Esta dissertação de Mestrado visa apresentar os resultados e reflexões obtidos através de uma pesquisa envolvendo a inter-relação entre a História e Epistemologia da Ciência. Teve-se como objetivos principais desta investigação teórica: a construção de uma convergência epistemológica entre as ideias e defesas em Ciência dos filósofos Gaston Bachelard e Imre Lakatos, como também a construção de episódios em Ciência discutidos em grande parcela sob tais olhares histórico-filosóficos. Esta pesquisa possui abordagem qualitativa e quanto aos seus objetivos insere-se como descritiva-reflexiva. Iniciou-se tal investigação realizando um aprofundamento teórico envolvendo as especificidades de cada epistemologia com o objetivo de clarificar o entendimento referente aos pontos estruturantes de cada olhar epistemológico. Em relação ao processo de construção dos episódios em Ciência, realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico contemplado em maior parte por livros e artigos científicos que tratassem da respectiva temática do episódio, buscando-se uma diversidade de fontes para fundamentar este processo de escrita, com o intuito de valorizar um olhar abrangente sobre a História da Ciência. De modo geral, a construção da convergência epistemológica se fundamentou no que ambas as epistemologias têm em comum que é a própria defesa da História da Ciência por uma natureza epistemológica dinâmica e evolutiva (no que tange à mutabilidade do conhecimento científico), visão normativa, essência dialética e caráter racional objetivo. Desta forma, buscou-se explorar as relações teóricas envolvendo os olhares histórico-filosóficos de ambos os epistemólogos na escrita dos episódios. O primeiro episódio em Ciência visou apresentar e refletir sobre dois programas científicos conflitantes na História da Ciência, os programas flogístico e calórico, os quais marcaram, pontualmente, o período pré-científico da Química e o nascimento das bases teóricas da Química moderna. Já o segundo episódio em Ciência almejou apresentar as principais concepções de matéria desenvolvidas pelos gregos durante a Antiguidade. Os episódios em Ciência produzidos nesta pesquisa valorizam um olhar histórico-filosófico da Ciência através da referida convergência, como também possibilitam uma compreensão da história do pensamento científico por uma natureza conjectural (naturalmente falível) e em constante estado de evolução. Desta forma, defende-se que as epistemologias de Lakatos e Bachelard possuem grande valia ao campo didático científico, pois fomentam concepções epistemológicas contemporâneas e defendem uma Ciência aberta e em constante estágio de devir. Além do mais, os episódios em Ciência podem servir como significativas ferramentas didáticas a abordagens de temas científicos elucidados por olhares que contemplam discussões pertinentes à essência histórico-filosófica do pensamento científico no contexto do ensino. Esta pesquisa evidencia, na base dos seus resultados finais, a necessidade de se buscar valorizar a qualificação da História da Ciência como um importante cerne das discussões dos conteúdos científicos no campo didático, como também a fomentação de um distanciamento em relação às concepções alicerçadas no contexto de ensino que remetem à epistemologia tradicional. / The aim of this Masters dissertation is to present results and reflections obtained from research that involved the interrelation between the History and the Epistemology of Science. The main objectives of this theoretical investigation were the following: the construction of an epistemological convergence between the ideas and advocacies of philosophers Gaston Bachelard and Imre Lakatos, in addition to the construction of Science episodes discussed mostly under such historical-philosophical viewpoints. The research is from a qualitative approach and regarding the objectives is inserted as descriptive-reflexive. The investigation started through further theoretical development involving the specifics of each epistemology with the objective of clarifying the understanding related to the structural points from each epistemological viewpoint. As to the process of construction of the Science episodes, a bibliographical ascertainment was made covering mainly books and scientific articles that dealt with the respective issue of the episode, seeking for source diversity to serve as the foundation for this writing process with the intent of valuing a comprehensive viewpoint of Science History. In general, the construction of the epistemological convergence was founded on where both epistemological share in common, namely the advocacy of Science History itself by a dynamic, evolving epistemological nature (pertaining to the mutability of scientific knowledge), normative viewpoint, dialectic essence, and an objective rational character. This way, an exploration of the theoretical relations was sought that involved the historical-philosophical viewpoints of both epistemologists for writing the episodes. The first Science episode is aimed at presenting and reflecting upon two conflicting scientific programs in Science History, the phlogistic and caloric programs, that were a timely marker of the pre-scientific period in Chemistry and the birth of the theoretical bases for modern Chemistry. The aims of the second Science episode is to present the main conceptions of matter developed by the Greeks in Antiquity. The Science episodes produced by this research value a historical-philosophical viewpoint of Science from the above mentioned convergence, and also allowed for an understanding of the history of scientific thought by a conjectural nature (naturally fallible) and in a constant state of evolution. This way, it is advocated that Lakatos' and Bachelard's epistemologies are of great value to the scientific didactic field by enhancing contemporary epistemological conceptions and advocate that Science be open and in a permanent state of becoming. Furthermore, the Science episodes may serve as significant didactic tools for approaching scientific themes elucidated by viewpoints the include discussions pertaining the historical-philosophical essence of the scientific thought within a teaching context. Based on its final results, this research brings to evidence the need to pursue valuing the qualification of Science History as an important core when discussing scientific contents in the didactic field, as well as enhancing a further distancing in relation go conceptions founded within the teaching context that remit to traditional epistemology.

A presente dissertação pretende mostrar o desenvolvimento, a execução, a análise e as conclusões provenientes de uma pesquisa de mestrado em Ensino de Física, cuja finalidade esteve em avaliar o impacto de uma abordagem histórica e do emprego da fotografia no ensino de Óptica para o Ensino Médio. Para tal, foi elaborado e aplicado a um grupo de estudantes um minicurso que tratou da evolução histórica do conceito de luz, discutiu tópicos próprios da Óptica, tais como reflexão e refração, e inseriu pontos da Física Moderna e Contemporânea, como a dualidade onda-partícula para a luz e o efeito fotoelétrico. O minicurso também contou com o uso da fotografia pinhole e de câmeras fotográficas digitais por parte dos discentes, visando contextualizar os conteúdos e motivar os alunos para o estudo da Física. Para fins de avaliação da proposta, houve o acompanhamento simultâneo de uma turma de controle, a qual também se ateve ao estudo da Óptica, porém seguiu um ponto de vista tradicional de ensino, sem qualquer discussão histórica e uso de recursos fotográficos. A pesquisa envolveu duas aplicações: a primeira no ano de 2012, em formato de Estudo Preliminar, e outra em 2013, como um Estudo Complementar. A análise qualitativa, complementada por estatística descritiva, indicou que as turmas experimentais apresentaram ganhos de aprendizagem em relação às turmas de controle, ainda que modestos, e que o minicurso representa, em relação à abordagem tradicional, um avanço no sentido de proporcionar um ambiente propício à criticidade. / This dissertation aims to show the development, execution, analysis and conclusions from a masters research in Physics Teaching, whose purpose was to assess what impact the historical approach and the use of photography could pass to the Optics teaching for High School. For that, it was elaborated and applied to a group of students a minicourse, that reported the historical evolution of the concept of light, discussing topics of Optics, such as reflection and refraction, and inserting points of Modern and Contemporary Physics, such as duality wave-particle to the light and the photoelectric effect. The same minicourse also included the use of pinhole photography and digital cameras by students, seeking to contextualize the content and motivate students to study physics. For evaluation of the proposal, there was simultaneous monitoring of a control group, which also adhered to the study of Optics, but followed a traditional view of education, without any historical discussion and use of photographic resources. The research involved two applications: the first in 2012, in the Preliminary Study format, and another in 2013, as a Complementary Study. The qualitative analysis, complemented by descriptive statistics, indicated that the experimental groups showed learning gains compared to the control groups, although modest, and that the short course, in comparison to the traditional approach, represents a breakthrough in providing an environment conducive to critical.

abstract: This dissertation addresses the tendency among some disability scholars to overlook the importance of congenital deformity and disability in the pre-modern West. It argues that congenital deformity and disability deviated so greatly from able-bodied norms that they have played a pivotal role in the history of Western Civilization. In particular, it explores the evolution of two seemingly separate, but ultimately related, ideas from classical antiquity through the First World War: (1) the idea that there was some type of significance, whether supernatural or natural, to the existence of congenital deformity and (2) the idea that the existence of disabled people has resulted in a disability problem for western societies because many disabilities can hinder labor productivity to such an extent that large numbers of the disabled cannot survive without taking precious resources from their more productive, able-bodied counterparts. It also looks at how certain categories of disabled people, including, monsters, hunchbacks, cripples, the blind, the deaf and dumb, and dwarfs, which signified aesthetic and functional deviations from able-bodied norms, often reinforced able-bodied prejudices against the disabled. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. History 2013

abstract: Once perceived as an unimportant occurrence in living organisms, cell degeneration was reconfigured as an important biological phenomenon in development, aging, health, and diseases in the twentieth century. This dissertation tells a twentieth-century history of scientific investigations on cell degeneration, including cell death and aging. By describing four central developments in cell degeneration research with the four major chapters, I trace the emergence of the degenerating cell as a scientific object, describe the generations of a variety of concepts, interpretations and usages associated with cell death and aging, and analyze the transforming influences of the rising cell degeneration research. Particularly, the four chapters show how the changing scientific practices about cellular life in embryology, cell culture, aging research, and molecular biology of Caenorhabditis elegans shaped the interpretations about cell degeneration in the twentieth-century as life-shaping, limit-setting, complex, yet regulated. These events created and consolidated important concepts in life sciences such as programmed cell death, the Hayflick limit, apoptosis, and death genes. These cases also transformed the material and epistemic practices about the end of cellular life subsequently and led to the formations of new research communities. The four cases together show the ways cell degeneration became a shared subject between molecular cell biology, developmental biology, gerontology, oncology, and pathology of degenerative diseases. These practices and perspectives created a special kind of interconnectivity between different fields and led to a level of interdisciplinarity within cell degeneration research by the early 1990s. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Biology 2013

abstract: This study takes biophysics--a relatively new field with complex origins and contested definitions--as the research focus and investigates the history of disciplinary formation in twentieth-century China. The story of building a scientific discipline in modern China illustrates how a science specialty evolved from an ambiguous and amorphous field into a full-fledged academic discipline in specific socio-institutional contexts. It focuses on archival sources and historical writings concerning the constitution and definition of biophysics in order to examine the relationship between particular scientific styles, national priorities, and institutional opportunities in the People's Republic of China. It argues that Chinese biophysicists exhibited a different style of conceiving and organizing their discipline by adapting to the institutional structure and political economy that had been created since 1949. The eight chapters demonstrate that biophysics as a scientific discipline flourished in China only where priorities of science were congruent with political and institutional imperatives. Initially consisting of cell biologists, the Chinese biophysics community redirected their disciplinary priorities toward rocket science in the late 1950s to accommodate the national need of the time. Biophysicists who had worked on biological sounding rockets were drawn to the military sector and continued to contribute to human spaceflight in post-Mao China. Besides the rocket-and-space missions which provided the material context for biophysics to expand in the late 1950s and early 1960s, Chinese biophysicists also created research and educational programs surrounding biophysics by exploiting the institutional opportunities afforded by the policy emphasis on science's role to drive modernization. Biophysics' tie to nationalistic and utilitarian goals highlights the merits of approaching modern Chinese history from disciplinary, material, and institutional perspectives. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Human and Social Dimensions of Science and Technology 2014

abstract: In 1997, developmental biologist Michael Richardson compared his research team's embryo photographs to Ernst Haeckel's 1874 embryo drawings and called Haeckel's work noncredible.Science soon published <&ldquo;>Haeckel's Embryos: Fraud Rediscovered,<&rdquo;> and Richardson's comments further reinvigorated criticism of Haeckel by others with articles in The American Biology Teacher, <&ldquo;>Haeckel's Embryos and Evolution: Setting the Record Straight <&rdquo;> and the New York Times, <&ldquo;>Biology Text Illustrations more Fiction than Fact.<&rdquo;> Meanwhile, others emphatically stated that the goal of comparative embryology was not to resurrect Haeckel's work. At the center of the controversy was Haeckel's no-longer-accepted idea of recapitulation. Haeckel believed that the development of an embryo revealed the adult stages of the organism's ancestors. Haeckel represented this idea with drawings of vertebrate embryos at similar developmental stages. This is Haeckel's embryo grid, the most common of all illustrations in biology textbooks. Yet, Haeckel's embryo grids are much more complex than any textbook explanation. I examined 240 high school biology textbooks, from 1907 to 2010, for embryo grids. I coded and categorized the grids according to accompanying discussion of (a) embryonic similarities (b) recapitulation, (c) common ancestors, and (d) evolution. The textbooks show changing narratives. Embryo grids gained prominence in the 1940s, and the trend continued until criticisms of Haeckel reemerged in the late 1990s, resulting in (a) grids with fewer organisms and developmental stages or (b) no grid at all. Discussion about embryos and evolution dropped significantly. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ed.D. Biology 2014

abstract: This dissertation examines a practice of scientific museums in the 19th and early 20th centuries: the exchange of their duplicate specimens. Specimen exchange facilitated the rise of universal museums while creating a transnational network through which objects, knowledge, and museum practitioners circulated. My primary focus concerns the exchange of anthropological duplicate specimens at the Smithsonian Institution from 1880 to 1920. Specimen exchange was implemented as a strategic measure to quell the growth of scientific collections curated by the Smithsonian prior garnering to the broad political support needed to fund a national museum. My analysis examines how its practice was connected to both anthropological knowledge production, particularly in terms of diversifying the scope of museum collections, and knowledge dissemination. The latter includes an examination of how anthropological duplicates were used to illustrate competing explanations of culture change and generate interest in anthropological subject matter for non-specialist audiences. I examine the influence of natural history classification systems on museum-based anthropology by analyzing how the notion of duplicate was applied to collections of material culture. As the movement of museum objects are of particular concern to anthropologists involved in repatriation practices, I use specimen exchange to demonstrate that while keeping objects is a definitive function of the museum, an understanding of why and how museum objects have been kept or not kept in the past, particularly in terms of the intentions and value systems of curators, is critical in developing an ethically oriented dialogue about disposition of museum objects in the future. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Anthropology 2014

abstract: Leo Kanner first described autism in his 1943 article in Nervous Child titled "Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact". Throughout, he describes the eleven children with autism in exacting detail. In the closing paragraphs, the parents of autistic children are described as emotionally cold. Yet, he concludes that the condition as he described it was innate. Since its publication, his observations about parents have been a source of controversy surrounding the original definition of autism. Thus far, histories about autism have pointed to descriptions of parents of autistic children with the claim that Kanner abstained from assigning them causal significance. Understanding the theoretical context in which Kanner's practice was embedded is essential to sorting out how he could have held such seemingly contrary views simultaneously. This thesis illustrates that Kanner held an explicitly descriptive frame of reference toward his eleven child patients, their parents, and autism. Adolf Meyer, his mentor at Johns Hopkins, trained him to make detailed life-charts under a clinical framework called psychobiology. By understanding that Kanner was a psychobiologist by training, I revisit the original definition of autism as a category of mental disorder and restate its terms. This history illuminates the theoretical context of autism's discovery and has important implications for the first definition of autism amidst shifting theories of childhood mental disorders and the place of the natural sciences in defining them. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Biology 2014

Produits industriellement dès 1910, les duralumins (alliages Al-Cu-Mg) sont les premiers alliages d'aluminium à durcissement structural ayant permis le développement de l'aéronautique. Bien que les alliages Al-Zn-Cu de la famille 7xxx et les matériaux composites soient aujourd'hui majoritaires dans la construction des avions, ces alliages Al-Cu-Mg de la famille 2xxx restent un matériau de référence pour les structures aéronautiques. Cependant, même s'il est un produit industriel récent et largement utilisé, avec une grande production de documents écrits, il existe une perte d'informations liée à la politique d'archives appliquée par les industriels. Cette perte d'information touche particulièrement les données physico-chimiques des matériaux utilisés pour la construction des avions mais aussi l'explication des choix techniques des avionneurs. La rénovation du Breguet 765 Sahara n°504 64-PH aux Ailes Anciennes Toulouse est une opportunité d'étudier les duralumins aéronautiques de la fin des années 1950. Il est possible de récupérer les pièces déposées et remplacées avant qu'elles ne soient jetées et définitivement perdues avec les informations qu'elles contiennent. En comparant l'analyse en laboratoire de ces matériaux arrivés jusqu'à nous avec les documents d'archives et la documentation actuelle, il est possible d'entreprendre un retour sur expérience. Nous pouvons envisager de comparer ce qui a été réalisé avec ce qui a été initialement prévu lors de la conception de l'avion et de compléter les données connues de ces matériaux avec les techniques d'analyses métallurgiques actuelles. Ces alliages peuvent également constituer une première référence des duralumins aéronautiques des années 1950 et contribuer à l'étude de l'évolution sur de grandes échelles de temps des propriétés mécaniques par rapport aux valeurs minimum exigées du constructeur. / Industrially produced since 1910 and used for the construction of Breguet XIV in 1916, the duralumins (Al-Cu-Mg alloys) are the first age-hardening aluminum alloys that were at the origin of the aeronautics development. Although Al-Zn-Cu alloys of the 7xxx family and composite materials are more widely used today, these Al-Cu-Mg alloys of the 2xxx family remain a reference material for aircraft structures. However, although it is an industrial material, with a large production of written documents, the archiving policy applied by manufacturers causes a loss of information. There is thus a difficulty to retrieve pertinent chemical and physical data of material used in aircraft construction, but also to understand the choices made about the material and process used by the manufacturers. The renovation of the Breguet 765 Sahara n°504 64-PH by the association Ailes Anciennes Toulouse is an opportunity to study aeronautical duralumins of the late 1950s. It is possible to recover elements need to be replaced before they are permanently lost, with the information contained therein. By comparing laboratory analysis with archival and current literature, it is possible to give a feedback on these ancient materials. We can compare what was done with what was originally planned in the design of the aircraft and complete the known data of these materials with current metallurgical technical analysis. These alloys can also be a first reference for aeronautical duralumins of the 1950s and contribute to the study of the long-term evolution of mechanical properties compared to minimum values ??required by the manufacturer.

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2018-04-12T13:54:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - João Luís Sampaio.pdf: 86050183 bytes, checksum: 3a3a79fbf397d99e1c8249df6a3b8b1d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Secta BC (secta.csu.bc@uepb.edu.br) on 2018-05-08T10:27:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - João Luís Sampaio.pdf: 86050183 bytes, checksum: 3a3a79fbf397d99e1c8249df6a3b8b1d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-08T10:36:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - João Luís Sampaio.pdf: 86050183 bytes, checksum: 3a3a79fbf397d99e1c8249df6a3b8b1d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present work on the use of the History of Science (HS), methodological method, in the school disciplines, mainly in the teaching of Physics. It is noticed that new approaches, distanced from the traditional format, chalk and blackboard, are not easily implemented in the classroom. Among these less contemplated formats are in use of HS. As discussions about the use of the type of approach without teaching of Physics began in the 1950s, but everything in the 1990s was that its presence was verified as an indication of the new parameters within the curriculum, together with the Lei de Diretrizes e Bases de 1996 (Educations Bases and Aims act of 1996). Even with so many works developed within the perspective of the use of HS, the picture is not so satisfactory, since it is a bit for the jobs in question for the students of the High School bringing applications and results. A proposal in our research advocates an application of a project in the classroom, involving a HS in Physics classes. In this perspective, the student must act as protagonist of his own learning. The use of HS, in the midst of the construction of animations and videos, enables the student to become aware of their creativity, criticality and argumentation during the studies of historical episodes and HS. The content of Physics covered in this work is an Electronic with a Physics of Particles, a theme of Modern Physics, which is not addressed in High School. The students got in touch with the subject and produced an animation / video from their research and content studied. / O presente trabalho versa sobre a utilização da História da Ciência (HC), enquanto método motivador, nas disciplinas escolares, sobretudo no ensino de Física. Constata-se que novas abordagens, distanciadas do formato tradicional, giz e lousa, não são facilmente implementadas em sala de aula. Dentre esses formatos menos contemplados está a utilização da HC. As discussões sobre a utilização desse tipo de abordagem no ensino de Física se iniciaram na década de 1950, mas somente na década de 1990 é que se verificou a sua presença como indicação dos novos parâmetros dentro do currículo, junto à Lei de Diretrizes e Bases de 1996. Mesmo com tantos trabalhos desenvolvidos dentro da perspectiva de uso da HC, o panorama não é tão satisfatório, uma vez que apenas alguns poucos trabalhos chegam até os alunos do Ensino Médio trazendo aplicações e resultados. A proposta apresentada nesta pesquisa defende a aplicação de um projeto em sala de aula, envolvendo a HC nas aulas de Física. Nessa perspectiva, o aluno deve atuar como protagonista de seu próprio aprendizado. A utilização da HC, em meio à construção de animações e vídeos, possibilita ao aluno tomar consciência da sua criatividade, criticidade e argumentação durante os estudos de episódios históricos e HC. O conteúdo de Física abordado neste trabalho será a Eletrostática juntamente com a Física de Partículas, um tema de Física Moderna, que pouco é abordado no Ensino Médio. Os alunos tomaram contato com o tema e produziram uma animação/vídeo a partir de suas pesquisas e conteúdo estudado.