This thesis explores the role of age in second language (L2) acquisition and first language (L1) attrition. The focus is on Voice Onset Time (VOT) in the production and categorical perception of word-initial L1 and L2 stops in highly advanced L1 Spanish learners of L2 Swedish. Using as the point of departure a maturational constraints perspective and the Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH), Study I examines the impact of age of onset (AO) of L2 acquisition on the production of L2 Swedish voiceless stops. The results show that there are AO effects even in the speech of highly advanced L2 learners and that the incidence of nativelike L2 learners is considerably lower than earlier assumed. However, conclusions like these are only possible when speaking rate is accounted for, thereby highlighting the importance of speaking rate effects on VOT as a measure of nativelikeness. Like Study I, Study II reveals age effects on the same L2 learners’ categorical perceptions of L2 Swedish stops. Moreover, after combining the results with the data from Study I, the incidence of nativelike behavior drops remarkably with no late L2 learner performing within the range of native-speaker production and perception. The results suggest that L2 acquisition of phonetic/phonological aspects is especially sensitive to AO effects. It is concluded that theories on maturational constraints, including the CPH, cannot be refuted on the basis of the present data. Study III concerns the same participants’ production and perception of L1 Spanish stops. Age of reduced contact (ARC) is identified as an important predictor for L1 attrition and retention of voiceless stop production, although not of stop perception. This discrepancy is related to different activation thresholds as proposed by the Activation Threshold Hypothesis (ATH). It is further suggested that early bilinguals are more dependent on high-frequency L1 use than late bilinguals when compensating for age effects, but only in production. / <p>At the time of doctoral defence the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Accepted. Paper 2: In press. Paper 3: Manuscript.</p> / Age of onset and ultimate attainment in second language acquisition, The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation, grant no. 1999-0383:01 / First language attrition in advanced second language speakers, Swedish Research Council, grant no. 421-2004-1975

The dissertation thesis with the topic „Simulation Modelling of Electrical Drives for Selected Critical Applications“ focuses on the area of given applications in civil aviation. The selected application that the thesis deals with is an electrically driven and electronically controlled fuel pump supplying fuel to an aviation motor of the APU type. The thesis gives a comprehensive description of the design cycle of the unit and demonstrates implementing all the required critical functions. In the course of the design of the unit modern techniques in mathematical modelling, simulation, verification, monitoring and prediction of the operation status of airborne equipment were uses to the utmost extent. The purpose of these was to show the suitability of their application with regard to decreasing design time and cost, increasing lifetime and servicing intervals, as well as increasing user comfort and decreasing price. At the same time the required reliability was to be kept. The thesis also aims to prove and verify the suitability of using electronically commutated dc motors in critical applications in civil aviation. To reach this goal, it is necessary to design a robust drive control which would meet the given reliability requirements.

No description available.

In the course of the current demographic change, the proportion of the population aged 65 and older is projected to steadily increase in many countries of the world (UN DESA Population Division, 2015). The ageing society is reflected in an increasing number of older road users (Koppel & Berecki-Gisolf, 2015), especially considering the growing need for older adults to maintain individual mobility (Eby & Molnar, 2012). This development raises new issues of transportation research, since age-related changes in mobility patterns as well as sensory, cognitive, and motor functions reduce older adults’ traffic safety (Polders, Vlahogianni, Leopold, & Durso, 2015). Accordingly, new strategies to aid older drivers and their mobility needs are required, which could potentially be provided by emerging in-vehicle technologies (Karthaus & Falkenstein, 2016). The overall aim of present dissertation project was to evaluate whether in-vehicle technologies that appear promising to support older drivers can actually contribute to their individual mobility, which requires an improvement in aspects related to driving performance as well as the acceptance of such systems in this age group. Therefore, contact-analogue head-up displays (also labelled as Augmented Reality Displays, ARDs) and highly automated driving were selected as two exemplary technologies, representing completely different levels of driving automation and accordingly different approaches to support drivers. The ARD-technology represents a technical implementation approach for IVIS and therefore an example for Automation Level 0 (no automation; SAE International, 2014) by helping the driver to execute the driving task manually through useful information. In contrast, the HAD-technology aims at supporting the driver by taking over the driving task, which corresponds to Automation Level 4 (high automation; SAE International, 2014). Despite these different approaches, both technologies were previously assumed to have a strong potential to support especially older drivers (Meyer & Deix, 2014; Polders et al., 2015; Rusch et al., 2013; Schall et al., 2013). Three empirical studies were conducted to examine performance- and acceptance-related aspects of both technologies. All studies were carried out with a group of older drivers (maximum age range: 65 85 years) and a younger comparison group (maximum age range: 25-45 years) representing the ‘average’ (i.e. young, but experienced) driver in order to identify age-specific results. Focusing on performance-related aspects of the ARD-technology, Study I represents a reaction time experiment conducted in a driving simulator. One age-specific beneficial function of such an ARD is to provide prior information about approaching complex traffic situations, which addresses older drivers’ tendency to process multiple information successively (serially) rather than simultaneously (parallel) (Davidse, Hagenzieker, van Wolffelaar, & Brouwer, 2009; Küting & Krüger, 2002). Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of an ARD providing prior information about approaching intersections on drivers’ speed and accuracy of perceiving these intersections, which is considered a necessary precondition for a safe driving performance (Crundall & Underwood, 2011). Based on concerns about the counterproductive effects of presenting information via an ARD, especially in cases of inaccurate information, system failures were included in this examination. The ARD-information aided drivers from both age groups in identifying more relevant aspects of the intersections without increasing response time, indicating the potential of the system to support both older and younger drivers in complex traffic situations. Experiencing system failures (i.e. inaccurate information) did offset this positive effect for the study’s duration, particularly for older drivers. This might be because it was difficult to ignore inaccurate prior information due to their presentation via an ARD. Study II represents a driving simulator study on acceptance-related aspects of an ARD providing prior information about approaching intersections. This study focused on the effects of system experience on drivers’ acceptance as well as on the identification of age-specific acceptance barriers that could prevent older drivers from using the technology. In summary, older and younger drivers’ evaluation of the ARD was positive, with a tendency to more positive evaluations with than without system experience in the driving simulator. Compared to the younger group, older drivers reported a more positive attitude towards using the ARD, even though they evaluated their self-efficacy in handling the system and environmental conditions facilitating its usage as less strong. Both performance- and acceptance-related aspects of HAD were addressed in Study III, a two-stage driving simulator study. The focus of the performance perspective shifted in parallel with the shift of the human role from driver to passenger due to the increasing driving automation. Accordingly, the examination of HAD was focused on the human evaluation of the automated system’s driving performance. In this context, affective components of human-automation interaction, such as comfort and enjoyment, are considered important for the acceptance and thus usage of automated vehicles (Tischler & Renner, 2007). It is assumed that the implemented driving style has an impact on such affective components in the context of HAD (Bellem, Schönenberg, Krems, & Schrauf, 2016). One theoretical approach to increase the comfort of HAD recommends the implementation of familiar, natural driving styles to mimic human control (Elbanhawi, Simic, & Jazar, 2015). Therefore, the effects of driving automation and the familiarity of the HAD-style on driving comfort and enjoyment were examined. Automation increased both age groups’ comfort, but decreased younger drivers’ enjoyment. For all dependent variables, driving style familiarity significantly interacted with drivers’ age the same way: while younger drivers preferred a familiar HAD-style, older drivers preferred an unfamiliar driving style in a highly automated context. Accordingly, the familiarity approach can be supported at least for younger drivers, but not for older drivers, whose manual driving styles are characterised by strategies to compensate for age-related impairments of sensory, cognitive, or motor functions. HAD-style preferences of this age group seem to be more influenced by the desire to regain a driving style free from these compensation strategies than by a need for familiar driving manoeuvres. In parallel with the evaluation of the ARD, acceptance-related issues in the context of HAD included the effects of system experience on drivers’ acceptance and potential age-specific acceptance barriers. Considering a system-specific design issue, it was additionally examined whether drivers’ acceptance of HAD is modifiable by the familiarity of the implemented driving style. In this driving simulator study, members of both age groups showed slightly positive a priori acceptance ratings, which significantly increased after the initial experience and remained stable afterwards. Similar to drivers’ acceptance of the ARD, older drivers reported a more positive attitude towards using HAD despite their lower self-assessed self-efficacy and environmental conditions facilitating HAD-usage compared to younger drivers. Regarding HAD-style, acceptance was subject to the same interaction between drivers’ age and driving style familiarity as driving comfort and enjoyment. These findings demonstrate that effective approaches to support the independent mobility of older adults are provided by emerging in-vehicle technologies on different levels of driving automation. The majority of the performance-related improvements did apply to both older and younger drivers, confirming that automotive technologies suggested for older drivers have the potential to support drivers of other age groups as well. Regarding drivers’ acceptance, findings suggest that both systems would be accepted by different age groups, which correspondents to the results from the performance perspective. The comparable acceptance patterns identified for two systems at different stages of driving automation, such as ARDs and HAD, indicate underlying general aspects of older adults’ acceptance of in-vehicle technologies. This includes their strong need to preserve their individual mobility as well as their lower self-efficacy in handling relevant technologies and insufficient access to a support infrastructure. These insights can enrich both theories of older drivers’ acceptance of in-vehicle technologies and measures to ensure the successful development and introduction of systems aiding them in maintaining a safe individual mobility. Considering the importance of driving for older adults’ physiological and psychological well-being (e.g. Adler & Rottunda, 2006; Lutin, Kornhauser, & Lerner-Lam, 2013), these results emphasise the potential of emerging in-vehicle technologies to improve both older drivers’ traffic safety and quality of life. / Im Zuge des aktuellen demografischen Wandels wird für zahlreiche Länder der Welt eine stetige Zunahme des Bevölkerungsanteils von Personen im Alter von 65 Jahren und älter prognostiziert (UN DESA Population Division, 2015). Die daraus resultierende alternde Gesellschaft spiegelt sich auch in der steigenden Anzahl älterer Verkehrsteilnehmer wieder (Koppel & Berecki-Gisolf, 2015). Dieser Effekt wird durch das ebenfalls ansteigende Bedürfnis älterer Personen, ihre Individualmobilität auch bis ins hohe Alter hinein aufrecht zu erhalten, noch verstärkt (Eby & Molnar, 2012). Berücksichtigt man die Auswirkungen altersbedingter Veränderungen von Mobilitätsmustern und fahrrelevanten Fähigkeiten auf die Sicherheit älterer Verkehrsteilnehmer (Polders et al., 2015), stellt diese demographische Entwicklung neue Herausforderungen an die Verkehrsforschung. So bedarf es neuartiger Strategien zur Unterstützung älterer Fahrzeugführer und ihrer Mobilitätsbedürfnisse. Aufgrund aktueller technologischer Entwicklungen eröffnen vor allem durch neuartige Fahrzeugtechnologien zur Fahrerunterstützung innovative Möglichkeiten, diesem Bedarf gerecht zu werden (Karthaus & Falkenstein, 2016). An diesem Punkt setzt die vorliegende Dissertation an. Ziel des Dissertationsprojektes war es zu evaluieren, inwieweit aktuell in Entwicklung befindliche Fahrzeugtechnologien, die aus theoretischer Sicht als geeignete Mittel zur Unterstützung älterer Fahrer erscheinen, tatsächlich zu deren Individualmobilität beitragen können. Um das Potential derartiger Technologien abzuschätzen, wurde einerseits untersucht, inwieweit sie zur Verbesserung von Variablen, die in Beziehung zur Fahrleistung stehen, beitragen können. Anderseits wurde ihre Akzeptanz bei potentiellen zukünftigen Nutzern evaluiert. Für diese Untersuchungen wurden zwei exemplarische Technologien als Repräsentanten grundlegend unterschiedlicher Stufen der Fahrzeugautomatisierung ausgewählt: ein kontaktanaloge Head-up Display (auch Augmented Reality Display, ARD) und hochautomatisiertes Fahren. ARDs stellen einen technologischen Ansatz zur Implementierung von Fahrerinformationssystemen und dementsprechend ein Beispiel für Automatisierungsstufe 0 (no automation; SAE International, 2014) dar, indem sie den Fahrer durch die Bereitstellung verkehrsrelevanter Informationen bei der manuellen Ausführung der Fahraufgabe unterstützen. Im Gegensatz dazu zielt die Technologie des hochautomatisierten Fahrens auf eine Unterstützung des Fahrers durch die vollständige Übernahme der Fahraufgabe ab, was Automatisierungsstufe 4 (high automation; SAE International, 2014) entspricht. Trotz dieser grundlegend unterschiedlichen Ansätze wird beiden Technologien ein hohes Potential zur Unterstützung insbesondere älterer Fahrer zugesprochen (Meyer & Deix, 2014; Polders et al., 2015; Rusch et al., 2013; Schall et al., 2013). Die Untersuchung Performanz- und Akzeptanz-bezogener Aspekte beider Technologien erfolgte im Rahmen von drei empirische Studien. Um altersspezifische Befunde identifizieren zu können, wurden allen Studien mit Vertretern der Zielgruppe von älteren Fahrern (65-85 Jahre alt) sowie einer jüngeren Vergleichsgruppe ‚durchschnittlicher‘ (d.h. junger, erfahrener) Fahrer (25-45 Jahre alt) durchgeführt. Bei Studie I handelte es sich um eine im Fahrsimulator durchgeführte Reaktionszeitstudie, in deren Rahmen Leistungs-bezogene Aspekte von ARDs untersucht wurden. Unter den vielfältigen Möglichkeiten zur Anwendung dieser Technologie wird vor allem die Präsentation von Vorinformationen über bevorstehende komplexe Fahrsituationen während der Fahrt als gewinnbringend für ältere Fahrer eingestuft. Diese Strategie adressiert die Tendenz älterer Fahrer zu einer eher seriellen als parallelen Verarbeitung gleichzeitig verfügbarer Informationen während der Fahrt (Davidse et al., 2009; Küting & Krüger, 2002). Vor diesem Hintergrund lag der Fokus von Studie I auf den Effekten einer kontaktanalogen Präsentation von Vorinformationen über bevorstehende Kreuzungen auf die Geschwindigkeit und Genauigkeit der Wahrnehmung dieser Kreuzungen durch den Fahrer, was eine Grundvoraussetzung für eine sichere Fahrleistung darstellt (Crundall & Underwood, 2011). Basierend auf bestehenden Befürchtungen über kontraproduktive Effekte einer kontaktanalogen Informationsdarstellung während der Fahrt, insbesondere im Falle inkorrekter Informationen, wurden zudem die Auswirkungen von Systemfehlern untersucht. Mit Hilfe der kontaktanalogen Vorinformationen gelang es sowohl älteren als auch jüngeren Fahrern, ohne erhöhten Zeitbedarf einen höheren Anteil relevanter Aspekte in Kreuzungssituationen wahrzunehmen. Allerdings wurde die positive Systemwirkung durch das Erleben von Systemfehlern (in diesem Fall inkorrekten Vorinformationen) zumindest für die Dauer der Untersuchung aufgehoben. Dieser Effekt war besonders ausgeprägt für ältere Fahrer und könnte auf die Schwierigkeit, inkorrekte Informationen auf Grund ihrer Darstellung im ARD zu ignorieren, zurückzuführen sein. Studie II stellte eine Fahrsimulatorstudie zu Akzeptanz-bezogenen Aspekten eines ARDs, welches dem Fahrer Vorinformationen über bevorstehende Kreuzungen zur Verfügung stellt, dar. Inhalt dieser Studie waren zum einen die Effekte von Systemerfahrung auf die Nutzerakzeptanz des Systems, zum anderen altersspezifische Akzeptanzbarrieren, welche ältere Fahrer potentiell von der Nutzung der Technologie abhalten könnten. Insgesamt bewerteten sowohl ältere als auch jüngere Fahrer das ARD positiv. Dabei fielen Bewertungen auf Basis von Systemerfahrung im Fahrsimulator tendenziell besser aus als Bewertungen ohne vorherige Systemerfahrung. Obwohl ältere Fahrer im Vergleich zu jüngeren Fahrern ihre Selbstwirksamkeit im Umgang mit dem ARD sowie Umgebungsfaktoren, welche dessen Nutzung unterstützen könnten, als geringer ausgeprägt wahrnahmen, war die positive Einstellung gegenüber der Nutzung des Systems bei ihnen im Durchschnitt stärker ausgeprägt. Leistungs- und Akzeptanz-bezogene Aspekte des hochautomatisierten Fahrens wurden in Studie III, einer zweistufigen Fahrsimulatorstudie, untersucht. Parallel zur Veränderung der Rolle des Menschen vom Fahrzeugführer zum Passagier im Zuge der zunehmenden Fahrzeugautomatisierung veränderte sich dabei auch der Fokus der Leistungsperspektive. Dem entsprechend stand die Bewertung der Fahrleistung des automatisierten Systems durch den mitfahrenden Menschen im Mittelpunkt dieser Untersuchung. Affektive Komponenten der Mensch-Automatisierungs-Interaktion wie Fahrkomfort und Fahrspaß werden in diesem Kontext als bedeutsam zur Gewährleistung der Nutzerakzeptanz und damit auch Nutzung automatisierter Fahrzeuge betrachtet (Tischler & Renner, 2007). Es wird angenommen, dass derartige affektive Komponenten im Kontext des hochautomatisierten Fahrens vor allem vom implementierten Fahrstil abhängen (Bellem et al., 2016). In einem theoretischen Ansatz zur Verbesserung des Fahrkomforts wird die Implementierung vertrauter (d.h. dem eigenen manuellen Fahrstil ähnlicher) Fahrstile empfohlen, um einen menschlichen Fahrzeugführer nachzuahmen und so Bedenken gegenüber einer automatisierten Fahrzeugführung abzubauen (Elbanhawi et al., 2015). Diesem Ansatz folgend wurden in Studie III die Effekte der Fahrzeugautomatisierung sowie der Ähnlichkeit des implementierten Fahrstils zum individuellen manuellen Fahrstil des jeweiligen Fahrers auf Fahrkomfort und Fahrspaß untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass mit höherer Automatisierung der Fahrkomfort älterer und jüngerer Fahrer anstieg, der Fahrspaß jüngerer Fahrer sich jedoch verringerte. Alle abhängigen Variablen wurden von einer vergleichbaren Interaktion zwischen Fahreralter und Fahrstilähnlichkeit beeinflusst: Während jüngere Fahrer hochautomatisierte Fahrstile bevorzugten, die ihren jeweiligen manuellen Fahrstilen ähnelten, präferierten ältere Fahrer im hochautomatisierten Kontext eher unähnliche Fahrstile. Dem entsprechend kann der Vertrautheitsansatz basierend auf den Ergebnissen von Studie III zumindest für jüngere Fahrer unterstützt werden, nicht aber für die Zielgruppe älterer Fahrer, deren manuelle Fahrstile durch Kompensationsstrategien zum Ausgleich altersbedingter Einschränkungen ihrer sensorischen, kognitiven und motorischen Fähigkeiten geprägt sind. Fahrstilpräferenzen im hochautomatisierten Kontext scheinen in dieser Altersgruppe mehr von dem Wunsch, einen von diesen Kompensationsstrategien unbeeinträchtigten Fahrstil wiederzuerlangen, geprägt zu sein als von dem Bedürfnis nach vertraut gestalteten Fahrmanövern. Analog zur Evaluation des ARDs beinhaltete die Untersuchung Akzeptanz-bezogener Aspekte des hochautomatisierten Fahrens die Effekte von Systemerfahrung auf die Nutzerakzeptanz sowie potentielle altersspezifische Akzeptanzbarrieren. Einen systemspezifischen Designaspekt aufgreifend wurde zudem untersucht, ob die Nutzerakzeptanz des hochautomatisierten Fahrens ebenfalls durch den implementierten Fahrstil modifizierbar ist. Fahrer beider Altersgruppen berichteten tendenziell positive a priori Akzeptanzwerte, welche sich nach der Ersterfahrung mit dem System signifikant erhöhten und sich anschließend stabilisierten. Vergleichbar mit den Ergebnissen zum ARD war die positive Einstellung gegenüber der Nutzung eines hochautomatisierten Fahrzeuges bei älteren Fahrern im Durchschnitt stärker ausgeprägt als bei jüngeren, obwohl sie ihre Selbstwirksamkeit im Umgang mit dem System sowie unterstützende Umgebungsfaktoren als geringer ausgeprägt bewerteten. Bezüglich des hochautomatisierten Fahrstils unterlag die Systemakzeptanz derselben Interaktion zwischen Fahreralter und Fahrstilähnlichkeit wie Fahrkomfort und Fahrspaß. Diese Ergebnisse demonstrieren, dass Fahrzeugtechnologien auf verschiedenen Automatisierungsstufen effektive Ansätze zur Unterstützung der Individualmobilität älterer Personen liefern können. Die Mehrzahl der identifizierten Leistungs-bezogenen Verbesserungen zeigte sich sowohl für ältere als auch jüngere Fahrer. Diese Befunde weißen auf das Potential von Systemen, welche den Bedürfnissen älterer Fahrer entsprechen, zur Unterstützung verschiedener Altersgruppen hin. Die Ergebnisse der Akzeptanzperspektive deuten an, dass die evaluierten Systeme von Fahrern verschiedener Altersgruppen akzeptiert werden würden, was die Ergebnisse der Leistungsebene widerspiegelt. Die Vergleichbarkeit der Muster verschiedener Akzeptanzprädiktoren, welche für zwei Systeme auf grundlegend unterschiedlichen Automatisierungsstufen identifiziert werden konnten, legt die Existenz zugrundeliegender genereller Aspekte der Fahrzeugtechnologie-Akzeptanz älterer Fahrer nahe. Diese beinhalten deren stark ausgeprägtes Bedürfnis zur Erhaltung ihrer Individualmobilität sowie deren geringere Selbstwirksamkeit im Umgang mit relevanten Technologien und den unzureichenden Zugang zu unterstützenden Infrastrukturen. Diese Erkenntnisse liefern Implikationen für theoretische Modelle der Akzeptanz von Fahrzeugtechnologien durch ältere Fahrer sowie für Maßnahmen zur Absicherung einer erfolgreichen Entwicklung und Markteinführung von Systemen, die darauf abzielen, ältere Menschen beim Erhalt ihrer Individualmobilität zu unterstützen. Berücksichtigt man die Bedeutsamkeit des Fahrens eines eigenen Automobils für das physiologische und psychologische Wohlbefinden im Alter (Adler & Rottunda, 2006; Lutin et al., 2013; Whelan, Langford, Oxley, Koppel, & Charlton, 2006), unterstreichen diese Ergebnisse das Potential neu entstehender Fahrerunterstützungstechnologien für die Verbesserung der Verkehrssicherheit, aber auch Lebensqualität älterer Menschen.

[pt] Como os padrões de ação são (re)criados em um ambiente altamente regulamentado? Este estudo objetiva apresentar proposições teóricas acerca de que quanto mais as pessoas vivenciam rotinas adaptativas em um ambiente altamente regulamentado, mais os padrões de ação são recompostos e legitimados a partir do repertório de práticas. Devido ao seu papel efetivo no organizing e ao seu poder generativo em produzir novos padrões de ação ao longo do tempo (PENTLAND e HAEREM, 2015), as rotinas foram aplicadas como unidades de análise para compreender os elementos constituintes da rotina adaptativa no contexto social (PENTLAND et al., 2011) de uma organização altamente regulamentada, além de possibilitar a análise de como ocorre o processo de (re)criação dos padrões de ação tendo como fundamento os Estudos Baseados na prática (FELDMAN e ORLIKOWSKI, 2011). A regulamentação foi analisada abordando as dimensões apresentadas no trabalho de Pentland (1995), com foco na estrutura organizacional, cultura, tecnologia, coordenação e processos, aplicados ao modelo construtivista de Orlikowski (2000), que contribuiu para a construção da visão macro de distintos contextos presentes nas práticas sociais analisadas na organização. Após a construção da visão macro do contexto do ambiente altamente regulamentado, aplicou-se o modelo do sistema generativo interacionista simbólico de Dionysiou e Tsoukas (2013), que proporcionou o entendimento de como os padrões de ação na prática são criados, compartilhados, mantidos e alterados coletivamente, por meio de ciclos de interação coletivos a partir do mecanismo de tomada de papéis de Mead (1934). Assim, por meio do método do estudo de caso interacionista simbólico, a pesquisa de campo foi dividida em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa de coleta de dados realizou-se a observação direta, que ocorreu no período de 22 de agosto a 14 de outubro de 2016, gerando dados primários das práticas dos sujeitos in loco, evidenciados pelas notas de campo, e dados secundários oriundos da análise documental das políticas internas da empresa, documentos normativos, múltiplos documentos do sistema de gestão da qualidade como as instruções de trabalho, formulários de distintos setores e informações sobre as tecnologias e sistemas de TI para execução dos procedimentos da empresa. A segunda etapa de coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevistas com 24 pessoas, para captar a percepção dos atores sobre suas práticas. Os dados foram sistematizados pela análise de conteúdo (BARDIN, 2011) com auxílio do sistema ATLAS.ti. Os resultados do estudo apresentaram três formas distintas de como os padrões de ação podem variar em ambiente altamente regulamentado, sustentando, assim, que o tipo de agencement (GHERARDI, 2016), ou seja, o tipo de conexões estabelecidas na relação entre agentes, agência, estrutura, artefatos falantes e silenciosos, componentes não humanos e ação que compõem o contexto, e sua conexão com os elementos intervenientes (estilo de gestão, tipo de área funcional, accountability, integração da equipe, experiência, cognitivo, motivação, engajamento de recursos pessoais, engajamento afetivo e amplitude da network) afetam a variação dos padrões de ação. Outro aspecto relevante é que quanto maior a necessidade de inclusão de indivíduos de grupos distintos (outras áreas e de níveis hierárquicos diferentes) no processo de validação consensual coletiva, maior a necessidade de ciclos de interação para o alinhamento das ações. Assim, aumenta-se a complexidade desse processo, além de diminuir a sua dinâmica e fluidez para a adaptação das ações dos atores diante das incertezas do contexto. Enfim, o estudo propõe ponderações para a literatura das rotinas organizacionais na prática social, explorando as rotinas adaptativas em ambiente altamente regulamentado que induzem a (re)recomposição de padrões de ação a partir do repertório de práticas. Nesse contexto, o céu é o limite para criatividade dos atores / [en] How are action patterns (re) created in a highly regulated environment? This study aims to present theoretical propositions about how more people experience adaptive routines in a highly regulated environment, but the patterns of action are recomposed and legitimized from the repertoire of practices. Due to its effective role in organizing and its generative power to produce new patterns of action over time (PENTLAND and HAEREM, 2015), routines were applied as units of analysis to understand the constituent elements of the adaptive routine in the social context PENTLAND et al., 2011) of a highly regulated organization, besides allowing the analysis of how the process of (re) creation of action patterns occurs on the basis of Practice-Based Studies (FELDMAN and ORLIKOWSKI, 2011). The regulation was analyzed by addressing the dimensions presented in the work of Pentland (1995), focusing on the organizational structure, culture, technology, coordination and processes, applied to the constructivist model of Orlikowski (2000), which contributed to the construction of the macro view of different Contexts present in the social practices analyzed in the organization. After constructing the macro view of the highly regulated environment context, the Dionysiou and Tsoukas (2013) symbolic interactional generative system model was applied, which provided an understanding of how patterns of action in practice are created, shared, maintained and Altered collectively, by means of collective interaction cycles from the paper-making mechanism of Mead (1934). Thus, through the method of the symbolic interactionist case study, field research was divided into two stages. In the first stage of data collection, a direct observation was performed, which occurred from August 22 to October 14, 2016, generating primary data of the in loco practices, evidenced by field notes, and secondary data Document analysis of the company s internal policies, normative documents, multiple quality management system documents such as work instructions, forms from different sectors and information on IT technologies and systems to carry out company procedures. The second stage of data collection took place through the interviews with 24 people, to capture the actors perception of their practices. The data were systematized by the content analysis (BARDIN, 2011) with the aid of the ATLAS.ti system. The results of the study presented three different ways in which patterns of action may vary in a highly regulated environment, thus maintaining that the type of agencement (GHERARDI, 2016), in other words, the type of connections established in the relationship between agents, agency, (Management Style, Functional Area Type, Accountability, Team Integration, Experience, Cognitive, Motivation, Engagement) Of Personal Resources, Affective Engagement, and Network Amplitude) that all of these aspects together affect the variation of action patterns. Another relevant aspect is the greater the need to include individuals from different groups (other areas and different hierarchical levels) in the collective consensual validation process, the greater the need for interaction cycles for the alignment of actions and, thus, increases The complexity of this process, in addition to reducing its dynamics and fluidity for the adaptation of the actors actions in the face of the uncertainties of the context. Finally, the study proposes weightings for the literature of organizational routines in social practice, exploring the adaptive routines in a highly regulated environment that induce (re) recomposition of action patterns from the repertoire of practices. In this context, the sky is the limit for the creativity of actors to (re) create their action patterns, but it is imperative to keep your feet on the ground revering the mantle of regulation.

Cette thèse vise à étudier les nanoparticules d'or (NPOs) comme radio sensibilisateur et nano catalyseur afin d'améliorer la production d'espèces réactives de l'oxygène (EROS) et à fournir un aperçu de l'effet protecteur potentiel des acides aminés de base contre les effets des rayonnements ionisants afin d'étudier le mécanisme de dommages de l'ADN. En outre, il vise à améliorer notre connaissance des effets directs et indirects sur l'ADN plasmatique qui est une cible importante et sensible lors de l'étude des effets des rayonnements ionisants. Cette étude nécessite à la fois Ia bonne distribution et le contrôle de l'ADN déposé sur graphite HOPG. Nous avons procédé à la préparation de films (couches nanométriques à l’échelle) faite d'un complexe d'ADN avec des amines, ainsi que les acides aminés basiques. Nous avons caractérisé le déposé sec par microscopie a force atomique et par XPS. Nous avons montré que les couches contenant des acides aminés basiques sont très denses et que la protection contre les dommages de l'ADN après re-dissolution dans l'eau est très efficace. Ensuite, nous avons déposé l'ADN plasmatique à sec soul sur des feuilles minces de mylar et d'exposé ces films à un faisceau de protons à différentes énergies, Nous avons montré que, dans le value de pic de Bragg d'énergie a protons énergies inferieure a 500 keV il y a un rendement Cleve de protons a endommagé l'ADN. L'effet indirect a donc été étudié en exposant l'ADN plasmatique en solution aqueuse par rayons X ultra-mous. Nous avons procédé a de telles expériences en utilisant 100 lit de solution d'ADN plasmatique avec et sans différentes concentrations de 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol, (Tris) et l'arginine (Arg) à température ambiante et sous agitation. Une très bonne procédure expérimentale. Nous avons montré que les rendements pour les pauses ADN simples brins ont permis au ratio indirect des effets directs à déterminer à 96% en bon accord avec la valeur de 97% découlant d’une étude basée sur l’irradiation aux rayons gamma de solutions congelées de l’ADN plasmatique. Nous analysons nos résultats et nous suggérons que les produits secondaires de Arginine réagissent avec les radicaux OH pour produire des effets secondaires; notamment en raison du fait que, contrairement au Tris, Arg est capable de liaison à l'ADN à l'extérieur et également à l'intérieur de la double hélice. Nous avons exposé également l'ADN de plasmide en solution aqueuse et complexe aux deux autres acides aminés basiques (lysine et histidine) par rayons X ultra-mous. Nous avons constaté que la présence de ces acides aminés augmente également la détérioration de l'ADN et suggère que les acides aminés sont donc également susceptibles de produire des effets secondaires. Enfin, nous avons étudié Ie rôle de nanoparticules d'or (NPO) dans le renforcement de la sensibilisation de la radio de l'ADN. En utilisant de nouveaux protocoles expérimentaux, nous avons fini à interpréter l'interaction du (NPOs) avec ionisation rayonnement dans des solutions aqueuses oxygénées. Pour obtenir une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de sensibilisation de radio par NPOs, nous avons utilisé une variété de espèces détritivores, spécifiques et réactives d'oxygène et l'ADN plasmatique comme sonde afin de favoriser les voies donnees et de determiner laquelle d'entre elles est la plus efficace dans l'ADN dommageable. Cette étude a démontré pour la première fois que les NPOs contribuent en permanence à l'amélioration de la production de OH en utilisant un stock potentiel maintenu sous la forme d'HO2 • / 02 • - et H202 produits de radiolyse de l'eau primaire. Nous avons montre en effet que H202 peut réagir avec NPOs pour produire • OH radicaux. / This thesis aims at studying the gold nanoparticles (GNPs) as radiosensitizer and nanocatalyst in order to enhance the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs) and at providing insight into the potential protective effect of basic amino acids against ionizing radiation effects in order to study the mechanism of DNA damage. Also, it aims at improving our knowledge of direct and indirect effect on plasmid DNA which is an important and sensible target when studying ionizing radiation effects. This study required both the good distribution and control of the DNA deposited on HOPG (Highly Ordered Pyrolytic Graphite). We carried out the preparation of films (nanometer scaled layers) made of complex of DNA with diamines as wel as basic amino acids. We have characterized dry deposited by AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) and by XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). We have shown that the layers containing basic amino acids are very dense and that the protection against DNA damage after re-dissolution in water is very effective. Then, we have deposited dry plasmid DNA alone on thin mylar foils and exposed those films to a proton beam at various energies. We have shown that in the Bragg-peak energy range i.e. at proton energies lower than 500 keV there is a high efficiency of protons to damage DNA. The indirec effect was thus studied by exposing plasmid DNA in aqueous solution by (USX). We carried out such experiments by using 100 pit of plasmid DNA solution with and without different concentrations of 2-Amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (Tris) and arginine (Arg) at ambient temperature and under stirring. A very good agreement was found with the rare data dealing with DNA plasmid exposed to Al Ka photons at low temperature (T < 277 K), which therefore validated the experimental procedure. We showed that the yields for DNA single strand breaks determined enabled the ratio of indirect to direct effects to be determined at 96.2%; in good agreement with the value of 97.7% stemming from a study based on y-ray irradiation of frozen solutions of plasmid DNA. We analyze our results and suggest that secondary products of Arginine react with OH radicals to produce side effects; notably due to the fact that contrary to Tris, Arg is capable of binding DNA outside but also inside the double-helix. We exposed also the plasmid DNA in aqueous solution and complexed to the two other basic amino acids (histidine and lysine) by USX. We found that the presence of tilos amino acids also increases DNA damage and suggest that those amino acids are therefore also prone to produce side effects. Lastly, we studied the role of Gold Nano Particles (GNPs) in enhancing DNA radio sensitization. By using new experimental protocols, we achieved to interpret the interaction of GNPs with ionization radiation in oxygenated aqueous solutions. To get better insight into the mechanisms of radiosensitization by GNPs, we used a variety of specific reactive oxygen species scavengers and plasmid DNA as a probe in order to favor given pathways and to determine which of them is the most effective in damaging DNA. This study has demonstrated for the first time that the GNPs contribute permanently to the enhancement of ■OH production by using a potential stock kept under the form of 1102•/02•- and H202 primary water radiolysis products. We showed indeed that H202 ca react with GNPs to produce •0H radicals.

La restauration des fonctions des sols est une étape clé de la requalification des sites dégradés par les activités humaines. Ces opérations nécessitent de disposer de procédés de remise en état du couvert pédologique favorisant la résilience écologique. Ils génèrent de nouveaux sols dont il faut prévoir l’évolution. Notre objectif est de caractériser le fonctionnement et la pédogenèse de sols construits à l’aide d’un nouveau procédé fondé sur la formulation de déchets et sous-produits (terre industrielle traitée, sous-produit papetier, compost). Dans ce but, des colonnes en laboratoire ainsi que des parcelles lysimétriques in situ ont été mises en place. Des paramètres descriptifs des fonctionnalités et de la pédogenèse des sols construits ont été mesurés. Les résultats ont montré que les matériaux parents présentent des propriétés aptes à remplir des fonctions comme la fourniture d’éléments ou la rétention en eau. Les sols construits remplissent les rôles de support de végétation, d’échange/filtre et de support de la biodiversité comme des sols naturels. Les premiers stades de leur évolution pédogénétique se caractérisent par leur intensité, leur rapidité et leur caractère non habituel (e.g. dissolution conjointe de gypse et de calcite). La prospective sur l’évolution des sols construits démontre que, de Technosols, ils évoluent vers des types de sols analogues aux sols naturels. Ce cheminement nous conduit à proposer une évolution de la classification des sols très anthropisés sur des critères génétiques. Enfin, les bases de la modélisation de la pédogenèse des sols très anthropisés sont posées ainsi que celles d’un outil d’aide à la décision pour le génie pédologique / Human activities induce growing impacts on soils. This has produced derelict lands that need thorough reclamation to minimize their negative effect on the environment. A better knowledge and control of the evolution of highly anthropized soils is needed in order to achieve a sustainable management of these sites. This work emphasizes on both the development of a process of soil construction with wastes and by-products (paper sludge, treated industrial soil, compost) and the study of the functioning and pedogenic evolution of the constructed soils. The project relies on both in situ pilot scale application and lab-scale experiments. The characterization of the parent materials and their compounding highlighted their properties and their originalities compared to geological or pedological materials. The study of the functioning of constructed soils demonstrated that they could fulfil the soil basic functions. In this way, the process has been able to achieve the reclamation of the pedological cover and initiate the ecological resilience. The nature, the intensity and the kinetics of the pedogenic processes have been identified. It appeared that the reactions were very fast and that they sometimes strongly differ from the natural local pedo-climate (e.g. dissolution of gypsum, amorphous silica). We suggest that they will spontanuously evolve to analogous natural form of soils. Our results are confronted with the present classification of the Technosols and some propositions are made in favour of a more genetic-oriented way. Some thoughts about the modelling of the pedogenesis of very anthropized soils are proposed. At last, this work evocates the basis for the development of a decision tool for the pedo-engineering approach.

Cette thèse concerne l’étude de l’influence de la formulation sur le comportement rhéologique des émulsions inverses très concentrées. Nous avons utilisé une démarche originale consistant à positionner le module élastique (G’) de ces émulions sur une carte bidimensionnelle formulation-composition, afin d’étudier, en particulier, l’effet de la formulation dite optimale. Deux effets nets sont liés à celle-ci: les émulsions préparées à HLB=10, c’est-à-dire à proximité de la valeur optimale (HLB=10,5), présentent des valeurs de G’ nettement plus faibles que les autres formulations, tandis qu’à une distance particulière (HLB=7,7), les valeurs de G’ sont toujours plus élevées comparativement aux autres formulations. Cette valeur particulière de HLB correspond aussi à une stabilité maximale de la dispersion et à une taille moyenne des gouttes minimale. Les émulsions très concentrées étant généralement opaques et fragiles, l’analyse du transport stationnaire incohérent de lumière polarisée, qui ne nécessite pas de dilution, a été utilisée comme méthode alternative aux techniques classiques pour déterminer l’épaisseur moyenne du film interfacial (h). La taille moyenne des gouttes (R) a pu ensuite être déterminée à partir d’un modèle géométrique qui relie R à l’épaisseur moyenne du film interfacial (h), à la fraction volumique de phase dispersée (f) et à un facteur géométrique moyen (f9) tenant compte du caractère polyédrique des gouttes. Ainsi, une expression modifiée du modèle proposé par Mougel et al. (2006) a été établie pour modéliser le module élastique (G’) en le reliant à la taille moyenne de gouttes (R), la tension interfaciale (s) et la fraction volumique de phase dispersée (f) / This thesis deals with the study of the influence of formulation on the rheological behavior of highly concentrated reverse emulsions. We used an original approach consisting in representing the elastic modulus (G’) of these emulsions on a formulation-composition bidimensional map to study, in particular, the effect of the so-called optimum formulation. Two major effects are observed in relation to this one: emulsions prepared at HLB=10, i.e. at the proximity of optimum value (HLB=10.5) present values of G’ remarkably lower than those at other formulations, while at a certain distance (HLB=7.7) the values of G’ are higher in comparison to others formulations. This last particular HLB matches with the occurrence of a maximum stability and a minimum drop size of dispersion. Highly concentrated emulsions being generally opaque and fragile, the analysis of incoherent polarized steady light transport, that does not imply any dilution, has been used as an alternative method to classical techniques to determine the average film thickness (h). The average drop size (R) has then to be determined from a geometrical model linking it to the average film thickness (h), to the dispersed phase volume fraction (f) and to a geometrical factor (f9) that takes into account the polyhedral shape of the drops. Hence, a modified expression of the model proposed by Mougel et al. (2006) has been established to model the elastic modulus (G’) by relating it to the average drop size (R), the interfacial tension (s) and the dispersed phase volume fraction (f)

Background: IPT is an effective, safe and feasible disease prevention scheme that should be administered for all PLHIV living in areas with high latent TB prevalence. Objective: To assess the impact of isoniazid in the incidence of tuberculosis among HIV infected individuals in Addis Ababa. Methods: A case control study design was undertaken among 489 HIV and TB infected patients in Addis Ababa from January 2008 to December 2010. Results: Tuberculosis incidence rate among those who developed TB after completing 6-9 month isoniazid preventative therapy was17.14 PYO compared to 10.28 PYO among those who were not. Isonizide reduced the chance of developing tuberculosis among HIV infected patients (OR= 0.072; 95% CI 0.044, 0.12). Age (AOR= 0.14; 95% CI 0.03, 0.97) and sex (AOR= 1.86; 95% CI 1.02, 2.23) of the patient, CD4 count at HIV diagnosis (AOR= 0.21; 95% CI 0.13, 0.31), clinical stage of HIV illness (AOR= 1.22; 95% CI 1.09, 1.84) and past tuberculosis history (AOR = 1.97; 95% CI 1.24, 3.67) were major factors associated with tuberculosis incidence. Conclusions: INH prophylaxis was associated with lower incidence of tuberculosis among PLHIV. / Health Studies / M. Public Health

The dissertation thesis with the topic „Simulation Modelling of Electrical Drives for Selected Critical Applications“ focuses on the area of given applications in civil aviation. The selected application that the thesis deals with is an electrically driven and electronically controlled fuel pump supplying fuel to an aviation motor of the APU type. The thesis gives a comprehensive description of the design cycle of the unit and demonstrates implementing all the required critical functions. In the course of the design of the unit modern techniques in mathematical modelling, simulation, verification, monitoring and prediction of the operation status of airborne equipment were uses to the utmost extent. The purpose of these was to show the suitability of their application with regard to decreasing design time and cost, increasing lifetime and servicing intervals, as well as increasing user comfort and decreasing price. At the same time the required reliability was to be kept. The thesis also aims to prove and verify the suitability of using electronically commutated dc motors in critical applications in civil aviation. To reach this goal, it is necessary to design a robust drive control which would meet the given reliability requirements.