Este trabajo de investigación se propone realizar un particular recorrido por la historia del cine a través del fuera de campo, es decir, una historia de las imágenes no vistas, aunque presenciadas, del cine; y para emprender este recorrido se ha designado a la obra del cineasta Jacques Tourneur como prisma particular. Se trata, entonces, de una historia del fuera de campo cinematográfico, desde el fuera de campo tourneuriano. Por esta razón, este trabajo no será un estudio sobre Tourneur, sino desde Tourneur. Aquello que todo fuera de campo revela en sus despliegues figurativos, son las tensiones entre lo visible e invisible, entre aparición y desaparición: en esas tensiones se bate la Historia en la que todo fuera de campo fue obrado. A partir de esta historia del fuera de campo desde el fuera de campo tourneuriano, que ocupará los cuatro primeros capítulos de esta tesis, se abordará la Historia de una figuración más huidiza y esencial: la figuración de algo que aparece entre lo que desaparece. A esta particular figuración se consagrará la segunda mitad de esta investigación. / This thesis traces a singular route through the history of cinema through the out of frame, that is, a history of images witnessed but never seen; as a beginning of this route we have chosen the special prism of the work of the filmmaker Jacques Tourneur. It is thus a history of the out of frame in cinema, beginning with Tourneur’s out of frame. For this reason, it will not be a study of Tourneur but rather from Tourneur. What the out of frame always reveals in its figurative unraveling are the tensions between the visible and the invisible, the appearance and the disappearance: to those tensions the whole History of out of frame can be traced. After this history of the out of frame from Tourner’s out of frame, which will cover the four initial chapters of this thesis, we will pass on to the History of an even more elusive and essential figuration: the figuration of something that appears within that which disappears. To this particular figuration we will devote the second half of this study.

Opinião (1972-1977) é um dos mais importantes jornais da imprensa alternativa. O semanário nasceu para fazer a oposição ao regime militar através da união entre várias tendências políticas, na chamada Frente Ampla. Mesmo com forte censura, surgiu um tipo de crítica progressista caracterizada pelo profundo debate político e estético. A discussão do cinema não era feita só do ponto de vista da estética, mas também como imperativo político contra o regime militar. Analisamos as metodologias dos críticos Jean-Claude Bernardet, Sérgio Augusto, Marcos Ribas de Farias, Gustavo Dahl, José Carlos Avellar e Clóvis Marques para observar como cada um deles articula nos textos os imperativos da estética e da política. Na recepção aos filmes, algumas temáticas estão sempre presentes: o papel do intelectual, a discussão sobre a cultura popular e a linguagem cinematográfica mais adequada para conquistar o público brasileiro. O objetivo da tese é avaliar como os críticos reelaboram e reconstroem um projeto político e estético para o cinema brasileiro nos anos setenta. Nas disputas internas do jornal, é possível também acompanhar como as questões da resistência cultural se fazem presentes no cotidiano dos críticos de cinema. / Opinião (1972-1977) is one of the most important newspapers of the underground press. The weekly was born to do the opposition to the military regime through the union of many political tendencies, the so-called Broad Front. Even with strong censorship it came\'s a kind of progressive criticism characterized by deep political and aesthetic debate. The film discussion was made not only from de aesthetic point of view, but also as a political imperative against the military regime. We analyze the methodologies of film critics Jean-Claude Bernardet, Sérgio Augusto, Marcos Ribas de Farias, Gustavo Dahl, José Carlos Avellar and Clóvis Marques to observe how each one articulated in the texts the aesthetics and politics imperatives. At the reception of movies, some issues are always present: the role of the intellectual, the discussion about popular culture and the most appropriate language film to win the Brazilian public. The aim of this thesis is to assess how critics reconstruct and rebuild a political and aesthetic project for the Brazilian cinema in the seventies. In the internal disputes of the newspaper, we can also follow how the cultural resistance matters are present in the routine of film critics

Considerando a relação História-Cinema, a presente dissertação é uma reflexão sobre a produção cinematográfica anarquista da CNT durante a Guerra Civil Espanhola (1936-1939), a partir da análise de três de seus principais filmes de ficção: Carne de Fieras (1936/1992), Barrios Bajos (1937) e Aurora de Esperanza (1937). Eles foram construídos numa estrutura de narrativa clássica e melodramática e, dotados de temáticas diversas, como o adultério, a prostituição assediada por gangsteres e o drama do desemprego, representam uma iniciativa ímpar na construção de um cinema social, sob o comando de uma poderosa organização anarquista e durante o processo revolucionário. Neste sentido, consideramos também os meandros do desenvolvimento do anarquismo e do cinema espanhóis, cujas singularidades imprimiram uma dinâmica específica àqueles filmes. / Considering the relation between History and Cinema, this present dissertation will ponder on the anarchist cinematographic production of CNT during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) through the analysis of three of its most important fiction works: Carne de Fieras (1936/1992), Barrios Bajos (1937) and Aurora de Esperanza (1937). They were structured in a classic and melodramatic narrative and, dealing with several themes, as adultery, gangster-linked prostitution and the misfortune of unemployment, they represent a unique initiative in the construction of a social cinema, under the command of a powerful anarchist organization during the revolutionary process. In this sense, well consider the specifics in the development of Spanish anarchism and cinema, for their singular features have given a specific dynamic to those movies.

[pt] A presente dissertação tem como proposta trabalhar com cinema e o ensino de história: com o cinema e suas possibilidades pedagógicas para o ensino de história, frente a turmas de ensino médio. Mais especificamente com títulos comerciais e de apelo juvenil; filmes na maior parte conhecidos e apreciados pelo nosso público alvo. Trata-se, na verdade, de proposição ativa que visa a minimização de um gap pedagógico entre o mundo escolar e o mundo juvenil; entre o espaço educacional institucional e o espaço extra escolar. A ideia não é a de selecionar películas que abordem temas/períodos históricos e empregá-las como complemento, ilustração, fornecimento de ambientação temática e imagética. Isso já é feito, há algum tempo (e consiste em procedimento altamente válido, aliás). Não obstante, o que propomos são provocações interpretativas, com suporte analítico histórico, para filmes de apelo juvenil. Nesse sentido, a película Meu namorado é um zumbi (Warm bodies, EUA, Jonathan Levine, 2013) é tomada como estudo de referência/exemplo. Por intermédio de um approach analítico que leva em conta texto, contexto e as especificidades da linguagem cinematográfica, estabelecemos três possibilidades para o emprego pedagógico dessa obra. Uma relativa aos vínculos explícitos com a obra Shakespeariana (Romeu e Julieta), outra sobre o tema subjacente de uma saga humanizante e, finalmente, sobre possibilidades metafóricas que possam indicar a problematização de temas contemporâneos (marginalização social, multiculturalismo, imigração, etc.). Por fim, com a elaboração de um guia pedagógico para o trabalho com filmes comerciais de apelo juvenil, indicamos a viabilidade (e os procedimentos básicos) de emprego semelhante para outras tantas obras com potencial educativo. / [en] This text proposes to work with cinema and history s study. We focus on the pedagogical possibilities of the cinema to improve the study of History. Our propose has as its target the public of our schools: the classes of the three years of the medium teaching. We intend to demonstrate the pedagogical possibilities of commercial films produced for the youth. Those films are made, consumed and appreciated by a large public. We bet those productions can be worked with classical topics of history discipline. That could be a positive proposition in order to minimize a pedagogical gap between a school and a non-school world; between a formal educational space and an amusement space. We do not want to select and use films that approaches historical themes or historical periods as an illustration, complement or to show some ambiance of an era. This has been done (and well done) for some time. Nonetheless, we propose provocatives interpretations for films of youth appeal. In this sense, the film Warm bodies (USA, Jonathan Levine, 2013) is taken as reference/example. Through an analytical approach that takes into account text, context and the specificities of cinematographic language, we establish three links for the pedagogical use of the film. The first one is related to the explicit connection with the Shakespearean work (Romeo and Juliet). The second one, deal with the theme of a humanizing saga, and finally on metaphorical possibilities that could indicate the problematization of contemporary issues (social marginalization, multiculturalism, immigration etc.). Finally, with the elaboration of a pedagogical guide for the work with commercial films of youth appeal, we indicate the viability (and basic procedures) of similar employment for other works with similar educational potential.

Considerando a relação História-Cinema, a presente dissertação é uma reflexão sobre a produção cinematográfica anarquista da CNT durante a Guerra Civil Espanhola (1936-1939), a partir da análise de três de seus principais filmes de ficção: Carne de Fieras (1936/1992), Barrios Bajos (1937) e Aurora de Esperanza (1937). Eles foram construídos numa estrutura de narrativa clássica e melodramática e, dotados de temáticas diversas, como o adultério, a prostituição assediada por gangsteres e o drama do desemprego, representam uma iniciativa ímpar na construção de um cinema social, sob o comando de uma poderosa organização anarquista e durante o processo revolucionário. Neste sentido, consideramos também os meandros do desenvolvimento do anarquismo e do cinema espanhóis, cujas singularidades imprimiram uma dinâmica específica àqueles filmes. / Considering the relation between History and Cinema, this present dissertation will ponder on the anarchist cinematographic production of CNT during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) through the analysis of three of its most important fiction works: Carne de Fieras (1936/1992), Barrios Bajos (1937) and Aurora de Esperanza (1937). They were structured in a classic and melodramatic narrative and, dealing with several themes, as adultery, gangster-linked prostitution and the misfortune of unemployment, they represent a unique initiative in the construction of a social cinema, under the command of a powerful anarchist organization during the revolutionary process. In this sense, well consider the specifics in the development of Spanish anarchism and cinema, for their singular features have given a specific dynamic to those movies.

Cette étude s’intéresse aux écrits portant sur le cinéma québécois qui ont été publiés durant les décennies 1960-70 dans les quatre principales revues de cinéma du Québec, soient Séquences, Objectif, Cinéma/Québec et Champ libre. Cherchant à les comprendre historiquement, elle situe ces publications dans l’évolution de la critique cinématographique au Québec et dans le développement sociopolitique de l’époque. Abordant chacune des revues individuellement, ce texte présente les rédacteurs, le rôle que se donnent les comités de rédaction, ainsi que leur approche du cinéma. Il soulève également les principaux enjeux abordés par chacune d’entre elles et il révèle le discours sur le cinéma québécois qui y est publié. Par la suite, cherchant à établir des constatations sur la critique cinématographique, à partir du corpus étudié, cette étude expose les interactions existant entre ces revues : les raisons derrière leur fondation et les réactions des comités de rédaction lors de l’arrivée de nouvelles concurrentes. En définitive, soulignant les différences et les ressemblances entre les discours sur le cinéma québécois retrouvées dans ces publications, cette étude présente la perception générale de la critique envers la production cinématographique de cette époque. / This study explores the writings on Quebec cinema found in the four main Quebec film magazines of the 1960s and 70s: Séquences, Objectif, Cinéma/Québec et Champ libre. In order to understand them historically, the publications are situated in relation to the development of film criticism in Quebec and within the socio-political context of the time. Examining each of the publications individually, the study presents the editors, the roles of the board of editors, and their approach to cinema. It also identifies the key issues each of the journals addressed by outlining the discourses on Quebec cinema that were published. Based on an analysis of the corpus, and seeking to draw more definitive conclusions about film criticism, this study then examines the various levels of interaction existing between the journals : the reasons for their establishment, and the editorial boards’ reactions to the arrival of new competitors. Highlighting the differences and similarities between the discourses on Quebec cinema found in these publications, this study ultimately reveals film criticism’s general perception toward the film productions of the time.

Cette thèse a comme objectif de comprendre comment l’œuvre de Perrault a interagi avec la société québécoise lors de la Révolution Tranquille et de ses prémisses. Nous focalisons en particulier notre attention sur la façon dont la démarche artistique du cinéaste a pu être influencée par la culture populaire québécoise, et comment elle a en retour réinvesti cette dernière. Nous analysons donc les relations entre l’œuvre du cinéaste et trois contextes distincts : les représentations de la nation québécoise et leur historicité au vingtième siècle ; la relation ambivalente entre cinéma et société québécoise depuis la naissance de cet art de masse ; les réminiscences de la tradition orale dans la culture populaire et le cinéma. Pour bien comprendre la démarche de Perrault et son inscription dans la société québécoise, nous proposons de considérer l’œuvre selon une perspective globale, qui embrasserait à la fois les films et les écrits ainsi que le dispositif de production et de diffusion des films, dans l’idée que tous ces éléments formaient en réalité un tout cohérent et indivisible dans l’idée que Perrault se faisait de son cinéma. Nous proposons donc l’idée que le « cinéma de la parole » doit s’envisager d’une façon inhabituelle : son cœur ou son sens ne sont pas spécifiquement localisés dans les films, ni même dans leur réception, mais dans un long « processus » d’échange qui s’initie avant le tournage et est supposé se poursuivre au-delà de la projection du film fini : ce serait ce processus d’échange, d’interrelation et de co-définition qui serait l’objet véritable du cinéma de Perrault, ou du moins est-ce ce que nous allons démontrer. Le concept de « processus », que nous développons tout au long de cette étude, constitue donc le cadre de notre analyse « contextuelle ». Il recouvre également la façon dont le cinéaste concevait son cinéma : notre analyse se place donc dans une perspective herméneutique.Ultimement, le fait de concevoir et d’analyser le cinéma de Perrault en terme de processus permet d’envisager une conception différente du cinéma basée sur l’exemple de ce cinéaste : un phénomène historique et socioculturel complexe intimement relié aux évolutions d’une société donnée, et dont les significations dépendent des contextes où il se déploie et avec lesquels il entretient un rapport d’échange. / This thesis aims to a better understanding of the ways in which Pierre Perrault’s work interacted with Québécois society during the Quiet Revolution and with the ideas on which it was based.Specifically, it will focus on the way in which the filmmaker’s artistic conception might have been influenced by Québécois popular culture and how it has, in turn, reinvested it. I will analyse the relationships between the filmmaker’s work and three distinct contexts: the representations of the Québécois nation and their historicity in the 20th century; the ambivalent relationship between cinema and Québécois society since the birth of this mass media; and the reminiscences of oral tradition in popular culture and cinema.In order to properly understand Perrault’s creative practice an its inscription in the Québécois society, I propose to consider his work from a global perspective, which includes the films and the essays, as well as the film production and distribution, with the idea that all these elements formed in fact a coherent and indivisible whole in the ways in which Perrault thought of his filmmaking. I thus suggest the idea that the “cinéma de la parole” must be considered from a fresh perspective: its core or its meaning are not specifically found in the films themselves, nor in their reception, but in a long “process” of sharing that begins before the film’s recording and that is meant to continue beyond the screening of the finished work: the true aim of Perrault’s cinema is the very process of exchange, of interrelation and co-definition. The concept of “process”, which will be developed throughout this entire study, constitutes a frame for its “contextual” analysis. It also encompasses the way in which the filmmaker conceived his work as cinematographer; my analysis can thus be situated within a hermeneutic tradition.Finally, describing and analysing Perrault’s cinema in terms of process also allows us to consider a different conception of film based on Perrault’s example: a complex historical and socio-cultural phenomenon intimately tied to the evolutions of a given society, and whose meanings depend on the contexts in which it grows and with which it maintains a relationship based on exchange.

Cette étude s’intéresse aux écrits portant sur le cinéma québécois qui ont été publiés durant les décennies 1960-70 dans les quatre principales revues de cinéma du Québec, soient Séquences, Objectif, Cinéma/Québec et Champ libre. Cherchant à les comprendre historiquement, elle situe ces publications dans l’évolution de la critique cinématographique au Québec et dans le développement sociopolitique de l’époque. Abordant chacune des revues individuellement, ce texte présente les rédacteurs, le rôle que se donnent les comités de rédaction, ainsi que leur approche du cinéma. Il soulève également les principaux enjeux abordés par chacune d’entre elles et il révèle le discours sur le cinéma québécois qui y est publié. Par la suite, cherchant à établir des constatations sur la critique cinématographique, à partir du corpus étudié, cette étude expose les interactions existant entre ces revues : les raisons derrière leur fondation et les réactions des comités de rédaction lors de l’arrivée de nouvelles concurrentes. En définitive, soulignant les différences et les ressemblances entre les discours sur le cinéma québécois retrouvées dans ces publications, cette étude présente la perception générale de la critique envers la production cinématographique de cette époque. / This study explores the writings on Quebec cinema found in the four main Quebec film magazines of the 1960s and 70s: Séquences, Objectif, Cinéma/Québec et Champ libre. In order to understand them historically, the publications are situated in relation to the development of film criticism in Quebec and within the socio-political context of the time. Examining each of the publications individually, the study presents the editors, the roles of the board of editors, and their approach to cinema. It also identifies the key issues each of the journals addressed by outlining the discourses on Quebec cinema that were published. Based on an analysis of the corpus, and seeking to draw more definitive conclusions about film criticism, this study then examines the various levels of interaction existing between the journals : the reasons for their establishment, and the editorial boards’ reactions to the arrival of new competitors. Highlighting the differences and similarities between the discourses on Quebec cinema found in these publications, this study ultimately reveals film criticism’s general perception toward the film productions of the time.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal