Alors que l’enseignement de l’histoire au Québec visait jadis à promouvoir l’acquisition par les élèves de contenus spécifiques, nationalistes et religieux, depuis plusieurs décennies des volontés scientifiques et politiques cherchent à réorienter la discipline. L’histoire enseignée doit dorénavant orienter son approche sur celle de la science histoire. D’une focalisation sur la transmission de contenus, on vise maintenant l’apprentissage d’un mode spécifique d’appréhension du réel : la pensée historienne. Cette étude soulève la question de la correspondance entre l’histoire enseignée et l’historiographie savante actuelle dans un contexte de changement de paradigme épistémologique et des rapports au savoir que cela implique. L’hypothèse posée est que l’histoire enseignée – telle qu’elle apparait dans les manuels d’histoire occidentale à l’usage des cégépiens et cégépiennes – n’a pas suivi l’évolution historiographique des dernières années, précisément quant à leur posture épistémologique. / While the teaching of history in Quebec once aimed to promote students acquire specific content, nationalist and religious, decades of scientific and political will seek to reorient the discipline. The history taught must now shift its approach to the history of science. In focusing on the transmission of content, learning is now targeting a specific mode of apprehending reality: historical thinking. This study raises the question of correspondence between school history and the current scholarly historiography in the context of epistemological paradigm shift and reports to know that this implies. The assumption is that the history taught – as it appears in Western history textbooks for use by college students – did not follow the historiographical developments in recent years, specifically with regard to their epistemological posture.

Seit dem Frühjahr 2010 stellen sich die neu berufenen Kolleginnen und Kollegen der Philosophischen Fakultät mit Antrittsvorlesungen der universitären Öffentlichkeit vor. Diese Vorlesungen dienen unter anderem dazu, Studierende und Kollegen anschaulich über aktuelle Forschungsschwerpunkte der jeweiligen Professuren zu informieren. Zeitnah zur Vorlesung erscheinen die Vorträge als Einzelhefte in einer um einen bio-bibliographischen Anhang sowie die nötigsten Nachweise ergänzten und erweiterten Druckfassung. Die Reihe ‚Köpfe für Chemnitz‘ versteht sich damit zugleich als Archiv der neuesten fakultären Denkbewegungen. Die Drucklegung der Reihe erfolgt in der Regie des Dekanats.

[pt] Os estudos de Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade (CTS) e os estudos sociais e culturais das ciências abriram novos espaços ontológicos e epistemológicos que questionam a epistemologia universalista moderna, revelando as controvérsias e redes de conexões envolvidas no desenvolvimento de diferentes disciplinas científicas, antes obscurecidas pela modernidade. Com base nessas perspectivas, a presente tese visa suscitar reflexões acerca das controvérsias e particularidades históricas, ontológicas e epistemológicas no desenvolvimento dos estudos de comportamento animal, tendo em vista que se desenvolveram a partir de diálogos interdisciplinares e de dissolução de fronteiras entre conhecimento local e científico. Pretende-se discutir as diferentes apreensões de alteridades animais a partir dos estudos do comportamento animal, e suas relações com outros tipos de olhares poéticos sobre os animais. O advento da etologia abriu caminho para novas compreensões acerca das capacidades sociais, cognitivas e subjetivas dos animais não-humanos em condições de campo. Essas novas compreensões suscitaram reflexões críticas acerca da mente animal, confrontaram as ideias modernas cartesianas, mecanicistas e funcionais, dos animais como máquinas ou autômatos insensíveis e transformaram as relações entre humanos e animais não-humanos. O caráter interdisciplinar e multimetodológico que a etologia assumiu no decorrer do seu desenvolvimento no século XX como estudo biológico e evolutivo do comportamento, possibilitou o diálogo entre as ciências biológicas e as ciências sociais, bem como permitiu o atravessamento de fronteiras entre humanidade e animalidade. Embora Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen e Karl von Frisch sejam considerados, pela História (Monumental) das Ciências, como os legítimos fundadores da etologia, ainda há controvérsias acerca de sua origem e constituição como disciplina científica, tendo em vista que já se falava em etologia desde antes de Charles Darwin, que já escrevia acerca da dimensão evolutiva do comportamento animal no século XIX. Antes da sua consolidação como disciplina científica no século XX, a etologia foi (re)definida através de diferentes perspectivas (behaviourismo, psicologia comparada americana, etologia objetivista européia, etologia vitalista, entre outras) constituindo uma trajetória peculiar como ciência multidimensional. Dentre controvérsias e particularidades, a presente tese enfatiza a relação de respeito mútuo e rivalidade entre dois importantes fundadores da disciplina: Konrad Lorenz e Jakob von Uexkull. Uexkull influenciou significativamente as ideias de Lorenz acerca do comportamento e subjetividade dos animais. No entanto, essa influência terminou em uma rivalidade, tendo em vista as diferentes posições epistemológicas e políticas entre o darwinista evolucionista alemão e o vitalista estoniano. Nas linhas de fuga da História e Epistemologia das ciências, é importante considerar que Uexkull, desconhecido por muitos etólogos atuais, com sua teoria dos mundos-próprios (Umwelt) e perspectiva neovitalista, reconheceu os animais somo sujeitos, revolucionando os conhecimentos sobre a ação e percepção dos animais. E é possível que Lorenz posteriormente tenha reconhecido os animais como sujeitos com base nas reflexões de Uexkull. Com estas reflexões, a presente tese pretende explicitar como a etologia desenvolveu-se de forma não linear e múltipla, incorporando diferentes perspectivas, conceitos e metodologias ao longo de sua história. Em outras palavras, serão discutidos os diferentes caminhos e linhas de fuga ontológicas e epistemológicas percorridos nos estudos do comportamento animal, que transformaram a etologia numa ciência biossocial e fronteiriça, com uma história não-fatual que abrange diferentes dimensões, métodos, conceitos, praticas, disciplinas e objetos. / [en] The Science, Technology and Society (STS) studies and the social and cultural studies of the sciences have opened up new ontological and epistemological spaces that question modern universalist epistemology, revealing the controversies and networks of connections involved in the development of different scientific disciplines previously obscured by modernity. Based on these perspectives, this thesis aims to elucidate the controversies and historical, ontological and epistemological particularities in the development of animal behavior studies, since they have developed from interdisciplinary dialogues and the dissolution of borders between local and scientific knowledge. It is intended to discuss the different apprehensions of animal alterities from the studies of animal behavior, and their relations with other types of poetic looks on animals. The advent of ethology paved the way for new insights into the social, cognitive, and subjective capacities of nonhuman animals under field conditions. These new insights have elicited critical reflections about the animal mind, confronted modern cartesian, mechanistic, and functional ideas of animals like machines or insensitive automata and transformed relations between humans and nonhuman animals. The interdisciplinary and multi-methodological character that ethology assumed in the course of its development in the twentieth century as a biological and evolutionary study of behavior, enabled the dialogue between the biological sciences and the social sciences, as well as allowed the crossing of borders between humanity and animality. Although Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch are considered by the (Monumental) History of Sciences as the legitimate founders of ethology, there is still controversy about its origin and constitution as a scientific discipline, since ethology was already spoken since before Charles Darwin, who was already writing about the evolutionary dimension of animal behavior in the nineteenth century. Before its consolidation as a scientific discipline in the twentieth century, ethology was (re) defined through different perspectives (behaviorism, american comparative psychology, european objectivist ethology, vitalist ethology, among others) constituting a peculiar trajectory as multidimensional science. Among the controversies and particularities, the present thesis emphasizes the relation of mutual respect and rivalry between two important founders of the discipline: Konrad Lorenz and Jakob von Uexkull. Uexkull influenced significantly Lorenz s ideas about animal behavior and subjectivity. However, this influence ended in a rivalry, given the different epistemological and political positions between the German evolutionist Darwinist and the Estonian vitalist. In the escape lines of the History and Epistemology of the Sciences, it is important to consider that Uexkull, unknown to many today s ethologists, with his theory of the own-worlds (Umwelt) and neovitalist perspective, recognized animals as subjects, revolutionizing knowledge about action and perception of animals. And it is possible that Lorenz later recognized the animals as subjects based on Uexkull s reflections. With these reflections, the present thesis aims to explain how ethology has developed in a non-linear and multiple way, incorporating different perspectives, concepts and methodologies throughout its history. In other words, we will discuss the different ontological and epistemological paths and escape lines routes in animal behavior studies that have turned ethology into a biossocial and frontier science with a non-factual history that encompasses different dimensions, methods, concepts, practices, disciplines and objects.

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The topic of this diploma thesis is the position of scientific realism presented in the framework of naturalized philosophy of science. The aim is to clarify this position and to show that if one denies realism, scientific practice does not make sense. For this purpose main focus is first devoted to the key parts (metaphysical realism, semantic realism, and epistemological realism) which constitute the scientific realism. Next, a detailed analysis of the arguments against and in favor of realism is offered, and concrete examples taken from the sciences are used to illustrate key points. Space is also devoted to the analysis of a physical theory of heat of the 18th and 19th centuries in connection with an antirealist argument directed at the history of science. Also, one of the few fully elaborated antirealist positions, constructive empiricism, is presented and critically evaluated. In a similar fashion, this thesis pays attention to a specific form of realism, called entity realism. Though the resulting image is a thoroughly realist position, this position strives to accurately capture the numerous nuances of the scientific practice, offering a fresh perspective on some of the traditional views.

The thesis analyzes the thinking, legacy and the second life of the work of a prominent mathematician, cosmologist and the Catholic priest Georges Lemaître. The patterns of his thinking (expecting the intelligibility of the cosmos, assuming the hidden nature of God for research of natural science, seeing indeterminism in the evolution of the cosmos and separating the scientific and religious approach to reality) are presented on the basis of sources and literature based on Lemaître's texts and texts of scholars who dealt with his life and work. Everything is further complemented by the opinions of authors writing about the broader contexts of the history of cosmology and its interferencee with religion. Those long-term tendencies are drawn in more detail and further connected and compared with more general European ideas (the book of nature, the question of human free will, light as a backdrop of creation, appreciating the simplicity of hypotheses). Special emphasis is placed on the religious connotations of Lemaître's thinking - these are also presented with regard to the development of time, to which insights are further applied using modern models of the relationship between science and religion. It is the temporal transformation of that relationship within Lemaître's life path and the resulting...

Die Darstellung fasst den derzeitigen Forschungsstand zur Geschichte der archäologischen Lehrsammlung an der Leipziger Universität zusammen. Sie folgt chronologisch der Einrichtung, dem Ausbau, der Zerstörung und dem etappenweisen Wiederaufbau der Sammlung und bietet dabei sowohl Einblicke in das sächsische und Leipziger Sammlungswesen des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts als auch in die Instituts- und Universitätsgeschichte. / This paper presents a summary of the history of the collection of the chair for prehistory at the University of Leipzig. It persues in a chronological order the assembly of the collection, its partly destruction during the 2nd Word War and its successiv reconstruction afterwards. Furthermore insights are given into the collection-policies of Saxony and the town of Leipzig during the 19th and 20th century.

Diese forschungsgeschichtliche Arbeit stellt die Methoden, Ergebnisse und gesellschaftlichen Verflechtungen der archäologischen Burgwallforschung in Sachsen im 19. Jahrhundert bis 1872 dar. Dafür wurden publizierte Burgwallgrabungen und allgemein altertumskundliche Darstellungen ausgewertet.

This doctoral thesis describes the formation, activities and dissolution of the Czech Society of Biotypology (1937-1959), herein used as an example of impact of the constitutional typology (human typology science) on the Czechoslovak medicine. Human constitution science (in French and Romance languages called biotypology) classifies individual human beings on the base of morphological and physiological characteristics, with particular emphasis on forecast of future trends. The core of the science focuses on correlation between the physical appearance of a person and his/her mental characteristics. The Czech Society of Biotypology (Česká společnost biotypologická - ČSB) was founded with ambitions not only to study human beings, but also to increase their potential. The whole movement was therefore conceived as an example of a sanitation scientific program in accordance with the governmental interest in rationalization of population care. The methodology of the thesis is based on Foucault's concept of biopower - change of power strategies and their constitutive influence on the development and change of social relations, values and individual strategies of persons. The story of formation and dissolution of ČSB is interpreted as a consequence of these changes. The core of the thesis consists of a...

Orientador: Fernando Bastos / Resumo: Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal investigar e analisar o processo de inserção da Astronomia no contexto educacional e científico paraense, discutindo suas características e sua trajetória nos currículos formais das instituições de ensino superior do Pará no período de 1918 a 1967, tendo como principais instituições de análise a Escola de Agronomia e Veterinária e a Escola de Engenharia. Para isso, a pesquisa assumiu caráter qualitativo e se desenvolveu a partir do levantamento documental de fontes primárias e secundárias tais como currículo de cursos, programas de disciplina, provas e documentos avaliativos, atas e relatórios institucionais, dentre outros, obtidos em arquivos públicos e pessoais. A perspectiva historiográfica adotada se fundamenta em referenciais teóricos da História da Ciência e da produção Historiográfica que consideram a ciência como uma atividade essencialmente humana, produto da interação social e cultural associada às condições materiais de produção do contexto social tais como fatores políticos, econômicos, filosóficos, os quais se entrelaçam numa complexa rede de relações por vezes assimétricas e pautadas por relações de poder que regulam e determinam os rumos da sociedade. Para complementar a análise historiográfica, foram utilizados elementos da Análise do Discurso da escola francesa no intuito de evidenciar informações sobre a ciência e a astronomia nos discursos oficiais de personagens envolvidos na trama histórica. A partir de todo esse... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research had as main objective to investigate and analyze the insertion of Astronomy in the educational and scientific context of the state of Pará, discussing its characteristics and its trajectory in the curricula of higher education institutions in the period from 1918 to 1967, having as main institutions of analysis the School of Agronomy and Veterinary and the School of Engineering. For this, the research assumed a qualitative character and was developed from the documentary survey of primary and secondary sources such as course curriculum, discipline programs, tests and evaluative documents, minutes and institutional reports, among others, obtained from public and personal files. The historiographical perspective adopted is based on references from the History of Science and Historiographical production that consider science as an essentially human activity, a product of social and cultural interaction associated with the material conditions of production of the social context such as political, economic, philosophical factors, which are intertwined in a complex network of relations, sometimes asymmetrical and guided by power relations that regulate and determine the direction of society. To complement the historiographical analysis, elements of the Discourse Analysis of the French school were used in order to highlight information about science and astronomy in the official speeches of characters involved in the historical scenario. From all this path, it was poss... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor