This thesis is about the social, political, and economic interactions that took place in and around the Universities’ Mission to Central Africa (UMCA) in two very different regions: north-eastern Tanzania and Zanzibar. The mission was for much of the period a space in which people could – often inventively – make a living through education, employment, and patronage. Indeed, particularly in the period preceding British colonial rule, most Christians were mission employees (usually teachers) and their families. Being Christian was, in one sense, a livelihood. In this era before the British altered the political economy, education had only limited appeal, while the teaching profession was not highly esteemed by Africans, although it offered some teachers the security and status of a regular income. From the 1860s to the 1910s, the UMCA did not offer clear trajectories for most of the Africans interacting with it in search of a better life. Markers of coastal sophistication, such as clothing or Swahili fluency, had greater social currency, while the coast remained a prime source of paid employment, often preferable to conditions offered by the mission. By the end of the period, Christians were at a social and economic advantage by virtue of their access to formal institutional education. This was a major shift and schooling became an obvious trajectory for future employment and economic mobility. Converts, many of whom came from marginal social backgrounds, sought to overcome a heritage of exploitative social relations and to redraw the field for the negotiation of dependency to their advantage. However, as this thesis shows, the mission also contributed to new sets of exploitative social relations in a hierarchy of work and education.

This work deals with the theme of childhood and educational practices in peasant school of field education. It tries to understand the daily life of childhood in a rural community with economic, social and cultural practices of field life, from the perspective of adults and children who live there and constitute a community. The empirical research has been developed in the Fortaleza Settlement, located in the village Aningas, municipality of Nossa Senhora da Glória, Sergipe. The issues addressed in this research focuse on the daily life of peasant childhood in community and educational practices of the settlement school, from the perspective of Social History of Childhood studies and methodological orientation of observation and analysis of which transits between the totality, the specificity and uniqueness of this object of study. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews, records in the diary of field and of the drawings of children in the period from June 2014 and March 2015. The results show that the struggle for land means the fight for school education and that the daily life of childhood has job, interlocked with playing (wheel, tag, hide and seek), as a relevant element in the formation of the subjects, what evidences there is specificity in field childhood, historically demarcated by contradictions. / O presente trabalho versa sobre o tema da infância campesina e das práticas educativas em escola da educação do campo. Busca compreender o cotidiano da infância em uma comunidade rural com práticas econômicas, sociais e culturais próprias da vida do campo, na perspectiva dos adultos e das crianças que lá vivem e constituem uma comunidade. A investigação empírica foi desenvolvida no Assentamento Fortaleza, localizado no Povoado Aningas, município de Nossa Senhora da Glória-SE. As questões tratadas nesta investigação centram-se no cotidiano da infância campesina na comunidade e nas práticas educativas da escola do assentamento, sob a perspectiva dos estudos da História Social da Infância e orientação metodológica de observação e de análise do que transita entre a totalidade, a especificidade e a singularidade do objeto de estudo. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, dos registros no diário de campo e dos desenhos das crianças no período compreendido entre junho de 2014 e março de 2015. Os resultados demonstram que a luta pela terra implica a luta pela educação escolar e que o cotidiano da infância tem o trabalho, entrecruzado com brincadeiras (roda, pega-pega, esconde-esconde), como elemento relevante na formação dos sujeitos, o que evidencia haver especificidade na infância campesina, demarcada historicamente por contradições.

This work deals with the theme of childhood and educational practices in peasant school of field education. It tries to understand the daily life of childhood in a rural community with economic, social and cultural practices of field life, from the perspective of adults and children who live there and constitute a community. The empirical research has been developed in the Fortaleza Settlement, located in the village Aningas, municipality of Nossa Senhora da Glória, Sergipe. The issues addressed in this research focuse on the daily life of peasant childhood in community and educational practices of the settlement school, from the perspective of Social History of Childhood studies and methodological orientation of observation and analysis of which transits between the totality, the specificity and uniqueness of this object of study. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews, records in the diary of field and of the drawings of children in the period from June 2014 and March 2015. The results show that the struggle for land means the fight for school education and that the daily life of childhood has job, interlocked with playing (wheel, tag, hide and seek), as a relevant element in the formation of the subjects, what evidences there is specificity in field childhood, historically demarcated by contradictions. / O presente trabalho versa sobre o tema da infância campesina e das práticas educativas em escola da educação do campo. Busca compreender o cotidiano da infância em uma comunidade rural com práticas econômicas, sociais e culturais próprias da vida do campo, na perspectiva dos adultos e das crianças que lá vivem e constituem uma comunidade. A investigação empírica foi desenvolvida no Assentamento Fortaleza, localizado no Povoado Aningas, município de Nossa Senhora da Glória-SE. As questões tratadas nesta investigação centram-se no cotidiano da infância campesina na comunidade e nas práticas educativas da escola do assentamento, sob a perspectiva dos estudos da História Social da Infância e orientação metodológica de observação e de análise do que transita entre a totalidade, a especificidade e a singularidade do objeto de estudo. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, dos registros no diário de campo e dos desenhos das crianças no período compreendido entre junho de 2014 e março de 2015. Os resultados demonstram que a luta pela terra implica a luta pela educação escolar e que o cotidiano da infância tem o trabalho, entrecruzado com brincadeiras (roda, pega-pega, esconde-esconde), como elemento relevante na formação dos sujeitos, o que evidencia haver especificidade na infância campesina, demarcada historicamente por contradições.

No description available.

Castration has a long temporal and geographical span. Its origins are unclear, but likely lie in the Ancient Near East around the time of the Secondary Products Revolution and the increase in social complexity of proto-urban societies. Due to the unique social and gender roles created by castrates’ ambiguous sexual state, human castrates were used heavily in strongly hierarchical social structures such as imperial and religious institutions, and were often close to the ruler of an imperial society. This privileged position, though often occupied by slaves, gave castrates enormous power to affect governmental decisions. This often aroused the jealousy and hatred of intact elite males, who were not afforded as open access to the ruler and virulently condemned castrates in historical documents. These attitudes were passed down to the scholars and doctors who began to study castration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, affecting the manner in which castration was studied. Osteometric and anthropometric examinations of castrates were carried out during this period, but the two World Wars and a shift in focus meant that castrate bodies were not studied for nearly eighty years. Recent interest in gender and sexuality in the past has revived interest in castration as a topic, but few studies of castrate remains have occurred. As large numbers of castrates are referenced in historical documents, the lack of castrate skeletons may be due to a lack of recognition of the physical effects of castration on the skeleton. The synthesis and generation of methods for more accurate identification of castrate skeletons was undertaken and the results are presented here to improve the ability to identify castrate skeletons within the archaeological record.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / During the early Cold War, 1949 through 1963, the federal government, through such agencies as the Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) (1950-1957), the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization (OCDM) (1958-1960), and the Office of Civil Defense (OCD) (1961-1963), regarded children and young adults as essential to American civil defense. Youth-oriented, voluntary organizations, including the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) and the Girl Scouts of the United States of America (GSUSA), assisted the federal civil defense programs by promoting civil defense messages and agendas. In this thesis, I will explore how the GSUSA and BSA translated federal civil defense policies for their Scouts. What were the civil defense messages transmitted to Scouts during the early Cold War? How were those messages disseminated? Why? What was the social impact of BSA and GSUSA involvement with civil defense on America’s evolving national ideals?