This thesis explores the effect that nationalism had on the spread of communism to Vietnam and Cuba during the first half of the twentieth century. Using a case studies approach to analyze the revolution of Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam and Fidel Castro in Cuba, the thesis seeks to determine the extent to which nationalism directed these revolutions and their turn to communism once assuming power. The study examines the conditions that existed in each country that allowed for a nationalist revolution to be successful, and the beliefs and rhetoric of Ho Chi Minh and Fidel Castro, the primary figures of each revolution. The thesis seeks to add to the research conducted on the power that nationalism had in the Third World from the early 1900s to 1960, and it wishes to contribute to the factors that must be considered by foreign policy makers when pursuing military action or nation-building abroad. The research shows that nationalism played a significant role in bringing communism to Vietnam and Cuba, yet due to the difficulty in measuring a core human feeling like nationalism, other factors cannot be discounted. / Master of Arts

Participatory Action Research (PAR) was carried out to improve educational practices and environmental sustainability in an International School in Vietnam by undertaking two cycles of PAR to determine how the school community could use paper on a more sustainable basis. The methodology included sorting paper and encouraging the reuse of paper. Practices related to computer printing, report writing and newsletter production were also investigated. Changes in the school community, in terms of accepting responsibility and demonstrating changed attitudes and behaviours, were measured. The school community demonstrated greater awareness, increased responsibility and more action competence. Critical awareness of unsustainable practices increased. Individuals were able to effect change, but it is recommended that such actions should be institutionalised for such changes to be sustainable. Limitations and recommendations emphasise the need for continuing PAR to implement sustainability. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Environmental Education)

Participatory Action Research (PAR) was carried out to improve educational practices and environmental sustainability in an International School in Vietnam by undertaking two cycles of PAR to determine how the school community could use paper on a more sustainable basis. The methodology included sorting paper and encouraging the reuse of paper. Practices related to computer printing, report writing and newsletter production were also investigated. Changes in the school community, in terms of accepting responsibility and demonstrating changed attitudes and behaviours, were measured. The school community demonstrated greater awareness, increased responsibility and more action competence. Critical awareness of unsustainable practices increased. Individuals were able to effect change, but it is recommended that such actions should be institutionalised for such changes to be sustainable. Limitations and recommendations emphasise the need for continuing PAR to implement sustainability. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Environmental Education)

Depuis la Réforme économique en 1986, Hô Chi Minh-ville (HCMV) et particulièrement son centre (correspondant à l'ancienne Saigon) connaissent un boom de la construction, dans lequel les interventions du secteur privé jouent un rôle primordial. Or, Saigon, désormais partie de la métropole du Sud du Vietnam, possède un cadre bâti riche, formé par les modes de construction résultant d'une accumulation de cultures urbaines variées qui ont chacune laissé dans la ville leurs traces matérielles ; mais cet espace urbain complexe se trouve aujourd'hui mis en question par l'intense mouvement de construction que les institutions d'urbanisme vietnamiennes avec leurs outils (plans et projets d'urbanisme, documents législatifs et administratifs, programmes urbaines) semblent avoir peine à maîtriser. L'étude des mutations urbaines de cet espace à partir de leurs acteurs et vecteurs conduit cette recherche à une confrontation des outils d'urbanisme à leurs effets sur les transformations typo-morphologiques introduites par les initiatives privées dans le centre de HCMV, à travers l'histoire de sa construction urbaine depuis l'époque coloniale jusqu'à nos jours / Since the Economic Reform in 1986, Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) and its center (corresponding to the ancient Saigon) have in particular experienced a boom in construction, in which the private sector plays the key role. In addition, the city of Saigon, now part of the metropolis of south of Vietnam, has a rich urban structure formed by methods of construction which result from an accumulation of various urban cultures, each of them leaving material traces - a complex urban space now challenged by intense movement of construction which the Vietnamese planning institutions with their tools (plans and urban projects, legislative and administrative documents, urban programs) have not been effective in controlling. By studying the urban change of this space through its actors and vectors, this research leads us to a comparison of planning tools and their effects on the typo-morphological transformations introduced by private initiatives in the center of HCMC, through its history of urban construction since the colonial period until today

<p>Self care is very important for patients with diabetes type 2, as it can reduce complications. A proper and functioning self-care requires, clear and relevant information and instructions from the health care givers. <strong>Aim:</strong> The purpose of this study was to investigate the self care activities of patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 in Ho Chi Minh City and compare these between genders. <strong>Research questions: </strong>How do patients with diabetes mellitus type 2, in Ho Chi Minh City, practice self care activities (diet, exercise, blood sugar test, foot care, smoking, medication and self-care recommendation)?<strong> </strong>Are there any differences between genders concerning these self-care activities? <strong>Method: </strong>A descriptive and comparative cross-section design with a quantitative method was used. Dorothea Orem's theoretical framework was also used. The data was collected at the Department of Endocrinology and the Endocrinology Clinic, Choray hospital, in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. It was 100 participants who answered a questionnaire about their diabetes self-care activities. <strong>Results: </strong>Most of the participants had a good self-care of their diabetes type 2. A majority of the participants had got several self-care recommendations from their health-care givers concerning diet, exercise, medication and blood-glucose control. It was a significant difference between gender in favour for the male gender concerning the statements high fat food, participating in 30 minutes of exercise, check inside the shoes, dry between toes, counselling about stop smoking, tried herbal medicine as medication.<strong> </strong><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The diabetes type 2 patients in Ho Chi Minh City need to get more information about self-care concerning blood-glucose, diet and exercise. Both genders need to adopt a healthy lifestyle into their daily life to reduce the risk of developing diabetes complications.</p> / <p>Egenvården är mycket viktig för patienter med diabetes typ 2, eftersom den kan minska komplikationer. En optimal och väl fungerande egenvård kräver tydlig och relevant information och instruktioner från vårdpersonalen. <strong>Syfte:</strong> Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka egenvårdsaktiviteter hos patienter med diabetes mellitus typ 2 i Ho Chi Minh City och jämföra dessa mellan kön. <strong>Frågeställningar:</strong> Hur utför patienter med diabetes mellitus typ 2 i Ho Chi Minh City sina egenvårds aktiviteter (kost, motion, blodsocker test, fotvård, rökning, läkemedel och egenvårds rekommendationer)? Finns det någon skillnad mellan könen beträffande dessa egenvårdsaktiviteter? <strong>Metod:</strong> En beskrivande och jämförande tvärsnitts studie med kvantitativ metod har använts. Dorothea Orems egenvårdsteori har även använts. Data samlades in vid Institutionen för Endokrinologi och endokrinologi kliniken på Choray hospital, i Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Det var 100 deltagare som besvarade ett frågeformulär med frågor om diabetes egenvårds aktiviteter. <strong>Resultat:</strong> De flesta deltagare hade en god egenvård av sin diabetes typ 2. En majoritet av deltagarna hade fått flera egenvårds rekommendationer från sin vårdgivare om kost, motion och medicinering. Det var en signifikant skillnad mellan könen med fördel för männen angående påståendena gällande fettrik mat, deltagande i 30 minuters träning, kontrollera insidan av skorna, torka mellan tårna, rådgivning om att sluta röka samt provat naturläkemedel som medicinering. <strong>Slutsats</strong>: Diabetes typ 2 patienter i Ho Chi Minh City behöver få mer information om egenvård av blodglukos, mat och fysisk träning. Båda könen behöver få en hälsosammare livsstil i sin vardag för att minska risken för komplikationer.</p>

Self care is very important for patients with diabetes type 2, as it can reduce complications. A proper and functioning self-care requires, clear and relevant information and instructions from the health care givers. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the self care activities of patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 in Ho Chi Minh City and compare these between genders. Research questions: How do patients with diabetes mellitus type 2, in Ho Chi Minh City, practice self care activities (diet, exercise, blood sugar test, foot care, smoking, medication and self-care recommendation)? Are there any differences between genders concerning these self-care activities? Method: A descriptive and comparative cross-section design with a quantitative method was used. Dorothea Orem's theoretical framework was also used. The data was collected at the Department of Endocrinology and the Endocrinology Clinic, Choray hospital, in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. It was 100 participants who answered a questionnaire about their diabetes self-care activities. Results: Most of the participants had a good self-care of their diabetes type 2. A majority of the participants had got several self-care recommendations from their health-care givers concerning diet, exercise, medication and blood-glucose control. It was a significant difference between gender in favour for the male gender concerning the statements high fat food, participating in 30 minutes of exercise, check inside the shoes, dry between toes, counselling about stop smoking, tried herbal medicine as medication. Conclusion: The diabetes type 2 patients in Ho Chi Minh City need to get more information about self-care concerning blood-glucose, diet and exercise. Both genders need to adopt a healthy lifestyle into their daily life to reduce the risk of developing diabetes complications. / Egenvården är mycket viktig för patienter med diabetes typ 2, eftersom den kan minska komplikationer. En optimal och väl fungerande egenvård kräver tydlig och relevant information och instruktioner från vårdpersonalen. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka egenvårdsaktiviteter hos patienter med diabetes mellitus typ 2 i Ho Chi Minh City och jämföra dessa mellan kön. Frågeställningar: Hur utför patienter med diabetes mellitus typ 2 i Ho Chi Minh City sina egenvårds aktiviteter (kost, motion, blodsocker test, fotvård, rökning, läkemedel och egenvårds rekommendationer)? Finns det någon skillnad mellan könen beträffande dessa egenvårdsaktiviteter? Metod: En beskrivande och jämförande tvärsnitts studie med kvantitativ metod har använts. Dorothea Orems egenvårdsteori har även använts. Data samlades in vid Institutionen för Endokrinologi och endokrinologi kliniken på Choray hospital, i Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Det var 100 deltagare som besvarade ett frågeformulär med frågor om diabetes egenvårds aktiviteter. Resultat: De flesta deltagare hade en god egenvård av sin diabetes typ 2. En majoritet av deltagarna hade fått flera egenvårds rekommendationer från sin vårdgivare om kost, motion och medicinering. Det var en signifikant skillnad mellan könen med fördel för männen angående påståendena gällande fettrik mat, deltagande i 30 minuters träning, kontrollera insidan av skorna, torka mellan tårna, rådgivning om att sluta röka samt provat naturläkemedel som medicinering. Slutsats: Diabetes typ 2 patienter i Ho Chi Minh City behöver få mer information om egenvård av blodglukos, mat och fysisk träning. Båda könen behöver få en hälsosammare livsstil i sin vardag för att minska risken för komplikationer.

Introduction: Previous research shows that knowledge and practice was low in type 2 diabetes patients and that women had better practice/self-care than men. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge and practices regarding foot-care among patients with type 2 diabetes in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, and also investigate if there was any difference between genders in knowledge and practicing of foot care. Method: This study was a descriptive and cross-sectional design with quantitative method. The data was collected at the out-patient clinic of the University Medical Center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam and 100 patients participated voluntarily to answer questionnaire. Orem’s self-care theory was used as theoretical framework. Data were analysed by using statistics. Result: The result shows that more than 70% of the patients had good knowledge of foot care and no significant differences between the genders in the knowledge. Their foot care practices were various. There was significant difference between men and women about using a hot water bottle or heating pad on the feet, and more women than men did. For type of shoes, there were differences between genders in wearing broad, round toes and shoes made of leather or canvas, and more men than women did. Conclusion: The knowledge of foot care was good, but the practice of foot care was low. There was not found any significant difference between the genders in knowledge, but some differences in the foot care practices.  More information about foot care is needed to prevent complications with type 2 diabetes. / Introduktion: Tidigare forsknings resultat visar att kunskapen om egenvård och utförande av fotvård hos patienter med diabetes typ 2 var låg. Kvinnorna var dock bättre på att utföra egenvården än männen. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka kunskapen och utförandet av egenvård hos patienter med diabetes typ 2 i Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, samt att undersöka om det fanns några skillnader mellan män och kvinnor i kunskapen om egenvård inom fotvård samt dess utförande. Metod: För att undersöka detta gjordes en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie med hjälp av enkäter. Det var 100 patienter på en mottagning vid University Medical Center, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, som deltog frivilligt. Orems egenvård teori användes som teoretiskt ramverk i detta arbete. Data analyserades av statistik. Resultat: Resultatet i denna studie påvisar att mer än 70 % av patienternas visade god kunskap och inga signifikanta skillnader fanns mellan kvinnor och män gällande kunskapsnivån.  Utförandes av fotvården visade sig dock vara varierande och det fanns signifikanta skillnader mellan kvinnor och män gällande fotvården. Kvinnor använde sig oftare av varma pads och flaskor på deras fötter än vad männen gjorde. Kvinnor och män använde också olika typer av skor. Männen använde oftare breda skor med rundad tå, skor av läder eller canvas skor än vad kvinnorna gjorde. Slutsats: Kunskapen om fotvård hos diabetes patienter i Ho Chi Minh City var god, dock var utförandet av fotvården varierande i denna studie. Det visades ingen signifikant skillnad mellan kvinnor och män angående kunskapsnivån, dock fanns det skillnader angående utförandet av fotvården. Det behövs fortsatt information om fotvård för att patienter med typ 2 diabetes ska förhindra komplikationer

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

The Vietnamese people have always harboured an extraordinarily strong patriotic drive. But the government formed by Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969) after the Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) on the 2nd September 1945, the group that was to represent majority Vietnamese opinion until and after 1975, was spearheaded by the Vietminh (League for Vietnam's Independence) - a movement that did not define itself as Nationalist, but rather as an expressly Communist group. When the people of Vietnam looked for leadership, this was the obvious group to choose - the only movement prepared and willing to step in (other, more nationalist resistance groups had prematurely flourished and failed, as shall be discussed). In the Vietnam that found itself suddenly free at the close of the Second World War, no other lobby was ready, no group presented itself nationally as the Communists were and did. The Liberation Army that seized control of town after town was the military arm of the Viet Minh, formed in 1944 under Vo Nguyen Giap (b. 1912), an element of a movement that published its manifesto in February 1930, that had begun preparation and ideological training in the late 1920's in Guangzhou under Ho Chi Minh. Given the long preparation carried out by the Vietminh, the progression to the declaration of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam as a Communist nation with Ho at its head was a natural one. Whilst that development seems logical given the conditions of the day, the manner in which those conditions were reached (or manipulated) has been the subject of intense debate. Was that natural progression one in which the ideologists of Communist revolution 'captured' the Nationalist movement, exploited a nationalistic fervour to produce the desired revolt, using the front of the Viet Minh to blend their esoteric dogmas with the more easily understood nationalist cause of resistance? This is a perception held by many modern historians - that, in effect, Communists are the parasites of the modernization process. This attitude was and is encouraged by examination of advice given to Asian revolutionaries by their Soviet counterparts; Grigori Zinoviev (1833-1936) - later to die by Stalin's order - argued in 1922 that Communists should co-operate with the rising nationalists in Asia, gain the leadership of their movement, and then cast aside the genuine national leaders. For by itself, the tiny Indochina Communist Party could never have hoped to attract the support of politically engaged Vietnamese, let alone the hearts and minds of the nation at large. This is the essence of the currently accepted analysis of the revolutionary Vietnamese setting - that the Communist lobby exploited a majority furious with the abuses of French rule, sliding Communism into a dominant role in Vietnamese life. The majority of people had not fought for a communist government, but to be rid of the colonial occupying power. Such a perception, as shall be discussed, is representative of the Western reading of the whole Southeast Asian region of the day. The Vietnamese people were accustomed to the use of violence to protect their independence; perennial opposition to expansionist China meant that few peoples in Asia had been compelled to fight longer and harder to retain their identity as a separate and independent state than the Vietnamese. Whilst the ability and commitment of the Vietcong in resistance to outside power has been recognised, the strong sense of Vietnamese identity in and of itself has never really been acknowledged beyond the most simplistic of terms by external observers, perhaps because of the difficulty of comprehending how such an emotion can form when looking at the odd shape of the nation on a map. Such a lack of awareness allows supposed Vietnam specialists to assert that the dominant Vietnamese self-assessment is the extent to which the country is not Chinese (and, to a lesser extent, not French) rather than entering into a more significant analysis of how a national identity formed: how, whilst certainly influenced by feelings of encirclement and domination, Vietnam also developed a separate, distinct sense of self. This, whilst a sense that has only relatively recently manifested itself in territorial demands, is a longstanding emotion and sense, in and of itself. Given an understanding of that sense or merely an awareness of its existence, the willingness of the Vietnamese to combat the most powerful nation on Earth, though certainly impressive, needs little explanation; this work has attempted to explore a more difficult question - why they chose the dogma that served them. The idea that the majority of the Vietnamese people had not fought for a communist government, but to be rid of the colonial occupying power is in truth the presentation of a false dichotomy. The fact that a group within a broad movement participates for different reasons from another group does not necessarily imply exploitation or pretense. Neither does the fact that one has a strong political ideology such as socialism forbid the possession of any other political inclination, such as patriotism. The concept of a socialist exploitation of Vietnamese nationalism will be opposed here: a discussion of the disputed importance of nationalism to the Vietnamese Communist movement in resistance, and of Communism to the nationalist movement, will form the subject of this essay. The unity of Vietnam under Communist government in 1975 seems a fitting end to the period to be considered. Much of interest - the politics behind partition, or the Communist-led conduct of war with America, for example - can be considered only briefly; fortunately, these are issues considered in great depth elsewhere. The central issue to this work shall be the development of the Communist movement in French Indochina, and the thesis herein shall be that nationalism and Marxist-Leninism occupied a symbiotic relationship in the motivation of the Communist movement and its chief practitioners in the nation once again known as Vietnam.

Brands have become valuable assets that play a central role in differentiating the products and services to catch the attention of the customers. This research examines the significance of branding strategies for companies’ growth and survival. For this paper, models and theories from previous researches are used to give an in-depth understanding of the different brand strategies and SMEs. The data was collected through qualitative interviews with 10 companies of which five were conducted in Kampala, Uganda and the other five were in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. Although SMEs play a significant role in economic development, they are facing challenges of building brands due to the scarce resources. Financing was shown among the key prohibitions to brand establishment. The research identifies the need for SMEs to adapt branding strategies. Research findings pointed out the benefits of brand recognition in both countries. The respondents indicated that brand communication was an effective tool in creating brand recognition in SMEs. Also price, quality, innovation, and a clear vision among others are enabling factors for building strong brands.