O presente trabalho tem por finalidade relatar a importância da Sociedade Geográfica Real Belga na exploração imperialista efetuada pela Bélgica na região do Congo africano entre 1885 e 1908. Em verdade, o Congo era uma colônia privada do rei da Bélgica, Leopoldo II. Durante o século XIX foram fundadas diversas Sociedades Geográficas pelo mundo, entre elas a Belga que apareceu em 1876, no período de institucionalização da ciência geográfica. Entender a História Africana no final do século XIX, como parte da expansão imperialista européia, a partir do viés cientificista produzido pelo saber Geográfico, o qual permitiu a utilização desse estudo do espaço congolês, seja para delimitar o território a ser explorado, como também para justificar a conquista. Dessa forma, a Sociedade Geográfica Belga foi construindo seu pensamento e sendo construída pela realidade empírica da expansão neocolonial. Um imperialismo que cometeu atrocidades no Congo, silenciadas ou desmentidas pela Sociedade Geográfica. Um genocídio que obrigou o rei Leopoldo II a entregar sua colônia à Bélgica, terra da qual era o soberano. O Estado Livre do Congo agora transmutara-se em Congo Belga. / This study aims to report the importance of the Royal Geographic Society of Belgium in the imperialist exploitation perpetrated by Belgium in the African Congo between 1885 and 1908. In fact, the Congo was a private colony of Leopold II, the King of Belgium. During the nineteenth century Geography was institutionalized as a science and several Geographic Societies were founded at that time, including the Belgian in 1876. This study also aims to understand the African History at the end of the nineteenth century from the scientific point of view produced by the geographic knowledge, which allowed the use of the study of the Congolese space to delimit the territory to be explored, as well as to justify its conquest. The Royal Geographic Society of Belgium has built its thinking and was itself built over the empirical reality of the neo-colonial expansion. An imperialism that committed atrocities in the Congo, silenced or denied by the Geographic Society. A genocide that forced King Leopold II to surrender his colony to Belgium. The Congo Free State finally transmuted into the Belgian Congo.

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No abstract available.

Thesis (MA (History))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Farm tourism is a fast growing industry in South Africa and internationally. It not only supplements farmers’ income, but can also contribute to social and economic developments in rural areas. Before farm tourism can be implemented it is important to evaluate a farm and its surrounding district to assess whether it can be a successful enterprise. Certain norms are applied in the process of assessment. An assessment was done of the farms Soutpan and Sewefontein, and also the districts of Calvinia and Nieuwoudtville. The location of the farms and surrounding areas were evaluated according to climate, ecology and geology. Tourist attractions on the farms and surrounding areas were also evaluated. The study offers a cultural historical perspective on farm tourism: the history of the farms and their owners is discussed, as well as the architecture with regard to style, the materials and building methods. Daily life and farm activities of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries are investigated. This includes aspects of intangible culture, such as word art (including place names and names of persons), as well as weatherlore. Tested against the system of norms, it would be possible to run a farm tourism industry on Soutpan, because there are several attractions to entice tourists to the farm. The Karoo topography and isolation of the farm will however not be acceptable to all tourists. A few of the farm buildings are derelict and extensive capital investment will be needed to repair them. Extensive marketing will also be necessary to successfully advertise and run the farm as a tourist venture. Sewefontein, on the other hand, complies to all the relevant norms and has already been established as a successful farm tourism enterprise. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Plaastoerisme is in Suid-Afrika en in die buiteland ‘n snelgroeiende bedryf. Dit vul nie net die boer se inkomste aan nie, maar kan ook ‘n suksesvolle bydrae lewer tot die sosiale en ekonomiese ontwikkeling van plattelandse streke. Alvorens plaastoerisme bedryf word, is dit belangrik om ‘n waardebepaling van ‘n plaas en die omgewing waarin dit geleë is, te maak, om te bepaal of plaastoerisme suksesvol bedryf sal kan word. Dié waardebepaling word aan die hand van sekere norme gedoen. ‘n Waardebepaling van die plase Soutpan en Sewefontein en die Calvinia- en Nieuwoudtvilleomgewings is gedoen. Die ligging van die plase en die omgewing is geëvalueer ten opsigte van klimaat, plantegroei en geologie, terwyl toeriste-aantreklikhede op die plase en in die omgewing ook ondersoek is. Die studie bied ‘n kultuurhistoriese perspektief op plaastoerisme: die geskiedenis van die plase en hulle eienaars is bespreek, asook die argitektuur in terme van styl, boumateriaal en boumetodes. Die daaglikse lewe en plaasaktiwiteite van die negentiende en twintigste eeu is ondersoek. Dit sluit aspekte van geestelike kultuur soos volkswoordkuns (onder meer plekname en persoonsname) en volksweerkunde in. Getoets aan die normesisteem sou dit wel moontlik wees om plaastoerisme op Soutpan te bedryf aangesien daar heelwat aantreklikhede is wat toeriste daarheen sou kon lok. Die Karoo-topografie en afgesonderheid van die plaas sal egter nie by alle toeriste byval vind nie. Van die geboue op die plaas is reeds vervalle en groot kapitale inset en intensiewe bemarking sal nodig wees om plaastoerisme suksesvol te bedryf. Sewefontein voldoen goed aan die normesisteem en plaastoerisme kan, en word reeds, suksesvol daar bedryf.

In the year 1877, during a lull in the Eastern Question, the English newspapers discovered South Africa. There a Dutch republic, the Transvaal, had all but succumbed to the onslaughts of a native chief - or so it seemed; and now it was annexed to the British Crown. Clearly, this was a corner of the world of which, as its colonists boasted, England would hear much more; and Parliament was shortly to set its seal of approval upon Lord Carnarvon’s essay in imperial architecture, South African Confederation. Intro., p. 1.

A aprovação de legislação específica no campo educacional brasileiro referente à inclusão de História da África e Cultura Afro-Brasileira nos diferentes níveis e modalidades de ensino a partir do ano de 2003, colocou-se tanto como um grande desafio quanto como um leque de possibilidades para a pesquisa em diferentes áreas do conhecimento no Brasil. Nesse contexto, e para contribuir com a política de ações afirmativas, a presente pesquisa tem como foco a história das Ciências na África, de modo a investigar práticas de conhecimento da natureza de comunidades africanas, entre os séculos XV e XVII, na região atualmente conhecida como África Ocidental - em particular, as extensões territoriais localizadas ao sul do Deserto do Saara, anteriormente conhecidas como Estados Sudaneses. Inicialmente, investigaremos o processo que culminou na inclusão da história da África no currículo escolar, procurando demonstrar que, apesar de esta ser uma importante conquista do movimento negro, o tratamento dado ao tema nas escolas permanece com lacunas importantes, notadamente no que se refere ao reconhecimento das culturas africanas como produtoras de conhecimento científico. De maneira mais geral, pretendemos analisar também como o continente africano comparece de modo muito limitado no universo da própria historiografia das ciências, mesmo em suas versões críticas ao eurocentrismo tradicional da disciplina. Finalmente, utilizaremos um conjunto de fontes portuguesas, compreendendo o período entre os séculos XV e XVII, que apresentam registros de técnicas e práticas de conhecimento de comunidades africanas e podem permitir uma espécie de \"reconstituição\" dos seus saberes (mesmo se analisado através do olhar europeu dos autores). A análise dessas fontes, com atenção voltada ao que podem contribuir para uma história das ciências na África, poderá ser ponto de partida para o desenvolvimento de projetos voltados ao ensino de História da África e Cultura Afro-Brasileira que envolvam não apenas professores de história, língua portuguesa ou artes, como é comum nas escolas, mas também professores de ciências. / The approval of an specific law from 2003 on the implementation of History of Africa and Afro-Brazilian Culture, within the different levels and modalities of teaching has been set as a great challenge, as well as a wide range of possibilities for researches in several areas of knowledge in Brazil. Within this context, and as a contribution to the affirmative actions policy, the present research has as it focus the history of Sciences in Africa in order to investigate practices of nature knowledge in African communities between XV and XVII centuries, in the region currently known as Western Africa - particularly those territory extensions set in the south of Sahara Desert, formerly called Sudanese States. Initially, we shall investigate the process that culminated with the inclusion of History of Africa within the school curriculum, trying to demonstrate that although it is an important achievement for Black Movement, the treatment given to this theme within the schools remains with important lacks, notedly in what refers to the recognition of African cultures as promoters of scientific knowledge. In general terms, we also intend to analyse how African Continent appears in a very limited way in the universe of historiography of Sciences, even within the critical versions against the traditional eurocentrism on this discipline. Lastly, we shall use a set of Portuguese sources, comprehending the period between XV and XVII centuries, which presents registers of techniches and knowledges practices of African communities, that can permit also a sort of \"reconstitution\" of their knowledge (even if it is analysed throughout the European authors\'s point of view). The analysis of the sources, with our attention directed to those ones that could contribute to the Hitory of Sciences in Africa, can be the starting point to the development of projects aimed to the teaching of History of Africa and Afro-Brazilian Culture, which involves not only History, Portuguese or Arts teachers, as generally seen in the schools, but also the Science teachers.

O presente trabalho tem por finalidade relatar a importância da Sociedade Geográfica Real Belga na exploração imperialista efetuada pela Bélgica na região do Congo africano entre 1885 e 1908. Em verdade, o Congo era uma colônia privada do rei da Bélgica, Leopoldo II. Durante o século XIX foram fundadas diversas Sociedades Geográficas pelo mundo, entre elas a Belga que apareceu em 1876, no período de institucionalização da ciência geográfica. Entender a História Africana no final do século XIX, como parte da expansão imperialista européia, a partir do viés cientificista produzido pelo saber Geográfico, o qual permitiu a utilização desse estudo do espaço congolês, seja para delimitar o território a ser explorado, como também para justificar a conquista. Dessa forma, a Sociedade Geográfica Belga foi construindo seu pensamento e sendo construída pela realidade empírica da expansão neocolonial. Um imperialismo que cometeu atrocidades no Congo, silenciadas ou desmentidas pela Sociedade Geográfica. Um genocídio que obrigou o rei Leopoldo II a entregar sua colônia à Bélgica, terra da qual era o soberano. O Estado Livre do Congo agora transmutara-se em Congo Belga. / This study aims to report the importance of the Royal Geographic Society of Belgium in the imperialist exploitation perpetrated by Belgium in the African Congo between 1885 and 1908. In fact, the Congo was a private colony of Leopold II, the King of Belgium. During the nineteenth century Geography was institutionalized as a science and several Geographic Societies were founded at that time, including the Belgian in 1876. This study also aims to understand the African History at the end of the nineteenth century from the scientific point of view produced by the geographic knowledge, which allowed the use of the study of the Congolese space to delimit the territory to be explored, as well as to justify its conquest. The Royal Geographic Society of Belgium has built its thinking and was itself built over the empirical reality of the neo-colonial expansion. An imperialism that committed atrocities in the Congo, silenced or denied by the Geographic Society. A genocide that forced King Leopold II to surrender his colony to Belgium. The Congo Free State finally transmuted into the Belgian Congo.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (MA (Architecture))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Architecture / unrestricted

AFRIKAANS: In Suid-Afrika het 'n onderhandelde oorgang na demokrasie van 1992 af tot 1996 voorgekom waartydens twee grondwette deur die betrokke politieke partye onderhandel is. Die eerste bydrae in die studie is dat aangetoon word dat die Suid¬-Afrikaanse voorbeeld van die onderhandelde oorgang die siening in die literatuur ondersteun dat politieke partye 'n belangrike rol in die uitvoering van oorgangstake kan vervul indien hul oor die vermoë beskik. Die hoof vakkundige probleem wat in die studie gestel is, is of die grondwetlike onderhandelingsprosesse daarop dui of daar 'n noodwendige verhouding is tussen die verwesenliking van 'n party se standpunte in 'n grondwet, en die politieke mag waaroor 'n party beskik. 'n Analise van die standpunte van die drie grootste partye in vergelyking met die onderhandelingsresultate het getoon dat daar wel 'n verhouding bestaan tussen die verwesenliking van die hoeveelheid standpunte in 'n grondwet en die politieke mag waaroor 'n party beskik. Waar die twee hoofpartye (die ANC en die NP) ten opsigte van die 1993-Grondwet in 'n relatiewe magsewewig tot mekaar was, is 'n kompromie tussen die NP se hoofdoelwit van magsdeling en die ANC se hoofdoelwit van meerderheidsregering basies getref deurdat kernaspekte van beide hierdie hoofdoelwitte verwesenlik is. Met die 1996-Grondwet, waar die ANC oor die groter politieke mag beskik het, is die grondwetlike resultaat nader aan die hoofdoelwit van meerderheidsregering as aan magsdeling. Die IVP het aan beide onderhandelingsprosesse onttrek, maar sodoende is die invloed van die magsbalans tussen die partye op die grondwetlike resultaat nie ontduik nie. Die rede is dat dié party nie daarin geslaag het om die oorhoofse beleidsdoelwit van 'n opvallende federale bedeling wat baie gedesentraliseerd is te realiseer nie. 'n Verdere bydrae in die studie is dat aangetoon is hoe suksesvol partye tot die bereiking van 'n demokratiese ooreenkoms in Suid-Afrika bygedra het. In hierdie verband is 'n oorhoofse onderhandelingsingesteldheid met behulp van 'n raamwerk geïdentifiseer wat elke party met onderhandelinge gevolg het. 'n Party dra hiervolgens suksesvol tot die bereiking van 'n demokratiese ooreenkoms by deur 'n basiese balans te handhaaf tussen 'n samewerkende onderhandelingsingesteldheid (waardeur die onderhandelingsverhouding bevorder word) en 'n handhawende onderhandelingsingesteldheid (waardeur ondersteuners se belange bevorder word). Die ANC het ten opsigte van die 1993-Grondwet min of meer sodanige balans gehandhaaf ('n effens meer samewerkende as handhawende ingesteldheid), terwyl die klem van die Party na die verwesenliking van die belange van ondersteuners verskuif het ('n meestal handhawende ingesteldheid) met die onderhandeling van die 1996¬Grondwet. Die NP het ook ten opsigte van die 1993-Grondwet sodanige basiese balans gehandhaaf (effens meer handhawend as samewerkend), terwyl 'n ingesteldheid van meer samewerkend as handhawend ten opsigte van die daarstelling van die 1996-Grondwet openbaar is. Die IVP se onderhandelingstyl van vermyding, deurdat aan beide grondwetskrywende prosesse onttrek is, het beteken dat die Party nie 'n bewussyn openbaar het dat dit noodsaaklik is om ook toegewings te doen ten einde 'n wedersyds aanvaarbare oplossing te vind wat tot die vestiging van die demokrasie lei nie. ENGLISH: A negotiated transfer to democracy took place in South Africa from 1992 to 1996. In this period two constitutions were negotiated by the political parties concerned. The study shows, as a first contribution, that the South African example of the negotiated transfer supports the view in the literature that political parties can play an important role in the execution of tasks related to a transition, if they have the necessary capability. The main problem stated in the study is whether an analysis of the constitutional negotiation processes will show whether an inevitable relation exists between the realisation of the standpoints of a party in a constitution, and the political power of such a party. The standpoints of the three major parties compared with the negotiation results showed that there was indeed such a relation (between the realisation of the number of standpoints in a constitution and the political power of a party). The two major parties (the ANC and the NP) were in a relative balance of power with the negotiation of the 1993 Constitution, and a compromise was therefore reached between the NP's general policy goal of power sharing and the ANC's general policy goal of majority government. Core aspects of both these policy goals were realised. The ANC had the greater political power with the negotiation of the 1996 Constitution and the negotiation result was therefore closer to the policy goal of majority government than to power sharing. The IFP withdrew from both negotiation processes, but did not escape the influence of the balance of power between the parties so doing, because the general policy goal (of a strongly federal, decentralised system) were not achieved. The study further shows to what extent parties contributed successfully to the democratic agreement in South Africa. In this regard, a negotiation disposition that each party followed in negotiations was identified by means of a framework. A party contributes successfully to the realisation of a democratic agreement by achieving a basic balance between a cooperative disposition (through which the negotiation agreement is promoted) and an assertive disposition (through which the interests of supporters are promoted). The ANC managed to achieve such a basic balance regarding the 1993 Constitution (a disposition of being slightly more cooperative than assertive was identified), while the focus shifted to the realisation of the interests of supporters (a mostly assertive disposition) with the negotiation of the 1996 Constitution. The NP also achieved such a basic balance in regard to the 1993 Constitution (slightly more assertive than cooperative), while a disposition of more cooperative than assertive was shown in the realisation of the 1996 Constitution. The IFP's negotiation style of avoidance (in withdrawing from both constitution writing processes), meant that it did not reveal the consciousness that it is also necessary to make concessions in order to find a mutually acceptable solution that would lead to the establishment of democracy. / Thesis (PhD (Political Science))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Political Sciences / unrestricted

Bibliography: p. 193-208. / The purpose of the research was to study changes that occurred in the material culture of the Cape during the period when the British took over control of the colony from the Dutch. There were three phases for investigation: the colony under the Dutch East India Company in the 18th century, twenty transitional years of interim British and Netherlands governments between 1795 and 1815, and the Cape as a British colony after 1815. An historical archaeological approach was applied to material remains surviving from those years, such as excavated artefacts, documents and buildings, that assumed these sources of material culture reflected the larger cultural, or cognitive, contexts in which they were conceived, made and used. Particular emphasis was placed on examination of household inventory manuscripts (lists of fixed and moveable properties, goods and chattels). Selected information from the inventories of more than 800 households was recorded, and further detailed analysis made of seventy-nine documents. Room-by-room appraisals indicate the layout (house plan), room numbers (house size), room names and activities (functions of spaces) within the house. These probate records thus provided invaluable information about houses, their contents and the placement of objects within the household, and could be investigated from the level of individual rooms on the day of appraisal to a range of houses over a number of years. By constituting the documentary evidence in a form compatible with assemblages of excavated artefacts, as a series uf space and time blocks, integrated information provided enhanced material cultural detail. Patterns were observed through time and across a range of regional and socio-economic situations. The first period covered a "I Dutch" Cape under the control of the eastern arm of the Dutch East India Company, but households were organised in a way distinctive to the Cape. Then there was a short period of relative freedom from governmental control, as transition was made from Dutch to British colonial status and trade options broadened, resulting in the wealthier urban households reflecting fashion, and to the benefit of many farmers. Finally, the Cape was fully incorporated into the networks of the British Empire, undergoing widespread adaptations to colonial society and changes in the material culture of households.