Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University, 1996. / Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Robert Pace. Dissertation Committee: Harold Abeles. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-110).

Ce mémoire de maîtrise analyse la parole des journalistes italiennes sur leurs conditions de vie dans la presse féminine durant la période fasciste de 1922 à 1937. Sur la base de trois publications, l’Almanacco della donna italiana, La Donna Italiana : rivista mensile di lettere, scienze, arti e movimento sociale femminile et Il Giornale della donna, qui deviendra, en 1935, La Donna Fascista, cette étude cherche à démontrer que la maternité, l’emploi et les loisirs sont tous des éléments présents dans les discours et qu’ils sont abordés ouvertement. Selon les événements qui ont jalonné le pays cette période, comme l’assassinat de Matteotti ou les changements dans les lois du travail, il est possible de remarquer une évolution de certains points de vue féminins. Les femmes utilisent alors plusieurs lieux communs de leur époque pour faire part de leurs idées. Les paramètres du régime, tels que la maternité imposée et le cadre idéologique fasciste, leur permettent de justifier les rôles et services auxquels elles prétendent. La division genrée de la société leur donne l’opportunité s’attribuer des tâches, entre autres dans les emplois. Enfin, les canons imposés par l’idéologie comme celui de la donna-madre justifie certaines actions physiques ou spirituelles telles que les loisirs. Ainsi, malgré la répression de la liberté d’expression sous le régime de Benito Mussolini, les femmes bénéficient d’une certaine latitude dans leurs propos, qui ont la particularité d’être écrits pour leurs semblables. S’inscrivant dans la branche de l’histoire du genre, ce mémoire témoigne de la parole des femmes dans un milieu totalitaire. Pour se faire, les publications sélectionnées ont été étudiées par une analyse statistique d’abord, pour relever les sujets et les auteurs communs, et une analyse comparative des numéros a ensuite permis de démontrer les similarités et différences du traitements entre les sujets. / This master’s thesis analyses Italian women discourses on their living conditions in the feminine press during the fascist era, from 1922 to 1937. On the basis of three publications, l’Almanacco della donna italiana, La Donna Italiana: rivista mensile di lettere, scienze, arti e movimento sociale femminile and Il Giornale della donna, which will become, in 1935, La Donna Fascista, this study tries to demonstrate that maternity, employment and leisure are all present in the discourses, and that they have been written about openly. It is possible to note an evolution of the feminine points of view with the different events happening at the time, like Matteotti’s assassination and the new work legislation. Journalists share their ideas with multiple techniques. They use the parameters of the fascist regime to justify the role and services to which they pretend, as well as the gendered society division to self-assign some tasks and the ideals carried by the ideology to justify points of view. Therefore, despite freedom of expression restrictions during Benito Mussolini’s regime, women do have some latitude in the discourses related to their living condition, which have the particularity of being written strictly for a female audience. This thesis demonstrates the particularities of women’s discourses in a totalitarian society. To do so, the publication selection has been studied by statistical analysis first to seek out common subjects and journalists, and then by comparative analysis to demonstrate similarities and differences in the topics’ treatment.

Cheung Yuk Man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-137). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / List of Figures and Note --- p.iv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Overview / Literature Review / Methodology / Chapter Chapter 2 --- "Background study: Meanings of life, work, and railway hobby in Japan" --- p.25 / Introduction / Meanings of life in Japan: Past and present / The possibility of finding an authentic ikigai: Hobby in Japan / General background of railway hobby and hobbyists in Japan / Conclusion: Justifying railway hobby as a legitimate ikigai / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Making sense of self: Relationship between work and hobby among different salaried men --- p.44 / Introduction / The loss of vocation: The impossibility to find an ideal job for railway hobbyists / The burden of prestige: Elite salarymen who must always focus on their work / Seeking a place for self: Different ways to maintain identity as hobbyists / Working alone: An ideal workplace for hobbyists? / Conclusion: Towards a common mentality of railway hobbyists / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Hobby as ikigai outside and inside of company --- p.65 / Introduction / Dealing with institutional rules: Crafting one's own time without violating rules / Power via peer support: Getting accepted among colleagues and superiors / Finding a place of self and for ikigai in everyday life / "Conclusion: Asserting a space for self in a ""groupist"" world of work" / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Negotiating ikigai as hobby within the family --- p.90 / Introduction / Difficulties and possibilities for hobbyists to find partners / Negotiating between wife and trains: From ideals to realities / Problems and issues in family life: From unification to separation / Conclusion: Searching for a self beyond the private sphere of family / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.111 / A lifelong journey for the hobby / Meanings of hobby among hobbyists / A possible trend in the future: Enjoying oneself alone / Appendix --- p.122 / Bibliography --- p.124

The thesis deals with the perception of different leisure time opportunities for younger school children in the city and in the village. The theoretical part describes leisure time,its functions, various definitions and different concepts of free time. Specifies younger school age and leisure time for children and youth. She also devotes herself to school and extracurricular leisure facilities.The practical part contains a survey using questionnaires that were distributed to the children of the junior school in the town and the village. The questionnaires concerned how children spend their free time, but above all how they perceive their leisure time. The conclusion of the practical part includes the evaluation of the questionnaire survey and evaluation of the research assumptions.

Notre thèse aborde la conjonction entre trois thématiques que les recherches et les acteurs de terrain excluent souvent mutuellement : les jeunes, le milieu rural, les pratiques culturelles et de loisir. Notre problématique est de comprendre comment les pratiques culturelles des jeunes ruraux d'une part, et la recomposition des territoires ruraux au Sud du Brésil d'autre part, s'influencent réciproquement. Les premières sont entendues comme la partie culturelle des pratiques développées par les jeunes durant leur temps libre et la seconde recouvre l'ensemble des éléments permettant d'évoquer une ressignification et une requalification profonde des territoires ruraux. Trois hypothèses sont testées : 1/ les pratiques culturelles sont mobilisées dans les expériences des jeunes ruraux comme une réponse à une crise multifactorielle des milieux ruraux ; 2/ chaque configuration spatiale et profil territorial influe sur les représentations, les moyens et les formes d'action des jeunes ; 3/ les territoires ruraux sud-brésiliens connaissent un processus de recomposition, dans lequel les rôles socio-économiques, culturels, politiques et symboliques des territoires ruraux sont modifiés par les usages de la jeunesse, en particulier par leurs pratiques culturelles.Leur migration vers les villes étant une préoccupation constante des acteurs locaux et des observateurs, les jeunes de 18 à 28 ans, qui sont restés ou allés vivre en milieu rural, sont l'objet principal de ce travail. La façon dont ces jeunes mettent en place et mobilisent leurs pratiques culturelles avec les contraintes imposées par les territoires ruraux sud-brésiliens choisis (manque d'infrastructures culturelles, difficultés pour la mobilité, pressions sociales, conflits de génération, problématique du genre), permet de comprendre comment elles influencent et sont influencées par les recompositions en cours sur ces mêmes territoires. Le Sud du Brésil possède une agriculture familiale forte, ainsi l'image et les fonctions attribuées aux espaces ruraux y ont rapidement évolué au cours des dernières décennies. Dans le même temps, si les pays développés misent sur la culture pour redéfinir leurs capitales et anciens bassins industriels, le rôle de la culture dans les espaces ruraux et agricoles, a fortiori ceux des pays émergents, est négligé. Pourtant, ces derniers se trouvent actuellement devant des choix de société incluant une recomposition des territoires ruraux, que les jeunes rencontrés envisagent comme des espaces de possible.Ce travail de géographie utilise principalement des méthodes de géographie sociale rurale (entretiens, cartographie des données) liées à celles de la sociologie qualitative (récits de vie, observation participante). D'un point de vue du terrain, la démarche comparative permet d'aborder la question de l'influence de certaines caractéristiques du territoire sur notre problématique, avec trois terrains différents, bien que tous situés dans la région Sud du Brésil (Rio Grande do Sul et Santa Catarina). La diversité ainsi que l'unité de problématique qui traverse ces trois territoires permet d'élaborer une typologie reliant les échelles d'appartenances des jeunes et la façon dont ils mobilisent les pratiques culturelles pour les alimenter. Ils ont tous dans leurs parcours de vie été confrontés au départ en ville, mais sont là et s'investissent dans la vie sociale de leurs communautés car elle est la raison de leur choix. Les pratiques culturelles qu'ils développent (théâtre, musique, danse, bals activités traditionnelles, telles que rodéos ou olympiades rurales), leur permettent de s'identifier à une ruralité toujours recomposée, recréée parfois, réinventée souvent. Les actions des mouvements sociaux, des politiques publiques, du secteur privé ou des associations dans ce domaine ont pour objectif de mobiliser les jeunes à des fins diverses. Les jeunes, quant à eux,souhaitent simplement mettre en place des alternatives pour s'approprier leurs lieux ... / This essay intends to point out the conjunction between three thematic areas that the research studies and the actors on the ground would both exclude : young people, rural area, hobbies and cultural practices. Our issue is to understand how both cultural practices of rural youth and the recomposition of rural territories in southern Brasil affect each other. The first are to be understood as the cultural component of young people practices in their spare time and the second covers all the elements leading to a resignification and a deep requalification of rural territories. Three assumptions are tested : 1/ cultural practices are used in the rural youth’s experiences as an answer to a multifactorial crisis of rural areas ; 2/ each spatial configuration and territorial profile influence the representations, the means and courses of action of the young people ; 3/ rural areas of southern Brasil are facing a process of recomposition in which socio-economic, cultural, political and symbolic parts of rural areas are changed by the customs of the young people, in particular by their cultural practices. Their migration to the cities being a constant concern of local players and observers, this work will focus on the young people from 18 to 28 years old who rather stayed or who went to live somewhere else in a rural area. The way in which these young people are setting up their cultural practices with the constraints imposed by rural areas of southern Brasil of their choice – lack of cultural infrastructure, difficulties in mobility, social pressure, generation conflicts, gender issues - provide a means for understanding how these constraints influence and are influenced by the recompositions in progress in these territories. Southern Brasil has a strong family farming and the image and fonctions attributed to rural areas have been evolving rapidly the last few decades. At the same time, if the developed countries are setting their sights on culture to redefine their capital cities and old industrial areas, the role of culture in rural and farming areas – especially those of emerging countries- is neglected. Yet, the latter are faced with societal choices which include a recomposition of rural areas targeted by the young people interviewed. This geographic work mainly uses social-rural geography methods - semi-structured interviews ; mapping data – linked to sociology methods – life stories, participant observation. From the field point of view, the comparative process brings us the essential question of the influence of some characteristics of the area on our issue. The focus was on three different fields – although all located in the southern region of Brasil being Rio Grande Do Sul and Santa Catarina. The diversity but also the common issue that are facing these three territories enable to create a typology bringing together the affiliation scales of young people and how they use cultural practices to nurture them. At different moments in their lives, they were all confronted with the option of moving to a city but they stayed here and play a part in the social life of their communities so important in their choice to stay. The cultural practices they develop -acting, playing music, dancing, balls, traditional activities such as rodeos or rural Olympiad – lead them to identify themselves to a rurality constantly recomposed, sometimes recreated, often reinvented. The actions of social mouvements, public policies, private sector, or associations in this field have the common goal of engaging the youth for multiple purposes. And as for young people, they simply wish to introduce alternatives to take over their living areas.

Pre-school age is a very important period for all children because at this time they gain most of their basic skills, knowledge, habits and experience. The fundamentals of their lifestyle and free time spending is made up in this period too. In my thesis I would like to highlight the big importance of leisure time education as the essential means of an art creativity development for pre-school children. In this work I specialize in an art creativity development in particular. My work is devided into two parts {--} the theoretical and the practical one. In the theoretical part I aim generally at the education and upbringing of pre-school children. Here I deal with children´s development of the aesthetic education, creativity and fantasy. I try to penetrate more into the world of children´s free time, interests and visual games. I also remembered to mention the children´s motivation and the necessity of a suitable setting for doing their free time activities. Further I give description on general rules of children´s development, their socialization and temperament. I shortly deal with the pedagogues´characters, their relation-ships to children and visual art and the way of their teaching as well. The core of my thesis is the second - practical part, in which all findings are demonstrated in the creative project About the air (O Vzduchu). The project should contribute to children´s development of positive approach to the nature and coun-tryside and to more prosperous emotional apprehension and experience. I try to use the features of an aesthetic, motoric, literary and dramatic education in all my project. In the thesis conclusion I state all results discovered in the course of the project implementation.

Les jeux d’argent sont aujourd’hui au cœur d’un débat de société. L’inquiétude qu’ils suscitent et la dangerosité qu’on leur confère se traduisent par la diffusion croissante dans les médias de discours relatifs à l’addiction. Progressivement reconnue depuis les années 80, celle-ci est significative : elle prouve que le jeu d’argent peut présenter de réelles menaces pour l’individu lorsqu’il est pratiqué avec excès. Cette dénonciation renoue avec les discours relatifs à ces pratiques sous l’Ancien Régime. Cependant, à cette époque, le jeu est essentiellement rejeté pour des raisons sociales et morales : outre de représenter un danger pour les familles, il pousse à négliger le travail et remet en cause l’ordre social établi. Entre cet « Ancien Régime » des jeux et la situation actuelle, un système transitoire a existé. En effet, entre 1836, date à laquelle une loi interdit formellement toutes les loteries, jusqu’en 1954, année de création du Tiercé, l’Etat ne cesse d’intervenir, légiférant en faveur du jeu d’argent. Cette période, qui correspond à une officialisation et à une banalisation des pratiques ludiques, est au cœur de ce travail. Il s’agit d’étudier les mutations réglementaires des jeux d’argent et les motivations qui y sont affiliées, et d’analyser les usages sociaux du temps consacré aux jeux à travers l’étude de leurs pratiques. / Money games are today the center of the attention through a burning public debate. They are usually depicted as the origin of many vices and therefore stimulate a lot of worrying from society, thus the increasing broadcasting in the major medias of their incriminated connection to addiction diseases.Addiction has been growingly associated to gambling since the 1980’s : the money games are indeed more and more denunciated for being a real threat to the individuals who excessively enjoy this special hobby.This point of view is not new and is closely connected to the Old Regime’s widely spread opinions. Nevertheless, at this specific time period, money games were mainly rejected for their social and moral downsides : not only they stood for family issues but they were also incriminated as inviting the players to neglect valuable work and/or the established society rules and habits. There has been an in-between situation between the today’s widely spread gambling activities and the prosecution from the Old Regime. Indeed the government has repeatedly issued regulations to widen the gambling activities from 1836 when there was a law against money games till 1954 when the Tiercé was offcially created. This thesis work focuses on analysing the money games activities between these 2 milestones. The main point is to study the regulations variations about the money games and the reasons behind them. An other important aspect is to analyse the social usages of the time spent on money games through their various shapes and identities.

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