Introduktion: Idag lever cirka 36,7 miljoner människor med hiv/aids världen över. Att ha diagnosen hiv/aids bidrar till både psykiskt och fysiskt lidande. För att god vård skall upplevas utgör vårdrelationen till sjuksköterskan en avgörande roll. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa hur patienter med hiv/aids upplever vårdrelationen med sjuksköterskan. Metod: Litteraturstudie. Sökning genomfördes i Cinahl och PubMed. 10 artiklar plockades ut efter urvalsprocess med kvalitetsgranskning. Artiklarnas resultat analyserades och samband identifierades som skapade kategorier. Resultat: Två huvudkategorier redovisas: Diskriminerande och Omsorgsfull, med tillhörande underkategorier till vardera. Upplevelsen av vårdrelationen med sjuksköterskan påverkar patienten beroende på om den är positiv eller negativ. Slutsats: Flertalet patienter upplevde vårdrelationen diskriminerande som kan ses genom att de uppfattade att sjuksköterskan bland annat uppvisade ovilja att vårda, respektlöshet och särbehandling. De tillfällen patienterna upplevde vårdrelationen som omsorgsfull var sjuksköterskan exempelvis kunnig, vänlig och emotionellt stöttande

Introduktion: HIV/AIDS orsakas av ett virus som kallas humant immunbristvirus, viruset är kroniskt och smittar via kroppsvätskor och blod. År 2015 levde 36,7 miljoner människor i världen med HIV. Sjukvårdspersonal har skyldighet att ge lika vård till alla patienter oavsett sjukdom. Attityder kan ändra eller skapa känslor, beteenden och tankegångar hos personer. Då sjuksköterskestudenter är framtidens vårdgivare är det viktigt att belysa attityderna. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa sjuksköterskestudenters attityder till omvårdnad av patienter med HIV/AIDS. Metod: Litteraturstudien grundades utifrån Polit och Becks (2012) niostegsmodell. Tio artiklar inkluderades i resultatet. Resultat: Tre huvudkategorier framkom: undvikande och vägran, empati samt vilja och ovilja. Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskestudenterna hade låg nivå av undvikande och vägran. Sjuksköterskestudenterna upplevde rädsla vid omvårdnad av patienter med HIV/AIDS. Sjuksköterskestudenterna visade hög vilja och empatiska tendenser då de hade attityden att alla patienter hade rätt till lika vård. Slutsats: Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskestudenter hade en hög nivå av empati och en låg nivå av undvikande. Undvikandet påverkades av risken att bli smittad samt stigmatisering. Rädslan av att bli smittad var hög, trots rädslan hade sjuksköterskestudenterna en hög nivå av vilja. Utmärkande för resultatet var att sjuksköterskestudenter vill, men vågar inte med anledning av rädslan.

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African American women represent one of the largest groups disproportionately living with and affected by HIV/AIDS yet African American women have largely been unrepresented in the federal-state rehabilitation system. As pharmaceutical treatment options improve and individuals with HIV/AIDS are living longer and healthier lives, research exploring the appropriateness of rehabilitation services has increased. Accordingly, it has become more necessary to address the needs of this population. As the largest service provider for people with disabilities, the state-federal rehabilitation system has the potential to be a vital resource for African American women living with HIV/AIDS. The purpose of this study is to identify and examine variables related to and predictive of the utilization of rehabilitative services among a sample of African American women living with HIV/AIDS in the United States who volunteered to complete the National Working Positive Coalition - Vocational Development and Employment Needs Survey (NWPC-VDENS). The sample for this study was 313 African American women living with HIV/AIDS who were recruited from AIDS service organizations and national networks throughout the United States. Participants voluntarily completed the NWPC - VDENS, which explored their needs in the areas of education, training, employment, and health. The behavioral model for vulnerable populations was utilized as a framework to organize and examine predisposing, enabling and need constructs as they related to the utilization of rehabilitative services among African American women living with HIV/AIDS. This study used descriptive, bivariate and binary hierarchical logistic regression statistical analyses to determine the extent to which the constructs were predictive of the use of vocational rehabilitative services. The bivariate analyses produced no statistically significant differences between users and non-users of vocational rehabilitation services for either the predisposing or need variables. Three enabling characteristics, receipt of income benefits, knowledge of services, and reasonable access were all found to have statistical significance in the bivariate analyses. At least one variable from each construct was statistically significant in the regression model. Receipt of income benefits and knowledge of rehabilitation services were found to be predictive of the utilization of vocational rehabilitation services. Study findings framed from previous research, study limitations, implications, and recommendations for future research were acknowledged.

Master of Public Health - MPH / Background: Globally, it is estimated that about 1.8 million adolescents (aged 10–19 years) were living with HIV in 2015. In Kenya an estimated 133,455 adolescents were living with HIV in 2015, of which 75% (105,679) were in need of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Among adolescents on ART in 2016, 63% reported viral suppression; which is far below the UNAIDS targets of 90%. Viral suppression (having less than 1000 copies of viral RNA/ml of blood) is a key indicator of HIV treatment success, and is associated with better quality of life and reductions in HIV incidence at a population level. Homabay County recorded the highest HIV prevalence (26%) and the highest number of adolescents living with HIV in Kenya (15,323) in 2015. By the end of June 2017 5,709 adolescents were initiated on ART in Homabay County. Despite the successes in initiating HIV positive adolescents on ART, little is known about the factors that are associated with viral suppression. The current study investigated the factors associated with viral suppression among adolescents initiated on ART before November 30, 2017 in Homabay County, Kenya. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 925 adolescents registered on ART for at least 6 months and with at least one documented viral load in the last 12 months, in six health facilities in Homabay County. Data was extracted from the electronic medical records and exported into an excel spreadsheet. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated to viral suppression using Stata 12.0.

When HIV/AIDS first emerged from the shadows decades ago, few people could visualise how the epidemic would evolve, and fewer still could describe with any certainty the best ways of combating it. Today, we know from experience that the impact of HIV/AIDS thrives in conditions of socio-economic vulnerability and inequity. We are witnessing how HIV/AIDS is devastating regions, widening the gap between the rich and the poor, pushing the already stigmatised groups further away and destroying the sustainability of communities and their development conditions. The burden lies on local governments, National as well as regional authorities to take a more proactive role in confronting the pandemic and to prioritise activities geared towards the prevention of the spread of the disease. To fight poverty is to promote human development thus broadening people’s choices. This research project assesses the current practices that Johannesburg government has taken as an appropriate strategy to fight HIV/AIDS in Informal Settlements using the Human Development Strategy. Assessing the appropriateness of Human Development Strategy, an Informal Settlement named Sol Plaatjies, which is situated in Region 5 of Johannesburg, is used as a case study. The appropriateness of this strategy is measured against its ability to reduce the effects that are brought about by the HIV/AIDS since this strategy has been implemented in Sol Plaatjies.

Student Number : 0205732P - MA research report - Faculty of Humanities / In the only national study of HIV/AIDS prevalence rates in South Africa, using racial groups as categories of analysis, it was found that 6.2% of White South Africans are HIV positive (Nelson Mandela/HSRC, 2002). This prevalence is higher than in ‘White’ populations in other countries (Nelson Mandela/HSRC, 2002). This high prevalence rate amongst white South Africans, though researched and published, appears to be unknown amongst white schoolteachers. Those armed with this knowledge, the media and prevention campaigns, seem to perpetuate the stereotypical image that HIV/AIDS is a ‘Black’ disease. This perception, evident amongst the schoolteachers interviewed, seems to stem from the personal experiences that the teachers have had, the social encounters experienced, as well as the prejudices created about Black people throughout colonial and apartheid times. Promiscuity is considered as the number one reason why the spread of HIV/AIDS has been so rampant in South Africa. Therefore, Black people are not only perceived as being promiscuous, but HIV positive. Due to the fact that respondents seem to make a natural connection between HIV/AIDS and race, emphasis must be placed on White South Africans, in order to aid in the dispelling of false and potentially fatal misconceptions. A false sense of security does exist amongst the white schoolteachers interviewed. A large majority did not perceive themselves, their family or friends, as being at risk of HIV/AIDS infection. However, cognizance must be taken of the fact that this perception has not merely been thought up at random, it is the product of a racialized past.

The main objective of this study was to explore the perceptions of health care, and social services professionals on the psychosocial impact of African rural families. The research questions addressed were, the impact of HIV/AIDS on rural families, the impact on affected others, how HIV/AIDS has changed definition of rural families’ structures and the coping strategies adopted by these families in coping with the psychosocial impact of HIV/AIDS. The data were collected from six participants namely; 4 health care and 2 social services professionals who had an experience of 8 years dealing directly with families affected by the epidemic. This was an exploratory study and the measure used was semi-structured interview using open-ended questions to allow participants to reflect on their experiences as well as allowing the researcher to explore any areas that seemed necessary. The main results of the study revealed that there is a relationship between poverty and HIV/AIDS. The study also revealed the detrimental effect of HIV/AIDS on women and children as well as how cultural beliefs might at times be an obstacle for the intervention programmes to be effective. The findings have implications for the health care and social services professionals dealing with affected families that more psychosocial support is needed. Recommendations for further research on more studies related to the results as well as implementations of intervention programmes were indicated.

One of the population groups most acutely infected and affected by HIV/AIDS are adolescent females. Coercive practices and gender inequalities have been cited as important determinants of women’s HIV risk. This research aims to explore adolescent girls’ understanding of their identity and heterosexual sexuality. In addition, this study intends to assess the implications that gendered powered relations held for understanding the risks and dilemmas that young women are confronted with in relation to HIV/AIDS contraction. This research presents the findings of a qualitative and quantitative study conducted using a self-constructed questionnaire that was administered to a purposive sample of adolescent girls aged 13-18. Content analysis is used to analyse the data, the aim being to extract themes as they emerged from the data. Some of the following themes were identified as significant in the girls’ responses: The physical changes that occur during adolescence were highlighted alongside the viewpoint that adolescence is a time of inconsistency and turmoil. Self-worth was closely linked and related to socially desirable characteristics, and in addition gendered behaviour was widely endorsed amongst these girls. Romantic relationships were an important component of these girls’ lives. However, many described their relationships as being less sexual and more emotional in nature. The awareness of sexual readiness and choice hold positive implications for HIV/AIDS. A common consensus existed regarding practicing safe sex and almost all respondents agreed that the onset of sexual intercourse should be postponed until the age of 18 years or older. It appeared that although adhering to feminine stereotyped behaviour could be protective in the sense that it may result in less risky sexual engagement, it however, was also apparent that it could render females less powerful within their heterosexual relationships, thereby increasing their vulnerability to HIV infection. Although only a small proportion of the respondents experienced being forced into a sexual encounter against their will, an underlying fear of sexual coercion or threat nevertheless, emerged. It is concluded that sex education should engage with gender-stereotyped behaviour especially during early and middle adolescence when identities are being formed and developed.

Abstract Throughout history, many diseases have carried considerable stigma, including leprosy tuberculosis, cancer, mental illness and many STDs. Now HIV/AIDS is the topmost in the list of diseases that leads to devastating patient stigmatization. Despite international efforts to tackle HIV/AIDS, stigma and discrimination remain among the most poorly understood aspects of the epidemic. In the face of numerous intervention strategies, HIV/AIDS continues to spread and to pose a threat to the socio-economic transformation of South Africa. The broad objective of this study was to investigate how the stigmatisation of HIV-Positive women is made manifest and look at how successful the National Association of people living with HIV/AIDS (NAPWA) in South Africa has been in achieving their objectives and goals of changing the perceptions people have about HIV/AIDS and creating awareness about the debilitating effect stigmatisation has in the society, especially when it viciously targets HIV-positive women. A case study approach was used to examine the experiences of HIV/AIDS infected/affected women and NAPWA administrators. Methods used in the collection of data were self-administered questionnaires, participant observation and archival evidence in the form of documents. Through these methods, the study investigated ways in which the stigmatisation of HIV-positive women was made manifest, the role of NAPWA in fighting HIV/AIDS stigmatisation, how successful NAPWA has been in the fight against the stigmatisation of people infected and affected by HIV/AIDS in South Africa, challenges faced by NAPWA in the fight against HIV stigmatisation and discrimination, weaknesses of NAPWA and what impact all these have in the spread of HIV/AIDS. The research results show that HIV-positive women suffer stigmatisation and that; organisations of people living with HIV/AIDS (e.g. NAPWA-SA) play a major role in eradicating the stigma attached to HIV/AIDS. It also suggests that APWAs in effect help to reduce the spread of the disease and prolong the life span of those infected by it. All this not withstanding, the study also discovered that APWAs like NAPWA-SA need the support of government and stakeholders in South Africa to fully implement their strategies and programmes geared towards reducing stigma and the spread of HIV/AIDS.