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Under ungefär en tioårsperiod, från den senare hälften av 1960-talet till den senare hälften av 1970-talet, producerade Hollywood filmer som inte bara tilltalade kritiker, utan även publiken. Dessa filmer var kreativa såväl produktionsmässigt som narrativt, och bröt ofta mot gamla traditioner samtidigt som man byggde vidare på formler för berättande som grundats under studioeran. Frågeställningarna var dessa: Vilka händelser skiljer den här perioden från andra perioder i filmhistorien? Hur skedde förändringarna på olika plan? Och hur såg skildringen av kvinnor på film ut, jämfört med tidigare? För att söka svar användes olika böcker inom såväl filmhistoria som genusstudier, samt läste texter som hittades på internet. Dessutom gjordes en närstudie av tre filmer från denna period, ur ett genusperspektiv: Bonnie and Clyde, Cabaret, och Annie Hall. Dessa år var även mycket händelserika i samhället i stort, och de olika händelserna färgade av sig i filmproduktionen på två olika sätt. För det första blev filmerna vuxnare och mindre "familjevänliga", och för det andra förekom ofta en romantisering av förflutna epoker, som exempelvis depressionsåren. De kvinnliga karaktärerna hamnade i centrum på ett nytt sätt, jämfört med tidigare. Studiosystemet upplöstes av sig själv, mer eller mindre, och i tomrummet efter detta uppstod en kreativt lyckad övergångsperiod, känd idag som "New Hollywood", där amerikanska filmskapare kunde göra filmer som inte följde några av de vid tiden givna normerna. Detta gav en slags konstgjord andning tills produktionsbolagen hade lyckades återanpassa sig.

This investigation undertakes to re-centre the figure of the film star and their film appearances in the field of star study. To this end it uses Charlton Heston as its focus in a re-appraisal of existing methods of accounting for the star phenomenon in cinema. It also concomitantly re-assesses existing accounts of the significance of Charlton Heston as a film star. This thesis posits a robust method for identifying the specificities of the star’s contribution to a film’s meanings and effects across the body of their work by drawing on Andrew Britton’s understanding of the ‘star enactment’. Present approaches through which to engage with the details of a star’s performance are considered in detail and the weaknesses of those that seek to impose external schemas onto such discussions are highlighted. The difficulties with approaches that attempt to account for the star as a signifying phenomenon through the concepts of acting and performance are also considered. Existing methods which may allow for a fruitful investigation into the significance of the star enactment, such as the commutation test, are re- formulated in this study and their benefits are demonstrated through their application to key Heston star enactments. These new understandings are also made possible through the application of an ‘ekphrastic’ method of rendering film moments. Previous readings of Heston’s star figure are also re- appraised, and their conclusions questioned, through closer reference to the evidence of details from films. The fruitfulness of this method for analysing and commenting on film is thus demonstrated and Heston’s relationship to genre and its effect on performance style is also considered in order to be able to confidently assert the specific features of the Heston aesthetic.

Le corps moderne est à la fois l’objet de rêves et d’interdits, un lieu de conflits, d’inégalités et d’investissements, mais il représente avant tout la quête contemporaine de la beauté ainsi que le rêve scientifique de la jeunesse et de l’immortalité. Le corps en Californie tient une place tellement importante qu’il n’est pas exagéré de parler de religion. La religion du corps crée dans un premier temps un lien vers le Divin puisque le corps est soit opposé à l’esprit soit il constitue un moyen d’accéder à la divinité, comme chez les orientaux. De la conception grecque antique à la version orientale, sans oublier de parler de la place du corps dans l’histoire californienne et de sa relation à un Dieu, nous nous rendrons compte que le corps considéré comme lien vers le Divin cède petit à petit sa place à une appropriation personnelle poussée à la fois par le narcissisme des années soixante puis par des impératifs normatifs. Le californien est alors à la quête de nouvelles expériences dont le médium est le corps, tout en étant à la recherche d’une perfection physique. Cela a donné vie à un vaste marché, créant ainsi une compatibilité entre la religion du corps et son aspect mercantile. Ce lien ne s’arrête pas seulement aux produits, ni à l’industrie que génère un tel marché, car le corps est devenu un investissement à capitaliser. Comme dans toute religion, il y a une part de fanatisme et de dérive dont il faut mesurer l’impact. L’ultime question est celle du rôle de la science dans l’évolution du corps. Cette nouvelle religion du corps, remplace doucement le lien premier vers le Divin, amenant l’homme vers plus de maîtrise, de connaissance et de contrôle sur son destin. / The body’s new frontier is both an esthetic and scientific quest, with the wild dream of reaching an ideal beauty and immortality - or at least living better and longer. In California, the body and its cult are so important therefore we can safely say that it is a religion. This religion of the body is primarily linked to the Divine since in the classical point of view, the body is either linked to sin or is a way to reach God, as the oriental religions believe. From ancient Greece to the oriental influences, not forgetting how the body is perceived in California’s history and its relationship to the Divine, we will slowly become aware that this link is somehow being overshadowed by a personal appropriation of the body both triggered by the 1960’s narcissism and social norms. The typical californian seeks experiment and pushes boundaries using the body as a medium, while striving to reach physical perfection. Of course this cannot go without the growing of a massive market, hence the connexion between the religion of the body and its mercantile aspect. That link not only reflects the amount of products and services as well as the whole industry behind them, it also brings forward the fact that the body is considered as an object one has to invest in and capitalize on both the future and the present moment. As in all types of religion, there is a part of fanaticism and going astray. Its impact cannot be overlooked. The ultimate question is the role of science in the body’s evolution. What has become the new scientific religion of the body slowly replaces the initial link to the Divine, bringing mankind towards more knowledge, mastery, and control over its destiny.

This master's thesis is devoted to the changes of Miloš Forman's media image, more precisely how period press noticed both his career and work. Miloš Forman is the most acknowledged and most famous czech film director. His story is connected with story of czech cinematography and story of its changes. The thesis wants to find out, why Forman wasn't destroyed even though he left the country, despite his emigration. It is trying to prove that his media image never been strictly negative and Forman itself never became taboo. Forman's person is beyond all standards. He is proof, that if the work is not strong crtitical against regime, it arouses respect despite all the ideology. He was reflected in the various stages, but still in relatively good light. The thesis examines the perception of the media in three life stages: work in Czechoslovakia before going to the United States, working abroad and finally after the Velvet Revolution. Although Forman has participated in many films, thesis focused only on his feature-length work. And because Miloš Forman is a person who transcends the borders of Czechoslovakia, or the Czech Republic, media abroad reflected his career as well, althought the view there was slightly different from the domestic one.

A presente dissertação analisa dois filmes norte-americanos produzidos e distribuídos pelo estúdio Warner Bros., ambos baseados em histórias reais, que de distintas formas representaram, seja de forma idealista ou condenatória, a União Soviética, o Comunismo e os membros do Partido Comunista dos Estados Unidos (CPUSA). O primeiro, Missão em Moscou, dirigido pelo já renomado Michael Curtiz e lançado no contexto da Segunda Guerra Mundial, apresenta evidências de ter sido feito sob a tutela tanto da agência governamental Birô do Cinema- Secretaria de Informação da Guerra quanto do presidente dos Estados Unidos à época, Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Pela forma como interpretou fatos da história da Rússia e por sua campanha do país como membro dos países Aliados, o filme recebeu a denominação de pró-soviético pela literatura que o estudou. Já o segundo, Eu Fui um Comunista para o FBI, lançado apenas oito anos após Missão em Moscou, mas já no contexto da Guerra Fria, evidenciou, por outro lado, a tentativa da companhia cinematográfica em se alinhar à atmosfera de repúdio ao Comunismo reinante em boa parte da opinião pública norte-americana no período, bem como de tentar afastar as acusações do Comitê de Atividade Antiamericanas (HUAC) da presença dentro de Hollywood de elementos subversivos e de sua propaganda. Por sua representação, filmes como Eu Fui um Comunista para o FBI, recorrentes na década de 1950, foram denominados anticomunistas. O estudo aqui empreendido inicia-se com a caracterização da indústria cinematográfica em Hollywood na época de sua chamada Era Clássica (1930- 1948), primeiro capítulo; passando pelas análises fílmicas e de contexto de ambas as obras, resultando no capítulo dois e três; para encerrar-se, no último capítulo, com as considerações sobre a recepção das duas obras, levando para isso em conta as produções de significado de três agentes: os críticos cinematográficos; o seu público espectador, e os seus números de bilheteria. Por fim, nas considerações finais, colocamos em comparação a obra pró-soviética e anticomunista no tocante às suas diferenças, bem como similitudes, nas estratégias para a representação das personagens envolvidas em suas tramas. / This thesis analyses two American movies produced and distributed by Warner Bros. Studios. Both are based on true stories, that used different depictions, one in an idealized way and the other condemnatory, of the Soviet Union, of the Communism and of the members of the Communist Party of the United States. The first film, Mission to Moscow, directed by Michael Curtiz and released in the context of World War II, presents evidence that it was fostered by the governmental war agency, the Bureau of Motion Pictures Office of War Information and by the president of the United States himself at that time, Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Due to its interpretation of recent facts in Russian history and because of its propagandistic campaign to generate a better understanding of this country among Americans, historians and film theorists have classified the picture as pro-Soviet. The second movie, I Was a Communist for the FBI, whose premiere occurred only eight years after Mission to Moscow, showed, on the other hand, Warner Bros. attempt to realign itself to the atmosphere of anticommunism perpetrated by the majority of American public opinion and also to deny any accusation that the motion picture industry was full of subversive elements and their propaganda. When considered for its representation and depiction of Communism, movies like I Was a Communist for the FBI, very common in the 1950s, was denominated anticommunist. We divided this work into four parts. We start in the first chapter by exploring the motion picture industry in Hollywood during what was called the Golden Age (1930 1948). Then, we move to the film analyses of both pictures, the content of chapters two and three; in chapter four we study the reception of the two feature films, using as elements of measure the productions of meaning of three different agents: the critics, the spectator and the box-office numbers. Finally, in Conclusions, we compare Mission to Moscow and I Was a Communist for the FBI, aiming to observe them in the light of their differences but also of their similarities in the strategies used for the representation of the characters in the stories.