmonics distortion (THD) on graphic LCD. Present state of the system was tested in LV and MV environments and shown to be used on distribution lines. The system presented in this study is open to improvements and suggestions to make the system to be able to work on high voltage lines are made.