Diploma thesis "Reflection of Old Portuguese in dialects of Contemporary European Portuguese" deals with influence of Old Portuguese on dialects used and spoken over area of Continental Portugal. The first part of diploma thesis reflects language history, its development and language changes in general terms. After overview of general rules of language development and explanation of language changes theory Portuguese language is described from genealogical, geographical and historical point of view. The first chapters of main part of diploma thesis focuses on Old Portuguese and its historical stages which will be analyzed based on its subsystems - phonetical, lexical and morphosyntactical. The theme of relation of language and its dialects will be discussed as well. One of the most important parts of Diploma thesis is dedicated to description and classification of dialects of Contemporary Portuguese high-lighting differences in phonetical and lexical subsystems of these dialects. Presentation of Old Portuguese and dialects of Contemporary European Portuguese is followed by the research part of Diploma thesis. Our research is based on hypothesis which claims that the remnants of Old Portuguese are more evident in phonetical and lexical subsystems of dialects of Contemporary European Portuguese while...

The topic of this diploma thesis is an analysis of the baroque period's transgressives. Both the contemporary norm relative to the transgressives and its theoretical reflexion are observed on the base of five grammar writings from the given historic age. An obtained knowledge is then compared with a material excerpted from the writings corresponding to their date of origin during the period in baroque. The oldest of these scholarly writings is "Mappa katolická" by Jiří Plachý, followed by "Kronika klattovská" written by Jan Florián Hammerschmid and a late baroque polemic "Obzvláštné pravdy náboženství katholického" by Jan Hubálek. In this thesis, the transgressives are examined from both phonological and morphological point of view, but the greatest emphasis is placed on problematic facets, such as the gender congruence, the aspect of source verb and the transgressives' meaning derived from the primal participles. The diploma thesis sets its goal to describe the state of baroque transgressives and their using in contemporary literature as exactly as possible. Beside of these, it aims to specify the trend, on which end is the current wither of these grammatical forms.

English abstract: The text looks into the working of the 6th person possessivity exponence on the base of the analysis of two concrete paradigms - paradigms SUUS and ILLORUM. Its proposal is to comprend and to describe all changes of the semiosis of both of the two paradigms on their transition from the Latin diasystem to the Protoromance and the Romance one. These changes will be mesured and described on the base of the eight parameters of semiotic and semiologic description as changes of (1) formal aspect, (2) conceptual aspect, (3) reference, (4) extension, (5) intension, (6) differential value, (7) paradigmatic relations, (8) syntagmatic relations. On the base of the analysis of the individual diasystems we try to identify the connection, the relationship among the Romance centres, with the objective to identify the sources of the importation of linguistic innovations. English keywords: 6th person possessivity, reflexive possessivity, non-reflexive possessivity, possessives, ILLORUM, SUUS, semiosis, grammaticalization, suppletion, linguistic innovation, exportation of linguistic models, endophoricity, logophoricity, exophoricity, vulgar Latin, classical Latin, Romance languages

The thesis deals with the functions of the reflexive form sě in Old Czech. In Chapter 2, existing literature about the Old Czech sě is reviewed, in Chapter 3, I describe the method of my research, comment on the data used for the analysis and present the functions of sě that have been identified. In Chapters 4, 5 and 6 (the key part of the thesis), I describe three functions of the reflexive form, i.e., three types of constructions containing the form sě: accusative form of the reflexive pronoun, spontaneity and agent demotion. I focus on the most important syntactic and semantic characteristics of the constructions, then I analyse especially the animacy of the syntactic subject and the verbal aspect; both these criteria proved to be relevant for the constructions in question. The functions I describe are prototypes, therefore they have no clear boundaries. Hence, I also point out the ambiguous cases whose classification is not clear. In Chapter 7, I compare and contrast the three functions and show the most important differences between the use of the reflexive form in Old Czech and in Modern Czech.

In the thesis Language Analysis of Baroque Sermon I deal with the morphological level of the Baroque sermon written by Karel Václav Černý Medotekoucí sláva na hůře Libanu (Fame on Liban Mountain) dating back to 1727. The thesis is a follow-up of my bachelor thesis analyzing the syntactic level of sermon. Besides this it involved the exposition concerning the Baroque time and the Saint John of Nepomuk. For this reason I do not state this information in my thesis. The thesis is based on the research of grammatical means applied in the text, as in view of the scope the thesis could not be focused on the lexical and stylistic level. Theoretical base are for me the present as well as the historical grammar books. I classify word classes acquired by excerption and focus on their characteristic features. I try to prove everything by examples found in the text. The target of this thesis is to compare the Baroque grammatical means with the means of the present Czech language.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research investigates the process of institutionalization of teaching of Portuguese Language in Brazil from 1757 to 1828, through the analysis and interpretation of Brazilian and Portuguese legislation related to the language teaching, as well as the compendium Arte da grammatica da língua portugueza, of Antonio José dos Reis Lobato. The basis for this work will be some assumptions theoretical of history of school subjects (CHERVEL, 1990), of cultural history (CHARTIER, 2000; ANDERSON, 2008; HEBRARD 2000), of historical linguistics (AUROUX, 1992; BUESCO, 1969; HUE 2007), of history of textbook (CHOPPIN, 2004) and of educational historiography (OLIVEIRA, 2010; CARVALHO, 1978; ANDRADE, 1978). The chronological cut is justified by the following: in 1770, it was published the grammar of Reis Lobato offered to José Sebastião de Carvalho e Melo and indicated by the Decree of September 30 of the same year. In respect to 1828, it is explained because this was the year of the indication of grammatical compendium of Reis Lobato in Brazil through the Law of April 30, 1828, that approved the statutes of the Casa Pia and Colégio de São Joaquim dos Meninos Órfãos da Bahia. / Esta pesquisa investiga o processo de institucionalização do ensino da língua portuguesa no Brasil, de 1757 até 1828, mediante a análise e interpretação da legislação portuguesa e brasileira referente ao ensino de línguas, bem como do compêndio Arte da grammatica da língua portugueza, de Antônio José dos Reis Lobato. Servirão de base para este trabalho alguns pressupostos teóricos da história das disciplinas escolares (CHERVEL, 1990), da história cultural (CHARTIER, 2000; ANDERSON, 2008; HÉBRARD, 2000), da linguística histórica (AUROUX, 1992; BUESCO, 1969; HUE 2007), da história do livro didático (CHOPPIN, 2004) e da historiografia educacional (OLIVEIRA, 2010; CARVALHO, 1978; ANDRADE, 1978). O recorte cronológico justifica-se pelo seguinte: em 1770, publicou-se a gramática pombalina de Reis Lobato, oferecida a José Sebastião de Carvalho e Melo e indicada pelo Alvará de 30 de setembro do mesmo ano. Quanto a 1828, explica-se por ser este o ano da indicação do compêndio gramatical de Reis Lobato no Brasil através da Lei de 30 de abril de 1828, que aprova os estatutos da Casa Pia e Colégio de São Joaquim dos Meninos Órfãos da Bahia.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research investigates the process of institutionalization of teaching of Portuguese Language in Brazil from 1757 to 1828, through the analysis and interpretation of Brazilian and Portuguese legislation related to the language teaching, as well as the compendium Arte da grammatica da língua portugueza, of Antonio José dos Reis Lobato. The basis for this work will be some assumptions theoretical of history of school subjects (CHERVEL, 1990), of cultural history (CHARTIER, 2000; ANDERSON, 2008; HEBRARD 2000), of historical linguistics (AUROUX, 1992; BUESCO, 1969; HUE 2007), of history of textbook (CHOPPIN, 2004) and of educational historiography (OLIVEIRA, 2010; CARVALHO, 1978; ANDRADE, 1978). The chronological cut is justified by the following: in 1770, it was published the grammar of Reis Lobato offered to José Sebastião de Carvalho e Melo and indicated by the Decree of September 30 of the same year. In respect to 1828, it is explained because this was the year of the indication of grammatical compendium of Reis Lobato in Brazil through the Law of April 30, 1828, that approved the statutes of the Casa Pia and Colégio de São Joaquim dos Meninos Órfãos da Bahia. / Esta pesquisa investiga o processo de institucionalização do ensino da língua portuguesa no Brasil, de 1757 até 1828, mediante a análise e interpretação da legislação portuguesa e brasileira referente ao ensino de línguas, bem como do compêndio Arte da grammatica da língua portugueza, de Antônio José dos Reis Lobato. Servirão de base para este trabalho alguns pressupostos teóricos da história das disciplinas escolares (CHERVEL, 1990), da história cultural (CHARTIER, 2000; ANDERSON, 2008; HÉBRARD, 2000), da linguística histórica (AUROUX, 1992; BUESCO, 1969; HUE 2007), da história do livro didático (CHOPPIN, 2004) e da historiografia educacional (OLIVEIRA, 2010; CARVALHO, 1978; ANDRADE, 1978). O recorte cronológico justifica-se pelo seguinte: em 1770, publicou-se a gramática pombalina de Reis Lobato, oferecida a José Sebastião de Carvalho e Melo e indicada pelo Alvará de 30 de setembro do mesmo ano. Quanto a 1828, explica-se por ser este o ano da indicação do compêndio gramatical de Reis Lobato no Brasil através da Lei de 30 de abril de 1828, que aprova os estatutos da Casa Pia e Colégio de São Joaquim dos Meninos Órfãos da Bahia.

Imitation was one of the five teaching methods passed down from the Greeks and was, from antiquity down to the nineteenth century, highly respected among scholars and educators. However, imitation has lost status as a viable pedagogy, and especially perhaps in the field of composition studies.

The linguistic analysis of The Apostle of Skopje Štefan Pilát The Apostle of Skopje (Skop) is a Macedonian Church Slavonic manuscript, which contains a short Praxapostle. The scribal inscription on the last page places its compilation to the city of Skopje in the year 1313 thus allowing for its inclusion among the north-Macedonian texts. The goal of the present thesis was to evaluate its paleographic, orthographic and phonological characteristics and its morphological and syntactic peculiarities. The established facts were then compared with other north-Macedonian manuscripts and writing traditions of the Ochrid, Preslav, Tarnovo and Raška schools. Another aim was to evaluate how much could the reception of individual scribal norms be impacted by the north-Macedonian dialect and identify the dialect elements of Skop. On this account, I conclude that Skop, while belonging to the circle of north-Macedonian manuscripts and reflecting rather evident influence of the local dialect, remains conservative, especially from the perspective of paleography, orthography and phonology, a feature typical of the older tradition of the Ochrid School. In the Apostle pericopes, Skop however rather consequently receives the standardized use of the full scope of the iotified vowels, which is the norm most probably taken...

Cette thèse analyse la place de Júlio Ribeiro dans l'histoire des idées linguistiques au Brésil. Dans le domaine de l'Histoire des idées linguistiques, nous essayons de comprendre comment se construit l'image de Júlio Ribeiro comme auteur fondateur dans l'histoire de l'étude du portugais au Brésil dans trois cas de figure: 1) dans les recherches menées sur l’axe du projet Histoire des idées linguistique au Brésil et dans les mémoires et les thèses qui, à partir de ces recherches, dans ces dernières années ont eu l'auteur comme objet d'étude; 2) dans son propre travail; 3) dans l’œuvre des auteurs postérieurs jusqu'à l'introduction de la Norme grammaticale brésilienne en 1959. Dans ce cadre, nous montrons comment Júlio Ribeiro lui-même se représente dans une histoire brésilienne de réflexion sur le langage et la façon dont il est incorporé ou effacé dans l'horizon de rétrospection de la grammatisation brésilienne. L’analyse d’ensemble de l’œuvre de Júlio Ribeiro nous a permis de cartographier ses premières positions sur l'étude des langues et du langage et de faire connaître et d'analyser en détail les œuvres d'un auteur unique en son genre en son temps et jusqu’alors complètement oublié : Traços Geraes de Linguistica, le premier livre de linguistique produit au Brésil ; et Holmes Brazileiro ou Grammatica da Puericia, l'un des rares exemples de grammaire destinée aux enfants dans le Brésil du XIXe siècle. En outre, nous avons pu observer comment Júlio Ribeiro compose ses textes par l'utilisation d'œuvres de tiers dans les procédures de traduction et d’adaptation, et la réutilisation de ses propres écrits, ainsi que la façon dont l'auteur a rejeté les accusations de plagiat suscitées par ces méthodes de composition de ses textes et en réaction à ses positions théoriques, mais aussi politiques. En approfondissant la connaissance des idées linguistiques en circulation au Brésil depuis la fin du XIXe siècle jusqu’au milieu du XXe siècle, notre étude vise à porter un nouveau regard sur le travail de Júlio Ribeiro comme grammairien adoptant la grammaire historique et comparative, montrant des interprétations peu orthodoxes de l’objet central du comparatisme - le changement linguistique, et à attirer l'attention sur l'existence de tout un mouvement grammatical important au Maranhão, à considérer au-delà de l'axe Rio de Janeiro-São Paulo, montrant par l'analyse de la controverse entre Júlio Ribeiro et le maranhense Augusto Freire da Silva que la grammaire générale a également été un modèle scientifique dans le grammatisation brésilienne du portugais. Par ailleurs, nous défendons que, plus qu’un grammairien, Júlio Ribeiro peut être aussi considéré comme un auteur de linguistique, qui reprend et réinvente les questions de la grammaire historique, et aussi comme un historien des sciences du langage, qui présente des interprétations particulières de l'histoire de la linguistique, en insérant la langue portugaise et les langues indigènes brésiliennes dans les questions générales de la connaissance scientifique sur le langage au XIXe siècle. En fin de compte, nous concluons qu'il existe une contradiction entre un double effacement de Júlio Ribeiro comme référence de l'analyse grammaticale et linguistique et aussi de la plupart de ses œuvres dans l'horizon de rétrospection de la grammatisation brésilienne et un discours historique, soutenu par un petit nombre d’auteurs de la fin du XIXe siècle et de la première moitié du XXe siècle, qui le mettent à chaque moment en première place dans l'histoire des études grammaticales et linguistiques au Brésil. / This paper analyzes the place of Júlio Ribeiro in the history of linguistic ideas in Brazil. Situated in the field of History of Linguistic Ideas, we try to understand how the image of Júlio Ribeiro is constructed as a founding author in the history of Portuguese studies in Brazil in three instances: 1) in the research carried out in the axis of the project History of Linguistic Ideas in Brazil and in the dissertations and theses that in recent years have taken the author as object of study; 2) in his own work; 3) in the work of subsequent authors until the establishment of the Brazilian Grammatical Norm in 1959. With this, we show how Júlio Ribeiro himself is represented in a Brazilian history of reflection on language and how he is incorporated or erased in the horizon of retrospection of Brazilian grammatization. The analysis of the whole Júlio Ribeiro's work allowed us not only to map his first positions on the study of languages and language; but also to publicize and analyze in detail works of the author unique in their genre in their time and until now completely forgotten – two of them are: Traços Geraes de Linguistica, the first book of linguistics produced in Brazil, and Holmes Brazileiro ou Grammatica da Puericia, one of the rare examples of grammar directed to childhood in nineteenth-century Brazil. Besides, we have been able to verify how Júlio Ribeiro composes his texts with the use of third-party works in translation and adaptation procedures, and with the reuse of his own writings; as well as how the author countered the accusations of plagiarism aroused by these methods of composition of their texts and in reaction to their theoretical but also political positions. Deepening the knowledge about the linguistic ideas circulating in Brazil at the turn of the 19th century to the 20th century, our work seeks not only to throw a new look at Júlio Ribeiro's work as a grammarian who adopts historical and comparative grammar, pointing to unorthodox interpretations; but also to draw attention to the existence of an important grammatical movement in Maranhão to be considered beyond the Rio de Janeiro-São Paulo axis, for the analysis of the controversy between Júlio Ribeiro and Augusto Freire da Silva (from Maranhão), showing that the general grammar was also a model of scientificity in the Brazilian grammatization process of Portuguese. Furthermore, we argue that, besides being a grammarian, Júlio Ribeiro can also be taken as an author of linguistics, who takes up and innovates the questions of historical grammar, and also as a historian of the language sciences, who presents particular interpretations of the history of Linguistics, inserting the Portuguese language and the Brazilian indigenous languages in the general questions of the scientific knowledge on language in the 19th century. In the end, we could conclude that there is a contradiction between a double erasure of Júlio Ribeiro as a reference for performing grammatical and linguistic analyses and also most of his works in the horizon of retrospection of Brazilian grammatization and a historical discourse, supported by a reduced number of authors of the late 19th and first half of the 20th century, which puts Júlio Ribeiro at all times in the first place in the history of grammatical and linguistic studies in Brazil. / O presente trabalho analisa o lugar de Júlio Ribeiro na história das ideias linguísticas no Brasil. Situados no campo da História das Ideias Linguísticas, procuramos compreender como se constrói a imagem de Júlio Ribeiro como um autor fundador na história dos estudos sobre o português no Brasil em três instâncias: 1) nas pesquisas realizadas no eixo do projeto História das Ideias Linguísticas no Brasil e nas dissertações e teses que nos últimos anos, a partir dessas pesquisas, têm tomado o autor como objeto de estudo; 2) na sua própria obra; 3) na obra de autores posteriores a ele até a instauração da Norma Gramatical Brasileira em 1959. Com isso, mostramos como o próprio Júlio Ribeiro se representa numa história brasileira de reflexão sobre a linguagem e como ele é incorporado ou apagado no horizonte de retrospecção da gramatização brasileira. A análise do conjunto da obra de Júlio Ribeiro nos permitiu mapear as suas primeiras posições sobre o estudo das línguas e da linguagem e dar publicidade e analisar em detalhes obras do autor únicas no seu gênero em sua época e até agora completamente esquecidas, caso dos Traços Geraes de Linguistica, o primeiro livro de linguística produzido no Brasil, e a Holmes Brazileiro ou Grammatica da Puericia, um dos raros exemplares de gramática voltada para a infância no Brasil do século XIX. Além disso, pudemos verificar o modo como Júlio Ribeiro compõe os seus textos com a utilização de obras de terceiros em procedimentos de tradução e adaptação e com a reutilização dos seus próprios escritos, bem como o modo como o autor rebateu as acusações de plágio despertadas por esses métodos de composição de seus textos e em reação a seus posicionamentos teóricos mas também políticos. Aprofundando o conhecimento sobre as ideias linguísticas em circulação no Brasil na virada do século XIX para o século XX, nosso trabalho busca lançar um novo olhar sobre o próprio trabalho de Júlio Ribeiro como um gramático que adota a gramática histórica e comparada, apontando interpretações não ortodoxas quanto ao objeto central do comparatismo, a mudança linguística, e chamar a atenção para a existência de todo um movimento gramatical importante no Maranhão a ser considerado além do eixo Rio de Janeiro-São Paulo, pela análise da polêmica entre Júlio Ribeiro e o maranhense Augusto Freire da Silva, mostrando que a gramática geral também foi modelo de cientificidade na gramatização brasileira do português. Além disso, defendemos que, para além de gramático, Júlio Ribeiro pode ser tomado também como um autor de linguística, que retoma e inova as questões da gramática histórica, e também como um historiador das ciências da linguagem, que apresenta interpretações particulares da história da linguística, inserindo a língua portuguesa e as línguas indígenas brasileiras nas questões gerais do conhecimento científico sobre a linguagem no século XIX. No fim das contas, pudemos concluir haver uma contradição entre um duplo apagamento de Júlio Ribeiro como referência para a realização de análises gramaticais e linguísticas e também da maior parte de suas obras no horizonte de retrospecção da gramatização brasileira e um discurso histórico, sustentado por um número reduzido de autores de finais do século XIX e primeira metade do século XX, que o coloca a cada instante em primeiro lugar na história dos estudos gramaticais e linguísticos no Brasil.