In this study, I consider the status of the academic discipline of entrepreneurship as represented in refereed journal articles and citations in the Web of Science database within a broad philosophical framework, developed for this investigative purpose. This dissertation firstly explores an understanding of knowledge as offered by French social theorist, Michael Foucault, identifying two forms of knowledge. Using Foucault’s distinctions, I develop models that position savoir and connaissance knowledge, which I define as practical applications of understanding and academic orientations of explaining, in relation to disciplines and discourses. The strategic apparatus of the episteme is included in my models as a discipline-based method of determining the acceptability of knowledge into the discipline, incorporating the varied roles of gate-keepers, intellectuals and other participants into the models. The roles of epistemology and ontology are discussed and included in the models. Further, drawing on the works of German philosopher, Martin Heidegger, I introduce the concept of an ontological test as a possible means to consider whether an academic discipline clearly understands its ‘meaning of being’ or, alternatively, could be considered to have passed Foucault’s point of epistemologization and be termed a ‘dubious discipline’. Academic thinking on entrepreneurship has come under an array of criticism from within the discipline, including criticism as to a perceived lack of objectivity. The models developed in this dissertation are applied to the discipline of entrepreneurship in order to better understand the development of the discipline of entrepreneurship and the reasons for this criticism. Using the episteme of the Web of Science database, I apply citation analysis to identify those articles and texts which are considered within the entrepreneurship discipline to have the highest gravitas. These high gravitas articles are used to create an archaeological representation or aliran that illustrates the development of the discipline over time and the ontological development of sub-aliran. This aliran is a phenomenological representation of the discipline based upon the episteme to depict the episteme ‘as it is’. This representation is hermeneutically interpreted to discern the development of various sub-aliran, and identify the possible influence of gate keepers with high gravitas in such development. Based upon my survey of high gravitas articles from the aliran, I found there was a general exclusion of practitioner both as an audience for and as a source of savoir knowledge. Admittedly this finding could well be attributed to the nature of the episteme selected for the research. The exception to this general finding was in the Venture Capital sub-aliran. Further findings indicated an apparent feature of the aliran was a higher than expected level of demarcation between the organization and the firm. This demarcation had several features including an increasing trend towards learning by the organization as applied to entrepreneurship. Firms were not perceived to engage in learning but did engage in new ventures and undertook innovation. These functions were not indicated within the aliran to be part of the functions of the organization. Innovation was also not shown to be an activity conducted by individuals but was a preserve of the firm. These findings are consistent with the political structure of the Academy of Management’s Entrepreneurship Division and indicate the influence this body likely has on the discipline. In some instances, as might be expected, there was an overt level of construction of some sub-aliran by those with high gravitas in the discipline. This was most apparent in endeavours to add ‘corporate’ nominations to entrepreneurship, innovation and venturing. In the case of corporate entrepreneurship, such overt construction was perceived to be less than successful. However, the changing orientation offered by such construction is seen to offer a new direction to entrepreneurship which may be realized in the fledgling Strategic Entrepreneurship sub-aliran. Some sub-aliran observed was considered to be more introverted due to restraints imposed by the political structuring of the discipline. While the discipline of entrepreneurship may not to be able to pass Heidegger’s ontological test and could be considered a dubious discipline (doubtless like so many others), this finding should not be deemed to be unduly negative. As with Gadamer’s rehabilitation of prejudice, the term dubious could be rehabilitated to be positive and encourage moves towards greater objectivity, or at least greater rigour, within the discipline of entrepreneurship.

In this study, I consider the status of the academic discipline of entrepreneurship as represented in refereed journal articles and citations in the Web of Science database within a broad philosophical framework, developed for this investigative purpose. This dissertation firstly explores an understanding of knowledge as offered by French social theorist, Michael Foucault, identifying two forms of knowledge. Using Foucault’s distinctions, I develop models that position savoir and connaissance knowledge, which I define as practical applications of understanding and academic orientations of explaining, in relation to disciplines and discourses. The strategic apparatus of the episteme is included in my models as a discipline-based method of determining the acceptability of knowledge into the discipline, incorporating the varied roles of gate-keepers, intellectuals and other participants into the models. The roles of epistemology and ontology are discussed and included in the models. Further, drawing on the works of German philosopher, Martin Heidegger, I introduce the concept of an ontological test as a possible means to consider whether an academic discipline clearly understands its ‘meaning of being’ or, alternatively, could be considered to have passed Foucault’s point of epistemologization and be termed a ‘dubious discipline’. Academic thinking on entrepreneurship has come under an array of criticism from within the discipline, including criticism as to a perceived lack of objectivity. The models developed in this dissertation are applied to the discipline of entrepreneurship in order to better understand the development of the discipline of entrepreneurship and the reasons for this criticism. Using the episteme of the Web of Science database, I apply citation analysis to identify those articles and texts which are considered within the entrepreneurship discipline to have the highest gravitas. These high gravitas articles are used to create an archaeological representation or aliran that illustrates the development of the discipline over time and the ontological development of sub-aliran. This aliran is a phenomenological representation of the discipline based upon the episteme to depict the episteme ‘as it is’. This representation is hermeneutically interpreted to discern the development of various sub-aliran, and identify the possible influence of gate keepers with high gravitas in such development. Based upon my survey of high gravitas articles from the aliran, I found there was a general exclusion of practitioner both as an audience for and as a source of savoir knowledge. Admittedly this finding could well be attributed to the nature of the episteme selected for the research. The exception to this general finding was in the Venture Capital sub-aliran. Further findings indicated an apparent feature of the aliran was a higher than expected level of demarcation between the organization and the firm. This demarcation had several features including an increasing trend towards learning by the organization as applied to entrepreneurship. Firms were not perceived to engage in learning but did engage in new ventures and undertook innovation. These functions were not indicated within the aliran to be part of the functions of the organization. Innovation was also not shown to be an activity conducted by individuals but was a preserve of the firm. These findings are consistent with the political structure of the Academy of Management’s Entrepreneurship Division and indicate the influence this body likely has on the discipline. In some instances, as might be expected, there was an overt level of construction of some sub-aliran by those with high gravitas in the discipline. This was most apparent in endeavours to add ‘corporate’ nominations to entrepreneurship, innovation and venturing. In the case of corporate entrepreneurship, such overt construction was perceived to be less than successful. However, the changing orientation offered by such construction is seen to offer a new direction to entrepreneurship which may be realized in the fledgling Strategic Entrepreneurship sub-aliran. Some sub-aliran observed was considered to be more introverted due to restraints imposed by the political structuring of the discipline. While the discipline of entrepreneurship may not to be able to pass Heidegger’s ontological test and could be considered a dubious discipline (doubtless like so many others), this finding should not be deemed to be unduly negative. As with Gadamer’s rehabilitation of prejudice, the term dubious could be rehabilitated to be positive and encourage moves towards greater objectivity, or at least greater rigour, within the discipline of entrepreneurship.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Melbourne, School of Historical Studies, 2009. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 279-352)

Comment et pourquoi étudie-t-on les Turcs dans l’Italie libérale ? Le travail porte sur la construction et les usages des savoirs sur le turc, les Turcs et l’Empire ottoman de l’Unité à la guerre italo-turque de 1911. Cette production est liée à trois phénomènes : l’édification de l’État italien, les transformations de l’Empire ottoman et le développement d’une turcologie savante en Europe et dans l’Empire. À rebours des approches internaliste et saidienne, il s’agit de « désorientaliser » ce savoir en examinant les dynamiques politiques, sociales, économiques et culturelles ayant contribué à son émergence, en partant des acteurs et des pratiques, dans une perspective transnationale. Il s’agit notamment de réintroduire les acteurs ottomans, dont le rôle est crucial. Quatre objets sont privilégiés : la langue, la culture, l’histoire et le territoire. La connaissance de la langue a d’abord une vocation pratique : former du personnel compétent et favoriser les échanges italo-ottomans. Elle présente aussi des enjeux scientifiques, patrimoniaux et politiques. On assiste ainsi à l’émergence d’une turcologie au sein de l’orientalisme savant, lui-même en cours de nationalisation. L’histoire ottomane sert à comprendre le passé italien, au moment où s’élaborent des histoires locales et une histoire nationale. La thèse s’interroge enfin sur l’expérience du terrain. La guerre coloniale de 1911 entraîne un réinvestissement de tous ces savoirs, organisés depuis le tournant du siècle en vue de l’expansion italienne. La turcologie ne contribue donc pas tant à forger une identité turque qu’à comprendre le voisin ottoman pour rendre à l’Italie sa place en Méditerranée. / How and why do we study the Turks in liberal Italy? This dissertation deals with the construction and uses of knowledge about the Turkish language, the Turks and the Ottoman Empire from the Italian Unification to the Italo-Turkish war of 19 11. This production is related to three phenomena: the edification of the Italian State, the transformations of the Ottoman Empire and the development of Turkology both in Europe and in the Empire. In opposition to the internalist and Saidian approaches, this study “de-orientalizes” this knowledge, by examining the political, social, economic and cultural dynamics, and starting from the actors and practices, in a transnational perspective. It aims in particular at reintroducing Ottoman actors, whose role is critical. We focus on four main topics: language, culture, history and territory. The knowledge of Turkish has practical purposes: training skilled staff and promoting Italo-Ottoman relationships; but it also has scientific, patrimonial and political goals. Turkology emerges from scholarly Orientalism, which is undergoing a process of nationalization. Ottomanist historiography has among its goals a better understanding of the Italian past, at a time of elaboration of national and local histories. Lastly, this work investigates fieldwork. The 1911 colonial war leads to a reinvestment of this knowledge, organized from the turn of the century in preparation for Italian expansion. Thus, Turkology contributes less to shape a Turkish identity than to understand the Ottoman neighbor in order to return Italy to its place in the Mediterranean.

This dissertation examines encounters between humans and snakes from the 1780s to the 1860s, principally focusing upon Britain and British India, to reassess the production and circulation of natural historical knowledge. Serpents were at once familiar and ambiguous in nineteenth-century Britain and its empire, present at every level of society through Scripture, works of natural history, and imperial print culture. They appeared across literary genres - in works of art, as dead specimens in museums, and living attractions in shows and menageries - and their material and figurative presence in London was dependent upon British imperial networks. Snakes loomed disproportionately large in the imperial imaginary, where they were entangled in a discourse of difference. The practices of the natural history of snakes were harnessed to personal ambition and colonial exigencies. By analyzing scientific books and papers, newspapers and periodicals, taxidermy and cartoons, travel accounts, and government archives from Britain and India, this study provides a connected account of how snakes were collected, transported, described, experimented with, and used for a variety of ends. Following an animal around, whether as material, textual, or visual representation, reveals a more comprehensive picture of how people engaged with animals in the nineteenth century, not confined by disciplinary or institutional boundaries at a time when these were being constructed. The cultural and emotive power of snakes makes visible the heterogeneous nature of those contributing to the production of natural historical knowledge. This thesis shows how the moral character of snakes was implicated in how they were encountered and understood by a range of actors, from museum naturalists to imperial agents, and Indian snake-charmers to working-class visitors to the zoo. The chapters examine different but overlapping modes of encounter with snakes: collecting, preserving, and presenting them in museum settings; the imbrication of anthropocentric concerns in attempts to classify and anatomize them; the mechanisms and motivations behind attempts to produce authoritative 'useful knowledge' incorporating vivisectional experiments in the Madras Presidency in the late eighteenth century; Orientalist representations of non-European interactions with snakes in nascent print culture; and the emotional economy of educational displays of living snakes in metropolitan Britain, especially with the emergence of new spaces for natural history, notably the first reptile house at the Zoological Gardens in Regent's Park. The approach brings together insights from from history of science, animal history, and new imperial histories to recover an affective dimension of natural history in imperial encounters.

abstract: This dissertation focuses on the study of Western esotericism in European culture and forms a method of discovering esoteric topics in cultural artifacts. Using the definition as a corpus of knowledge historically divided between esoteric, reserved for the intellectual and power elite, and exoteric, available for everybody, I argue that esotericism represents the knowledge that always accompanied the cultural production of the Mediterranean zone, adding a spiritual meaning to any visual or written work of art. The contemporary novels of the past decade by the Spanish author Javier Sierra are fully based on a historical investigation, in which esotericism appears as a nuclear topic, revealing the great interest of the public in the mysteries of the past. Through the postmodern cultural theories, together with sociological and historical methods, the dissertation explores the cultural processes that lead to the shift of esoteric knowledge in the 20th century from secretive to publically available. The study defines the purpose of recreating the European past and investigates the secrets of European cultural formation. Through an insider-outsider perspective, it analyzes the cultural artifacts, that appear in the novels in the form of reference or as a nuclear part of the plot. It presents the scope of esoteric currents, that are divided between the discipline of religion, science, and philosophy, which form the tetrahedron of knowledge as a theoretic model for this study. The constructed model reveals the interaction of the three disciplines throughout the history and examines the reasons for the religious disenchantment of the 20th century, proven through Digital Humanities’ research as the predominance of science over the Catholic Church, which allowed the esoteric knowledge to reappear. The study explores the affiliation of esotericism with science through the scientific-cultural inquiries between the ancient myths and reality, by showing that man’s consciousness had always been dependent on the scientific perception of the world. It explores the pagan symbolism that is mixed with Christian traditions and reveals the stories, hidden behind the representation of the greatest works of art, by combining and analyzing the wisdom of the past and the contemporary spiritual inquiries in their philosophical meaning. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Spanish 2017

The purpose of this study has been to investigate and compare the use of history of the Nasafjäll silver mine as a historical cultural phenomenon, and its functional role as a cultural heritage. This by studying which story was conveyed, how this story was conveyed and with what purpose by different actors. It was also studied whether there had been any changes over time in the use of the history of the Nasafjäll silver mine. The sources have consisted of academic, popular history and popular cultural texts in books, articles and magazines, as well as articles and features in newspapers, TV, radio and websites between 1673-2021. The theoretical framework on which this study is based on, is a combination of the use of history and the history of knowledge. Based on Peter Aronsson's and Klas-Göran Karlsson's definition of historical culture and the use of history, as well as Margaret Macmillan's and Pierre Nora's definitions of memory cultures and memory landscapes, I also take inspiration from Philipp Sarasin´s and Andreas Kilcher´s knowledge history theories, based on the circulation of knowledge between people, groups and institutions. Two qualitative analysis methods have been used to examine and sort the texts of the source material. Narrative analysis to decode the text's content and meaning, and circulation analysis to examine how the history of the Nasafjäll silver mine changed and was used over time. The results of the study show that the perceptions created about Nasafjäll through Petrus Laestadius' texts in Fortsättning af Journalen öfver missions-resor i Lappmarken innefattande åren 1828-1832, as well as Janrik Bromé's book Nasafjäll: ett norrländskt silververks historia, have had a significant impact on the history and memory culture of the Nasafjäll silver mine. The conclusion is therefore, that various actors from the 17th century onwards have shaped the content of the place and concept Nasafjäll consists of, and maintained the general interest in the place's memory and its value as a lieux de mémoire. Nasafjäll has thus been formed into a historical cultural symbol, since the conceptions of the silver mine have been able to be adapted and used according to different political, cultural and commercial purposes.

This thesis investigates cognition and knowledge in a rich selection of late medieval Florentine commonplace books (zibaldoni) and diaries (ricordanze) with a special focus on Giovanni Rucellai’s Zibaldone Quaresimale. In Chapter Two a new methodology, named Mental Model Framework in History (MMFH), is elaborated. By studying mental processes such as categorisation and decision making, MMFH enables us to study cognition in historical documents. The dissertation is based on a computer-assisted analysis described in Chapter Three . This has brought together a number of technologies (Natural Language Processing, Semantic Web, Text Encoding Initiative) and used them according to the interpretative goals of the MMFH. Chapter Four investigates the knowledge-constructing practice of late medieval Florentines, and concludes that commonplace books and diaries were tools of information management and knowledge transmission. The core chapters study four domains of thinking: space, time, agency and perception. Chapter Five analyses social recognition and judgement in Renaissance Florence and reveals how a new ethical thought took shape, one that prepared the transition to capitalism. By applying decision and game theory, Chapter Six examines horizontal friendship, a bond that functioned as an informal but risky social insurance in Florence. Chapter Seven studies how Florentines used superlatives to construct a hierarchy of the world, with Florence on the top. This was the manifestation of a fierce competition within and outside the walls of Florence, competition that strongly influenced the social and physical environment of the city. By studying selection, periodisation and causal reasoning, Chapter Eight pinpoints the gradual secularisation of the conception of time. The thesis concludes that the late medieval revolution in information culture marked by the gradual transition from an overwhelmingly oral culture to an increasingly literate culture produced quantitative and qualitative changes in human thought. This largely contributed to the birth of modern thought, and to the late medieval transformation of the social and physical environment.

Dans le sillage des problématiques posées par l’anthropologie historique du savoir et par les travaux sur la matérialité des pratiques savantes, la thèse questionne la dimension cognitive des collections d’histoire naturelle de Jean Hermann (1738-1800). Dès 1762, le naturaliste crée un riche cabinet ouvert aux trois règnes de la nature. Il est associé à une bibliothèque et à un jardin botanique dont il a la charge en tant que professeur de botanique de l’université de Strasbourg. Les trois formes de collections lui servent d’équipement pour la recherche et pour l’enseignement. L’objet de l’enquête est de cerner le rôle des objets dans la production et la circulation des savoirs naturalistes. Il s’agit également d’observer la construction sociale d’une figure savante. Le travail met au jour l’importance de l’économie d’échange des objets dans la constitution des collections et le rôle du dialogue des objets - échantillons, livres, images – dans le processus d’observation. Le dispositif visuel qu’est le cabinet est au centre de la fabrique du savoir. Les collections contribuent aussi à l’émergence d’une science publique, elles sont des supports d’enseignement et elles attirent de nombreux visiteurs. / Following the issues raised by the historic anthropology of the knowledge and the material turn, the thesis questions the cognitive dimension of the collections of natural history of Jean Hermann (1738-1800). From 1762, the naturalist created a rich cabinet composed of objects from the three kingdoms of nature. The cabinet was associated with two other forms of collections: a library and a botanical garden, which he managed as professor of botany of the university of medicine from 1783. All three forms of collections were used as his equipment for research and teaching. The investigation shall determine the role of objects in the production and the circulation of the naturalistic knowledge. Its objective is also to observe the social construction of a learned figure. The study points out the importance of the economy of exchange of objects in the constitution of collections and the role of the dialogue between objects - samples, books, images – in the visualization process. The visual device of the cabinet is at the core of the process of knowledge making. Collections contributed to the emergence of a public science; they were media of teaching and attracted numerous visitors.

1 Annotation This work tries to tackle concept of history of knowledge and possibilities of its application for study of history of military historiography. With the use of this concept, the work will analyse processes of organisation, creations and spread of military historiography in interwar Czechoslovakia. It tries to come to terms with historiographical definition of military history but also its contextualisation considering history of knowledge and sociocultural factors describing the relationship of warfare and society. The work attempts it on the example of main, institutional centres of knowledge management of military history in first Czechoslovak republic. 2