As living beings, seaweeds exist at the periphery of people’s awareness, and not much is known about what they mean to people, and the relationships we can have with them. They are useful, versatile commodities, and multitask as foodstuffs for people and other beings, as sources of biofuel and medicinal compounds, and the list goes on... but, what else? This work seeks to shed light on the kinds of relations that people can have with seaweeds when relationships of use are purposefully bracketed out, in order to understand their social and symbolic worlds. To this end, during the months of November through January, the author discussed the perceptions of seaweeds with the neighbours of the area of Loch Hourn, a sea-loch (fjord) in the western seaboard of the Scottish Highlands, and some other nearby townships. The present study interlaces participant observation nuanced by the winter and the weather, and interviews, to explore how, through relations of biosociality, companionship, awareness and interanimation of the environment, alternative configurations of knowing, Gaelic tradition, symbolism, and hope, seaweeds embody different aspects of the meaning of‘sanctuary’.

No description available.

Headwater streams change in wet length in response to storm events and seasonal moisture conditions. These low-order channels with temporary flow are pervasive across arid and humid environments yet receive little attention in comparison to perennial waterways. This dissertation examines headwater stream length dynamics at multiple spatial and temporal scales across the Appalachians. I mapped wet stream length in four Appalachian physiographic provinces--the Appalachian Plateau, Blue Ridge, New England, and Valley and Ridge--to characterize seasonal expansion and contraction of the wet network at a broad, regional scale. Conversely, most existing field studies of stream length in headwaters are limited to a single study area or geographic setting. Field mappings showed that wet stream length varies widely within the Appalachians; network dynamics correlated with regional geology as well as local site lithology, geologic structure, and the depth, size, and spatial distribution of surficial sediment deposits. I used the field data to create logistic regression models of the wet network in each physiographic province at high and low runoffs. Topographic metrics derived from elevation data were able to explain the discontinuous pattern of headwater streams at different flow conditions with high classification accuracy. Finally, I used flow intermittency sensors in a single Valley and Ridge catchment to record channel wetting and drying at a high temporal resolution. The sensors indicated stream length hysteresis during storms with low antecedent moisture, with a higher wet network proportion on the rising limb than on the falling limb of events. As a result, maximum network extension can precede peak runoff by minutes to hours. Accurate maps of headwater streams and an understanding of wet network dynamics through time are invaluable for applications surrounding watershed management and environmental policy. These findings will contribute to the burgeoning research on temporary streams and are additionally relevant for studies of runoff generation, biogeochemical cycling, and mass fluxes of material from headwaters. / Ph. D. / During a rain storm, we may think of streams increasing in depth, width, and velocity. However, we may not necessarily envision streams also getting longer. Headwaters, which form the upstream extremities of river systems, consist of many temporary streams that expand and contract in length due to storms and changes in seasonal moisture conditions. Headwaters are spatially expansive, comprising a majority of total river length, and serve as a primary control on downstream water quality. Therefore, understanding stream length dynamics can inform policy and land use decisions to effectively conserve and manage headwater regions and protect water sources for human use and consumption. This dissertation examines changes in stream length across four study areas of the Appalachian Mountains. I mapped the wet, or active, stream network multiple times at different flow conditions in each study area. Stream length dynamics varied considerably across the Appalachians and demonstrated the same range of network expansion and contraction as other studies observed in diverse settings around the world. Wet stream length greatly depended on regional and local geology. I then sought to predict the location of wet streams at high and low flows using metrics such as slope and drainage area that I calculated from digital elevation information. Comparisons with the field maps I made showed that simple terrain metrics explained the location, length, and disconnected nature of wet networks in each province with high accuracy. I also observed stream length dynamics during storm events in one watershed using sensors that recorded the presence or absence of water. These observations demonstrated that stream length was often higher for a given flow at the beginning of a storm on the rising limb than on the falling limb when flow was decreasing, particularly if conditions were dry before the storm. The findings of this dissertation contribute to existing knowledge of temporary streams and are relevant for future studies investigating the hydrology, biology, and ecology of headwaters.

De 1750 à 1850, une activité nouvelle, le tourisme, commence son développement sur le territoire des Highlands d’Écosse. La région devient l’une des destinations les plus prisées des Britanniques. Le mouvement est déclenché par l’ensemble d’évolutions des sensibilités que l’on rattache au préromantisme et au romantisme. Un intérêt nouveau pour les paysages incultes et «sauvages», un goût pour l’histoire et un pour les traditions populaires se font jour. Cet intérêt est soutenu par une production littéraire et iconographique diffusant une image positive des Highlands. Les infrastructures de transport et d’hébergement, encore très déficientes au début de la période, s’adaptent en un temps relativement bref aux exigences de la nouvelle clientèle touristique, démontrant la capacité de la société locale à mobiliser ses ressources et à se saisir des opportunités ouvertes. Sous l’effet de cette activité, le territoire des Highlands se transforme. Certains lieux deviennent des sites touristiques, distingués pour leurs qualités esthétiques et les associations historiques qu’ils suscitent et entraînant des aménagements lieux pour faciliter leur accès, voire les embellir ou les protéger. En apportant compensations matérielles et symboliques à une région connaissant des difficultés économiques et en conduisant aristocratie et middle class à se côtoyer dans les mêmes activités, le tourisme dans les Highlands contribue à apaiser les tensions sociales par ailleurs très vives que peut connaître la Grande-Bretagne au cours de cette période. / From 1750 to 1850, a new kind of industry began its development in the Highlands of Scotland. The region became one of the most favored holiday destinations for the British. The entering into the age of sensibility and romantism accounts for those changes. A new interest in nature and « wild » landscapes and a taste for history and folklore appeared. This movement was supported by literary and pictural productions that spread enhancing representations of the Highlands. Transport and accommodation infrastructures were still very inadequate at the start of the period but improved rapidly to meet the demands of the new travelling community, revealing the capacity of the local society to mobilise their ressourcesto seize those opportunities. The territory of the Highlands was tranformed by this industry. Some places became highly regarded thanks to their aesthetic qualities or their historical associations. New organisations were made to facilitate their access or even to adorn or protect them. Tourism brought material and symbolic compensations to a region afflicted witheconomic difficulties and it brought the aristocracy and the middle class to share the same interests, contributing to appease social tensions during a period in which they could be very keen.

Mbà lehilahy, « Sois un homme » : cette phrase pouvant paraître anodine mais non moins lourde de sens est une remarque courante adressée aux hommes à Madagascar. Elle implique que la masculinité n’est pas si naturelle et qu’on ne naît pas homme mais qu’on le devient. Cette identité du genre n’est pas définie par l’être lui-même, mais est façonnée au fur et à mesure par son environnement. La thèse porte sur la démonstration des différentes manières dont se fait la construction de l’identité masculine à Madagascar, plus particulièrement sur les hautes terres, en Imerina, à travers son environnement social, politique et économique. Cette perspective constructiviste part du point de vue de ce que devrait être l’idéal masculin dans la psychologie populaire : les valeurs normatives dictées dans la littérature orale, les images et représentations culturelles et des modèles de conduite sociale. Ensuite, elle développe l’image et la construction de l’homme dans la vie réelle à travers les différents statuts sociaux qu’il endosse dans le système de parenté, en tant que fils, père, oncle, gendre… depuis l’époque royale jusqu’à la révolution culturelle malgache de 1972. / Mbà lehilahy, “Be a man”: this phrase may seem trivial but no less meaningful is a common remark addressed to men in Madagascar. It seems to mean that to be a man is not so easy and that Masculinity concept is not a natural one and one is not born, but rather becomes a male. This gender identity is not defined by the individual himself but is built step by step by his environment.The thesis focuses on the demonstration on different ways in which the construction of the male identity in Madagascar, particularly in the Highlands, in Imerina, is done through the social, political an economical environment. This constructivist approach is based on the point of view that what the male ideal should be in the popular mind: normative values dictated in the oral literature, in image and cultural representation and the sample in terms of social behavior, then develops the image and construction of male identity in real life through the different social status in kinship system as a son, a father, an uncle… in the environment and the era where he is evolving, from the royal period to the cultural revolution in 1972.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-06-01T18:45:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 diversidade_sazonalidade.pdf: 1974162 bytes, checksum: 1339725def3f25ce1b288ad92aaad7a8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-01T18:45:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 diversidade_sazonalidade.pdf: 1974162 bytes, checksum: 1339725def3f25ce1b288ad92aaad7a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Nenhuma / Os rapinantes, assim como os demais predadores, possuem grande importância na regulação das populações de presas e por isso influenciam na manutenção dos ecossistemas onde estão incluídos. Assim, a presença destes indivíduos produz efeitos ao longo das cadeias tróficas influenciando até mesmo a comunidade vegetal envolvida. Em função disso, conhecer as comunidades de rapinantes, e também avaliar como estes táxons interagem com as alterações dos ambientes onde vivem permitem explicar a capacidade de adaptação destas espécies. Em especial, a análise das escolhas de diferentes locais por estas aves, elucidam quais características dos ambientes são determinantes para a permanência destes indivíduos no habitat referido. Neste sentido, este trabalho avaliou a comunidade de aves de rapinas diurnas em um ambiente fragmentado no sul do Planalto das Araucárias, analisando características da estrutura da comunidade e sazonalidade, bem como uso e tendência de seleção de habitats em relação a um ambiente heterogêneo e com a presença de ação antrópica. Na área de estudo foram classificados quatro ambientes distintos (campo nativo, agrícola, mata nativa e talhão de Pinus sp.) e foram avaliados 3 fragmentos de cada um destes habitats. Para o levantamento dos rapinantes diurnos realizou-se três pontos amostrais, em cada um dos 12 fragmentos. Como metodologia complementar, realizaram-se 8 transectos de carro, ao longo da área de estudo, abrangendo áreas dos quatro habitats descritos. Registraram-se 16 espécies de rapinantes, que apresentaram diferença significativa em sua abundância ao longo das estações, o que pode ser em função das diferenças climáticas que alteram os recursos disponíveis no ambiente. As aves de rapinas diurnas utilizaram diferentes ambientes para a realização de seus comportamentos e por isso não foi encontrada similaridade na composição das espécies em relação aos pontos amostrais. Em relação ao uso de ambientes, as espécies utilizaram as áreas abertas em maior quantidade, apresentando grande utilização dos ambientes agrícolas, o que confirma a adaptação destes indivíduos à estas áreas. As espécies generalistas utilizaram, em geral, os ambientes na proporção disponível no local, inclusive apresentando em alguns casos, tendência de seleção positiva aos ambientes alterados, enfatizando sua adaptação às alterações ambientais. Por outro lado, algumas espécies especialistas apresentaram uso de áreas mais conservadas, podendo por isso serem utilizadas como espécies indicadoras de qualidade ambiental. / The raptors, like other predators, have great importance in the regulation of prey populations and therefore influence the maintenance of ecosystems which are included. So, the presence of these individuals produces effects along the trophic chains influencing even the plant community involved. Because of that, knowing the communities of raptors, and also to evaluate how these taxa interact with changes to the environments in which they live, can explain the adaptability of these species. In particular, analysis of the choice of different places for these birds, elucidate which features of the environment are essential to the permanence of these individuals that the habitat. Thus, this study evaluated the community of diurnal birds of prey in a fragmented environment in the south of the Araucaria Plateau, analyzing characteristics of community structure and seasonality, as well as use and habitat selection tendency in relation to a heterogeneous environment with the presence of human action. In the study area were classified four distinct environments (native grassland, agricultural, native forest and planting of Pinus sp.) And were evaluated 3 fragments of each of these habitats. To survey the diurnal raptors three sampling points was performed on each of the 12 fragments. As a complementary methodology, there were 8 car transects along the study area, covering the four areas described habitats. We recorded 16 species of raptors, which showed significant differences in abundance throughout the seasons, which may be due to climatic differences that alter the resources available in the environment. The diurnal birds of prey used different environments to perform their behaviors and therefore no similarity was found in species composition in relation to the sampling points. Regarding the use of environments, the species used the open areas in greater quantities, with great use of agricultural environments, which confirms the adaptation of these individuals to these areas. The generalist species used, in general, environments in the proportion available in the area even featuring, in some cases, significant and positive selection to altered environments, emphasizing adaptation to environmental changes. On the other hand, some specialists species showed use of the most conserved areas and can therefore be used as indicator species of environmental quality.

Le fond de notre travail de recherche croise les apports conceptuels de l’approche milieux innovateurs et les réalités des espaces ruraux fragiles, en particulier ceux de montagne. Nous avons fait le choix d’aborder la thématique de l’innovation dans des milieux à priori peu communs à ce type de démarche. Cependant, nous avons montré qu’il est tout à fait possible et même nécessaire de s’intéresser à la capacité des milieux ruraux fragiles à sécréter des processus innovateurs, seul moyen d’adaptation à la mondialisation.Notre première hypothèse a porté sur les dynamiques de construction territoriale en cours. Une hypothèse confirmée par l’émergence de nouveaux territoires en France, à travers la mise en place des Massifs, en Italie, via les communautés de montagne et en Europe enfin, avec les conventions alpine, carpatique et balkanique. Le phénomène étant identifié, la recherche a porté plus précisément sur les mécanismes à l’origine de cette construction. Nos enquêtes auprès des acteurs clefs ont mis en évidence deux principaux facteurs : une forte coordination des acteurs et une mobilisation autour de la valorisation des ressources spécifiques des montagnes. C’est en définitive la présence de ce que nous appelons un effet milieu innovateur qui est à l’origine de ce processus d’émergence des montagnes en Europe. En nous situant dans l’approche milieux innovateurs, nous avons cherché à évaluer la fragilité/dynamique spatiale en fonction des capacités des acteurs à agir, du degré de valorisation des ressources et des handicaps physiques. Pour cela, quinze indicateurs ont été calculés pour tenir compte des différents axes. Nos résultats sont concluants avec des axes factoriels qui correspondent à nos trois thématiques, une répartition des communautés de communes le long de l’A75 et des dèmes le long de la Via Egnatia, correspondant à nos attentes, à savoir, très complexe et diverse. De nombreuses municipalités de montagne affichent ainsi un dynamisme remarquable contrairement à ce que l’on pouvait attendre.Le contexte de la recherche, deux espaces fragiles de montagne relativement isolés, le Massif central en France, l’Epire et la Macédoine occidentale en Grèce, ainsi que les multiples entretiens réalisés avec les élus, nous ont orienté à mettre au centre de notre problématique milieux fragiles/milieux innovateurs, l’accessibilité. Une revue de la littérature sur la relation autoroute et territoire permet de se rendre compte de la quasi absence des acteurs et du milieu des méthodes d’évaluation. La remise en cause des méthodes classiques nous a permis de proposer une approche mobilisant la notion de milieu innovateur au cœur même de la relation autoroute/développement. Les résultats d’enquêtes montrent des perceptions favorables mais très contrastées en fonction des territoires, une faible appropriation des deux axes autoroutiers et trois logiques de mise en ressources de l’A75 et de la Via Egnatia : une logique de milieux locaux dynamiques et innovateurs, une logique de réseaux innovateurs et une logique de politiques d’accompagnement. Les similitudes dans les modes d’actions entre le cas de l’A75 et de la Via Egnatia cachent en réalité des différences profondes qui expliquent la dynamique plus forte engagée dans le Massif central comparativement au nord de l’Hellade. Les initiatives de valorisation s’avèrent en effet plus importantes le long des territoires de l’A75. Cela est lié d’abord à l’implication plus forte de l’État mais aussi à une meilleure structuration des acteurs régionaux et locaux. / The background of our research crosses conceptual contributions of the innovative milieus approach and the realities of fragile rural areas, especially the mountains. We have chosen to address the theme of innovation in milieus a priori unhabituel for this type of approach. However, we have shown that it is quite possible and even necessary to examine the ability of vulnerable rural areas to secrete innovative processes, the only way to adapt to globalization.Our first hypothesis focused on the dynamics of territorial construction in progress. A hypothesis supported by the emergence of new territories in France, through the implementation of Massifs, in Italy, via mountain communities and finally in Europe, with the Alpine, Carpathian and Balkan conventions. The phenomenon is identified, research has focused specifically on the mechanisms behind this construction. Our surveys of key actors have highlighted two main factors: a strong coordination and mobilization of actors around the valuation of specific resources of the mountains. Ultimately, it is the presence of what we call an innovative milieus effect which is at the origin of the process of emergence of mountains in Europe. Placing ourselves in the innovative milieus approach, we sought to assess the spatial fragility / dynamics depending on the capacity of actors to act, the degree of resource development and physical disabilities. To do this, fifteen indicators were calculated to reflect the different axes. Our results are conclusive with factorial axes that correspond to our three themes, a distribution of municipalities along the A75 and the demes along the Via Egnatia, which corresponds to our expectations, ie, very complex and diverse. Many mountain municipalities show a remarkable dynamism contrary to what one might expect.The context of the research, two fragile mountain areas relatively isolated, the Massif Central in France, Epirus and Western Macedonia in Greece, as well as multiple interviews with officials elected, driven us to put accessibility in the center of our problematic of fragile milieus / innovative milieus. A review of the literature on the relationship highway and territories let us to realize the absence of the study on the rôle of actors and milieus in the assessment methods. Questioning conventional methods allowed us to propose an approach leveraging the concept of the innovative milieu in the heart of the relationship highway / development. The survey results show very favorable but contrasting perceptions depends on territories, low ownership of both highways and three logic of implémentation of the A75 and the Via Egnatia: a logic of dynamic and innovative local milieus, a logic innovative networks and a logic of accompanying policies. Similarities in the modes of action between the case of the A75 and the Via Egnatia in reality hide profound differences that explain the highest dynamics involved in the Massif Central compared to the north of Hellas. The initiatives are proving indeed larger along the territories crossed by the A75. This is related first to the greater involvement of the state but also to a better structuring of regional and local actors.

Multiple linear regression models were developed to calculate lake fluctuation that occurs between 10 percent, 50 percent, and 90 percent of the time lake surface elevation is exceeded. A total of 48 lakes were selected from Hillsborough, Pasco, Highlands and Polk counties, which were identified as natural lakes through the study the Southwest Florida Water Management District (SWFWMD) conducted in 1999 and 2002 to develop the models. "Natural lake" refers to lakes that were not impacted by ground water pumping. Among these 48 lakes, 22 lakes from Hillsborough and Pasco counties sit in the coastal lowlands area. 26 lakes from Highlands and Polk counties are located in the Upland and Highlands Ridge area. In developing multiple regression models, the 48 lakes were divided into two groups, the same group of lakes that SWFWMD used to develop the Reference Lake Water Regime, the method that is used to set the minimum lake levels in the region. Further, these two groups of data were subdivided into four categories based on their physical characteristics. 22 lakes were divided into surface water flow through lakes (SWF) and surface water drainage lakes (SWD). 26 lakes used their county line as the divider to separate them into Highlands County lakes and Polk County lakes. A total of six sets of multiple regression models were developed to predict the lake stage fluctuation for lakes that have no or limited lake stage data. The Polk County date set provides the best model with R2 at 0.9. However, due to the lack of available information on lake basin characteristics, the models that were developed for Hillsborough and Pasco counties do not provide a good prediction.

Based on archival work in England, Scotland, the United States, Canada and Australia, my dissertation expands the traditional purview of diplomatic history into the international dimensions of the social and cultural realms. My study treats doomed attempts to reconstruct previously-held notions of hierarchy and deference as encapsulated in the Empire Settlement Act (ESA) in the wake of the dramatic changes to the world order resulting from World War I. To counter the emergence of Japan as a world power, under the auspices of the ESA, British Columbia and Western Australia, the two most distant outposts of the “white” British Empire in the Pacific, imported poor Celtic farmers and militiamen from northern Scotland in an attempt to retain their “British” identity, which they felt was threatened by Japan on the one hand, the Japanese in their midst on another, and local “nationalisms” on a third. This dissertation argues that such schemes were undermined by the conflicting priorities of Britain and the Dominions, the tensions between laissez-faire and excessive centralized control, the disconnect between government, capital and labor, the valuations of self-help within highly circumscribed situations, the conflict between the themes of rejuvenation and permanent regression, the fight between an idiosyncratic rural ideal and the reality of the urbanized and industrialized world of the twentieth century, and the inconsistent application of supposedly inviolable Social Darwinist ideals. The birth and death of plans to recruit Hebridean crofters to British Columbia and Western Australia in the 1920s reveals a great deal about the fluidity surrounding concepts of identity and security in a very unstable time. The debates surrounding the status of the Hebridean Scots, especially vis-à-vis their British compatriots and the Japanese, are an extreme window through which the much wider dialogues taking place regarding the status of the British Empire both internally and on the global stage, on the changing role of race as the final determinant of one’s identity and status, and the clashes between the Victorian and the modern ways of defining and conceiving of Empire, can be viewed and debated. / text

Human-coyote conflict has intensified in Nova Scotia, following a fatal attack in Cape Breton Highlands National Park of Canada (CBHNPC) in October, 2009. This conflict has impacted people and coyotes across the province, and raised numerous questions about how humans and coyotes relate to one another and what steps we might take to avert future conflict. From 2011-2012, I used scat, remote camera, and snow tracking surveys to assess the degree of spatial overlap between human and coyote activity in CBHNPC. I found a negative correlation between hiker/biker and coyote activity in the summer and fall [r=-.830, n=14, p<.01]. In the winter, I found no correlation between human and coyote activity [r=.006, n=10], and a negative correlation between coyote and domestic dog activity [r=-.612, n=10, p<.05]. I discuss the implications of these research findings and the application of noninvasive survey methods in this, and potentially other, human-wildlife conflicts.