Reuse of historic buildings has become commonplace, but what should be done when a building has a history related to death and tragedy? Society has to determine its psychological approach to dealing with the past. This is commonly achieved through remembrance, converting the site into a museum or memorial, or denial, demolishing it. These actions unnecessarily allow the past to dictate the future. This thesis will look at an alternative solution through which adaptive reuse promotes a different approach to society's psychological understanding of collective memory. Adaptive reuse can honor the past while moving forward into a better future, encouraging society to come to terms with a difficult part of their collective history, but understanding that it should not define them. In recent years there has been a drastic increase in the popularity of 'dark tourism', the visitation to sites associated with death and tragedy. There is a spectrum of darkness that classifies the darkest places, such as Auschwitz-Birkenau, as sites where death and suffering physically occurred and the lightest places, like the United States Holocaust Museum, that are only associated. The most challenging sites are those that lie somewhere in between these two extremes. Communities should embrace the value of 'dark tourism' while maintaining an identity outside of the event and the architecture of the site should reflect this. Architecture can inspire the limitation and prevention of future sordid events if new program is introduced that is directly in response to the event through which the past can be remembered, but a better future embraced. / 0 / SPK / specialcollections@tulane.edu

This research study examines the role and significance of ethnic identity upon tourism participation within the Pakistani community. The aim of the research is to analyse the inter-relationship between a Pakistani ethnic identity and participation in tourism of a Pakistani diaspora (Luton, United Kingdom). The research concentrates upon the importance of the return visit to the ancestral homeland of Pakistan and the impact of this visit upon the formation of identity. This thesis argues that a Pakistani ethnic identity is a significant force in shaping the tourism mobilities, behaviours and experiences of first and second-generation Pakistanis. The research enquiry uses a qualitative methodological approach to investigate the tourism journeys of the Pakistani community. Interpretive ethnography is chosen to interpret the understandings and meanings of tourism to the Pakistani diaspora researched in this study. Researcher reflexivity is also included to examine the impact of the research process on the personal and professional identity of a Pakistani fieldworker investigating a community she considers as her 'own'. The interpretive ethnographic findings illustrate a close association exists between tourism and ethnic identity amongst the Pakistani diaspora. The research findings show understandings of tourism in the Pakistani community are predominately based upon journeys to the ancestral homeland. The three main motivations for retuming to Pakistan are for purposes of reunification, diasporic networking and preservation of a Pakistani ethnic identity. Migration is a key factor influencing post-migration tourism mobilities of the Pakistani diaspora to Pakistan. The tourism journey to Pakistan is held as being fundamental for the confirmation of a Pakistani ethnic identity and establishing a collective sense of 'Pakistaniness' with the local and global Pakistani diaspora. The research findings indicate several barriers to travel exist in the Pakistani community, which restrict the tourism mobilities of the Pakistanis to tourism places other than the ancestral homeland. The research study concludes that across all generations the meanings of tourism, motivations to travel, the importance of the history of migration and the impact of the return visit bring to the forefront matters of identity and belonging. These issues give rise to evolving questions of identity in terms of what it is to be a Pakistani and a British Pakistani in Pakistan and Britain, which subsequently affect attitudes to travel, tourism experiences and patterns of behaviour. The research contributes to furthering the understanding of the role of tourism in diasporic and ethnic communities, theoretically comprehending the role of tourism as an actor in identity formation and developing methodological practice for analysing the relationship between tourism and identity. Suggestions for future research are proposed to investigate the tourism mobilities of the Pakistani diaspora in Britain and in other global diasporic communities.

Le tourisme fait l’objet de multiples recherches en géographie. Dans ce contexte général, notre thèse envisage et propose de réaliser une relecture de ce phénomène en investissant le champ des représentations issues du tourisme, en analysant et décryptant l’image touristique de la destination croate (image fantasmée et stéréotypée du touriste ou encore image promue par les organismes officiels croates). La destination croate retrouve, en effet, un certain renom depuis la fin de la guerre qui a sévi en ex-Yougoslavie (1991-1998) : elle est le théâtre d’un développement important depuis une décennie. Il s’agit ici d’examiner à la fois le phénomène de crise touristique, en en cernant tant les facteurs la justifiant que ceux qui ont permis au tourisme d’être redynamisé et, en particulier, en montrant l’impact de la promotion touristique après en avoir défini les acteurs et cherché à connaître sa (ou ses) finalité(s).Pour ce faire, un cadre méthodologique a été déterminé (première partie) : grâce à une démarche hypothético-déductive classique et en s’appuyant sur la comparaison entre les faits touristiques (étudiés par le biais des statistiques, des observations de terrain ou des enquêtes auprès des touristes) et les images de la promotion touristique croate (vue au travers de documents promotionnels de l’Office du Tourisme Croate mais également du discours de nombreux guides et articles consacrés à la Croatie). Nous avons donc construit notre étude en partant d’observations empiriques et en cherchant à confirmer ou infirmer nos hypothèses de travail, notamment celle basée sur le dévoiement de l’image marketing en une image instrumentalisée. La problématique a, en effet, été orientée vers la notion d’ « image » touristique. Notre recherche tendra, avant tout, à comprendre les mécanismes de la construction de l’image de la Croatie liée au tourisme. Se pose donc, inévitablement, la problématique de l’adéquation entre la réalité et les discours qui sont tenus sur elle. Notre posture de thèse pose le principe que la dialectique entre représentation et réalité - touristique et territoriale croate - n’est pas du seul ressort commercial : d’autres logiques, que nous considérons comme du domaine de la construction identitaire, peuvent intervenir nous amenant à penser que l’image promue est, consciemment ou non, instrumentalisée.Pour mener à bien cette analyse de l’image, une connaissance approfondie du tourisme (ou des faits constatés et scientifiquement énoncés) nous a paru une approche préliminaire indispensable. Ce moment incontournable de l’analyse permet une prise de distance, autrement dit une véritable objectivisation par rapport à l’analyse des représentations. Une première étape (deuxième partie) s’intéresse, grâce à l’exploitation de faits statistiques, au phénomène touristique en termes de flux mais également aux formes de tourisme. Nous montrons ainsi que la crise touristique, plus structurelle que conjoncturelle (c’est-à-dire plus liée à la transition du régime socialiste à une économie de marché qu’à la guerre de la fin de la Yougoslavie) a vite été dépassée grâce à une clientèle essentiellement européenne et à un tourisme quasi uniquement balnéaire. Ce rapide rattrapage peut être expliqué par de multiples facteurs (troisième partie) : les plus classiques sont mis en avant (climat méditerranéen, forte capacité d’hébergement sur le littoral, proximité des foyers classiquement émetteurs en Europe, voire certains a priori favorables concernant la Croatie). Mais, contrairement à l’idée préconçue et souvent relayée par les médias, nous insistons sur la place et sur le rôle de l’histoire du développement touristique de la région en soulignant que le tourisme actuel, tant en termes d’infrastructures que de clientèles, est le résultat de nombreux héritages issus de périodes précédentes (fin du XIXème siècle et époque yougoslave) [...] / Tourism is the subject of many researches in geography. In this general context, our thesis deals with this phenomenon by investing the field of representations created by tourism, analyzing and interpreting the image of the Croatian tourist destination (dreamed image, stereotypical tourist image or promoted image – this last one created by the official Croatian organizations). The Croatian destination is, indeed, well known since the end of the war that raged in the former Yugoslavia (1991-1998): for a decade, it is actually the scene of an important tourism development. We want to examine the phenomenon of tourism crisis, identifying the factors that justify this crisis and those that have allowed tourism to be reactivated and, in particular, showing the impacts of tourism promotion after having defined its actors and its purposes.For this purpose, a methodological framework has been determined (first part): with a classic hypothetical-deductive reasoning, we have compared the tourism facts (analyzed with statistics, observations or surveys) with the images created by the Croatian tourism promotion (especially with the promotional materials of the Croatian Tourist Board but also with many guides and articles about Croatia). So we built our study on the basis of empirical observations, trying to prove or disprove our ideas, including the idea that the marketing image is a manipulated one. The main point of our research is to understand how the tourism image of Croatia is created. This raises inevitably the question of the adequacy between the reality and what is said about it. We want to explain that the principle of the dialectic between representation and reality - Croatian tourism - is not only dependent on business or marketing case: other logics appear, especially using the field of identity construction. With such a way of thinking, we can demonstrate that the promoted image is, consciously or not, exploited.To analyze the image, a perfect knowledge of tourism (or of scientifically established facts) is a preliminary and essential approach. This unavoidable time of the analysis must allow to know the facts and not only the representations. So the second part of our analysis is dedicated to the exploitation of statistical facts, to the tourism phenomenon in terms of flows but also of forms of tourism. We show that the tourism crisis, more structural than cyclical (that is to say, more related to the transition from a socialist to a market economy at the end of the war in Yugoslavia) was quickly overwhelmed because of the customers (mainly Europeans) and because of well-known sea resorts. This quick tourism development may be explained by many factors (Part three): the most traditional arguments are highlighted (a Mediterranean climate, high accommodation capacities on the coast, the proximity of the European customers). But, contrary to a preconceived idea that is often relayed by the media, we insist on the place and on the role of the history of tourism development in the region: according to us, the tourism in Croatia (in terms of infrastructure or of customers) is nowadays, the result of previous periods (late nineteenth century and Yugoslav period) [...]