Since the 1920s, tourism boosters have promoted Victoria, B.C., as a quaint, “jolly good” capital—more English than England itself—an image of the city that has become widely accepted. Tourist advertising, that “magic system” used to convince tourists that a particular destination will provide a rewarding and unique experience, proved remarkably potent in Victoria as the city’s chamber of commerce and government agencies combined their efforts to sell BC’s capital as “a little bit of old England.” Victoria’s colonial roots played a key role in the development of the city’s image but while the English angle undeniably has some basis in reality, it also rests in part on flawed assumptions. English-themed tourism has, until recently, marginalized Victoria’s aboriginal and minority history, and the emphasis on multiculturalism over the last four decades has not prevented its English identity from being retained in the travel literature. In addition, though the tourist industry has generated a great deal of wealth for the city, this wealth has come at a price, creating problems for Victoria and its residents. For good or ill, tourist promoters in search of profit have successfully cultivated a highly appealing and lucrative English image that has made it difficult to view BC’s capital in any other light.

The prime objective of the research is to establish why commercial sponsors use motor sport as an element of their marketing communications. A comparison has been undertaken between car and bike racing, as represented by Formula One and MotoGp, to establish any differences in approach. The initial historical element of the research revealed that motor sport had been sponsored by vehicle manufacturers since the origins of the petrol combustion engine in the late 19th century. Any suggestion that sponsorship of motor sport is a recent, late 20th century science has been dispelled. The investigation found that the sponsors of top level car racing place major importance on achieving awareness for their brands through media exposure, particularly television. This aim is shared by motorcycle racing sponsors too and a common model is identified. Where motor cycle racing is specifically concerned the research established that there is an almost identical approach to the usage and application of sponsorship to that in car racing. The only difference being that the wider commercialisation of F1, in which brands outside those intimately involved with automotive industries have made use of motor sport sponsorship, has been around for longer than that in motorcycle racing. The motorcycle sponsors have therefore taken slightly longer to reach the same level of marketing sophistication in a sport which is recognized as having less money overall. The research reveals that the most important element of the business plan for both types of motor sport relies largely on a business model linked to global television audiences. Such audiences are seen as vital in generating awareness of sponsors and their products. Such plans provide an entirely relevant platform for the initial steps of the AIDA theory (Awareness; Interest; Desire; Action) of product adoption. The research also identifies that this commonality of approach is not entirely accidental as similar promoters have been involved at the top level of both sports. The research advises that the future of motor sport should continue to involve the application of the latest technologies appropriate to passenger vehicles if it is to continue unhindered. It is suggested that motor sport should become the definitive technological test bed for vehicle propulsion systems that are sustainable and kind to the environment.

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Le tourisme fait l’objet de multiples recherches en géographie. Dans ce contexte général, notre thèse envisage et propose de réaliser une relecture de ce phénomène en investissant le champ des représentations issues du tourisme, en analysant et décryptant l’image touristique de la destination croate (image fantasmée et stéréotypée du touriste ou encore image promue par les organismes officiels croates). La destination croate retrouve, en effet, un certain renom depuis la fin de la guerre qui a sévi en ex-Yougoslavie (1991-1998) : elle est le théâtre d’un développement important depuis une décennie. Il s’agit ici d’examiner à la fois le phénomène de crise touristique, en en cernant tant les facteurs la justifiant que ceux qui ont permis au tourisme d’être redynamisé et, en particulier, en montrant l’impact de la promotion touristique après en avoir défini les acteurs et cherché à connaître sa (ou ses) finalité(s).Pour ce faire, un cadre méthodologique a été déterminé (première partie) : grâce à une démarche hypothético-déductive classique et en s’appuyant sur la comparaison entre les faits touristiques (étudiés par le biais des statistiques, des observations de terrain ou des enquêtes auprès des touristes) et les images de la promotion touristique croate (vue au travers de documents promotionnels de l’Office du Tourisme Croate mais également du discours de nombreux guides et articles consacrés à la Croatie). Nous avons donc construit notre étude en partant d’observations empiriques et en cherchant à confirmer ou infirmer nos hypothèses de travail, notamment celle basée sur le dévoiement de l’image marketing en une image instrumentalisée. La problématique a, en effet, été orientée vers la notion d’ « image » touristique. Notre recherche tendra, avant tout, à comprendre les mécanismes de la construction de l’image de la Croatie liée au tourisme. Se pose donc, inévitablement, la problématique de l’adéquation entre la réalité et les discours qui sont tenus sur elle. Notre posture de thèse pose le principe que la dialectique entre représentation et réalité - touristique et territoriale croate - n’est pas du seul ressort commercial : d’autres logiques, que nous considérons comme du domaine de la construction identitaire, peuvent intervenir nous amenant à penser que l’image promue est, consciemment ou non, instrumentalisée.Pour mener à bien cette analyse de l’image, une connaissance approfondie du tourisme (ou des faits constatés et scientifiquement énoncés) nous a paru une approche préliminaire indispensable. Ce moment incontournable de l’analyse permet une prise de distance, autrement dit une véritable objectivisation par rapport à l’analyse des représentations. Une première étape (deuxième partie) s’intéresse, grâce à l’exploitation de faits statistiques, au phénomène touristique en termes de flux mais également aux formes de tourisme. Nous montrons ainsi que la crise touristique, plus structurelle que conjoncturelle (c’est-à-dire plus liée à la transition du régime socialiste à une économie de marché qu’à la guerre de la fin de la Yougoslavie) a vite été dépassée grâce à une clientèle essentiellement européenne et à un tourisme quasi uniquement balnéaire. Ce rapide rattrapage peut être expliqué par de multiples facteurs (troisième partie) : les plus classiques sont mis en avant (climat méditerranéen, forte capacité d’hébergement sur le littoral, proximité des foyers classiquement émetteurs en Europe, voire certains a priori favorables concernant la Croatie). Mais, contrairement à l’idée préconçue et souvent relayée par les médias, nous insistons sur la place et sur le rôle de l’histoire du développement touristique de la région en soulignant que le tourisme actuel, tant en termes d’infrastructures que de clientèles, est le résultat de nombreux héritages issus de périodes précédentes (fin du XIXème siècle et époque yougoslave) [...] / Tourism is the subject of many researches in geography. In this general context, our thesis deals with this phenomenon by investing the field of representations created by tourism, analyzing and interpreting the image of the Croatian tourist destination (dreamed image, stereotypical tourist image or promoted image – this last one created by the official Croatian organizations). The Croatian destination is, indeed, well known since the end of the war that raged in the former Yugoslavia (1991-1998): for a decade, it is actually the scene of an important tourism development. We want to examine the phenomenon of tourism crisis, identifying the factors that justify this crisis and those that have allowed tourism to be reactivated and, in particular, showing the impacts of tourism promotion after having defined its actors and its purposes.For this purpose, a methodological framework has been determined (first part): with a classic hypothetical-deductive reasoning, we have compared the tourism facts (analyzed with statistics, observations or surveys) with the images created by the Croatian tourism promotion (especially with the promotional materials of the Croatian Tourist Board but also with many guides and articles about Croatia). So we built our study on the basis of empirical observations, trying to prove or disprove our ideas, including the idea that the marketing image is a manipulated one. The main point of our research is to understand how the tourism image of Croatia is created. This raises inevitably the question of the adequacy between the reality and what is said about it. We want to explain that the principle of the dialectic between representation and reality - Croatian tourism - is not only dependent on business or marketing case: other logics appear, especially using the field of identity construction. With such a way of thinking, we can demonstrate that the promoted image is, consciously or not, exploited.To analyze the image, a perfect knowledge of tourism (or of scientifically established facts) is a preliminary and essential approach. This unavoidable time of the analysis must allow to know the facts and not only the representations. So the second part of our analysis is dedicated to the exploitation of statistical facts, to the tourism phenomenon in terms of flows but also of forms of tourism. We show that the tourism crisis, more structural than cyclical (that is to say, more related to the transition from a socialist to a market economy at the end of the war in Yugoslavia) was quickly overwhelmed because of the customers (mainly Europeans) and because of well-known sea resorts. This quick tourism development may be explained by many factors (Part three): the most traditional arguments are highlighted (a Mediterranean climate, high accommodation capacities on the coast, the proximity of the European customers). But, contrary to a preconceived idea that is often relayed by the media, we insist on the place and on the role of the history of tourism development in the region: according to us, the tourism in Croatia (in terms of infrastructure or of customers) is nowadays, the result of previous periods (late nineteenth century and Yugoslav period) [...]