Diss. Luleå : Luleå tekniska univ., 2003.

Orientador: Maria da Graça Garcia Andrade / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T10:51:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Verri_BeatrizHelenadeMattosAraujo_D.pdf: 2941736 bytes, checksum: 2a31728c546fd9c05099b8fd358ef2c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF) é considerado como uma estratégia de reorganização do modelo assistencial da rede básica, cujo foco são as famílias de determinado território, em que se utiliza a adscrição de clientela, a definição de micro-áreas de risco, o trabalho em equipe e a presença de Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (ACS), de forma a integrar ações de promoção, prevenção, assistência e reabilitação. Uma atividade regular do programa é a Visita Domiciliar (VD) realizada pelos ACS e que, por sua expressão numérica e potencial de intervenção na relação do programa com as famílias, constitui-se em objeto privilegiado de reflexão no interior do modelo assistencial. O presente estudo objetivou conhecer o significado, para famílias, equipes de PSF e gestores, da VD e do papel que nela desempenham os ACS, assim como a potência desse instrumento para captar as necessidades de saúde das famílias, de forma a subsidiar a construção de intervenções que favoreçam a autonomia dos usuários. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, cujo material empírico foi obtido através de entrevistas e observação participante. A pesquisa foi realizada no PSF do município de Amparo/SP, envolvendo três unidades de saúde da família, cinco equipes de saúde e 16 ACS. Foram realizadas entrevistas individuais com usuários, médicos, enfermeiros e gestores, e entrevistas em grupo com os ACS, assim como observação participante das visitas realizadas rotineiramente pelos agentes nos domicílios, em especial a pacientes portadores de doenças crônicas. Os resultados encontrados revelaram que, para as famílias, a VD tem significado a construção de vínculos afetivos com o programa e a equipe, a despeito de questionamentos quanto à resolutividade das visitas; expressaram, por outro lado, um intenso processo de medicalização no que concerne às expectativas quanto à forma de resolução dos seus problemas de saúde. OS ACS demonstraram grande responsabilização pelas famílias adscritas, mas, do ponto de vista institucional, mostraram dificuldades para captar as necessidades de saúde e, sobretudo, para articular junto à equipe, intervenções dirigidas a elas, assim como para lidar com a frustração decorrente da impossibilidade de enfrentá-las. A autonomia dos usuários não se apresentou como elemento constituinte dos objetivos da VD e da atuação do agente, não representando uma ferramenta utilizada pela equipe nos casos em que havia dificuldades para o controle da doença crônica. O estudo aponta a necessidade de rever a norma que orienta a periodicidade da VD e de reformular os seus objetivos e conteúdos, com o propósito de potencializar sua utilização no interior de projetos de cuidado integral elaborados pela equipe do PSF com a participação da família, bem como o desafio necessário de trabalhar na lógica da construção da autonomia dos usuários no cuidado à saúde / Abstract: The Family Health Program (FHP) is considered as a strategy of reorganization of the basic net model of assistance, focus of which is the families of a given territory, where it is used the clientele adscription, the definition of risk micro-areas, the team work and the presence of health community agents, in a way to integrate actions of promotion, prevention, assistance and rehabilitation. A regular activity of the program is the Home Visit (HV), accomplished by the Health Community Agents (HCA), and that, on account of its numerical expression and intervention potential in the family-program relation, constitutes privileged object of reflection within the model of assistance. The present study aimed at knowing the meaning, for families, FHP and managers teams, of the HV and the role the HCA play in there, as well as the power of that instrument to capture the families¿ health needs, in a way to subsidize the construction of interventions to favor the users¿ autonomy. It is a qualitative study, which made use of empirical material obtained through interviews and participant observation. The research was carried out in the Family Health Program of the municipal district of Amparo/SP, involving three units of family health, five health teams and 16 community agents. Individual interviews were performed with users, doctors, nurses and managers, and group interviews with HCA, as well as participant observation of the visits routinely accomplished by the HCA in the homes, especially to patients who carry chronic diseases. The results found revealed that for the families, the HV have meant the construction of a link of more affectionate character with the program and the health team, despite of queries over its effectiveness; on the other had, they have expressed an intense prescription-related process concerning expectations as for the way to solve their health problems. The HCA have demonstrated great responsibility for the adscripted families, but, on the institutional point of view, they showed some difficulties to capture the health needs, mainly aiming at articulating interventions along with the teams, as well as on how to deal with frustration originated from the impossibility of facing them. The users' autonomy did not come as constituent of the objectives of the visits and of the agents' performance, not representing a tool used by the team in the cases when there were difficulties for the control of the chronic disease. The study points to the need of reviewing the norm that guides the HV periodicity and of reformulating its objectives and contents, with the goal of potentializing its use within the total care projects elaborated by the FHP team with the family participation, as well as the necessary challenge of working in the logics of constructing the users¿ autonomy as for the health care / Doutorado / Saude Coletiva / Doutor em Saude Coletiva

<p><strong></strong><strong></strong><strong></strong>Syftet med studien var att beskriva erfarenheter som hemtjänstpersonal har av handledning. Metoden var kvalitativ, med enskilda, öppna intervjuer. Sju personer som arbetar i kommunal hemtjänst intervjuades. Intervjumaterialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet visar att samarbete mellan arbetsterapeut och hemtjänstpersonal är en förutsättning för att arbetsterapeutens insatser ska komma brukaren till nytta. Resultaten visar vidare att hjälpinsatsens utformning påverkas av om arbetsterapeuten gjort en tidig rehabiliteringsinsats. Det är främst genom dialog med arbetsterapeuten och praktisk handledning i vardagsarbetet som hemtjänstpersonalen får tillgång till den kunskap och information som handledningen har för avsikt att förmedla. Deltagarna förordade praktisk handledning. Den upplevdes ge kunskaper som de direkt kunde tillämpa i sitt arbete, samt skapa förutsättningar för ett enhetligt arbetssätt inom hemtjänstgruppen. Studien synliggör behov av rutiner kring överrapportering. Arbetsterapeuten bör prioritera att snabbt lämna ut information gällande ADL-förmågor. Enligt erfarenheterna var handledning väsentlig kring varje enskild brukare och behöver finnas att tillgå när den efterfrågas av hemtjänstpersonalen. För att arbetsterapeutens handledning skall vara till verklig nytta för brukaren krävs ett gott samarbete mellan samtliga yrkeskategorier i teamet.</p>

Syftet med studien var att beskriva erfarenheter som hemtjänstpersonal har av handledning. Metoden var kvalitativ, med enskilda, öppna intervjuer. Sju personer som arbetar i kommunal hemtjänst intervjuades. Intervjumaterialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet visar att samarbete mellan arbetsterapeut och hemtjänstpersonal är en förutsättning för att arbetsterapeutens insatser ska komma brukaren till nytta. Resultaten visar vidare att hjälpinsatsens utformning påverkas av om arbetsterapeuten gjort en tidig rehabiliteringsinsats. Det är främst genom dialog med arbetsterapeuten och praktisk handledning i vardagsarbetet som hemtjänstpersonalen får tillgång till den kunskap och information som handledningen har för avsikt att förmedla. Deltagarna förordade praktisk handledning. Den upplevdes ge kunskaper som de direkt kunde tillämpa i sitt arbete, samt skapa förutsättningar för ett enhetligt arbetssätt inom hemtjänstgruppen. Studien synliggör behov av rutiner kring överrapportering. Arbetsterapeuten bör prioritera att snabbt lämna ut information gällande ADL-förmågor. Enligt erfarenheterna var handledning väsentlig kring varje enskild brukare och behöver finnas att tillgå när den efterfrågas av hemtjänstpersonalen. För att arbetsterapeutens handledning skall vara till verklig nytta för brukaren krävs ett gott samarbete mellan samtliga yrkeskategorier i teamet.

Volunteer home-based caregivers are critical role players in South Africa‘s health care system and in the South African government‘s strategy to fight HIV and AIDS. In order to achieve the aims that the government seeks to attain, it is important that the care and treatment provided to patients receiving community home-based care (CHBC) be of a high quality. While the need for quality care is supported by government and civil society, research indicates that it is not clear whether quality care is indeed being provided and therefore there is a need for research into the quality of CHBC. The research aimed to undertake a critical assessment of CHBC programmes to determine the quality of care provided by volunteer caregivers using social capital theory as a theoretical framework. The study examined the quality of CHBC by analysing the context of CHBC, by investigating the support that volunteer caregivers and their clients receive and by discussing the support that volunteer caregivers and their clients still need. The study used one-on-one in-depth interviews and focus groups to obtain relevant data. The participants included volunteer caregivers, clients and supervisors who took part in the one-on-one interviews. The focus groups consisted of key informants and supervisors respectively. The quantitative data consisted of descriptive statistics which helped describe the participants. The qualitative data was coded and themes and sub-themes were developed. The data was also analysed by an independent coder. The results showed that poverty, and the related problems of poor living conditions and a lack of food security affects the quality CHBC. In addition, unemployment and the problem of stipends also affect quality CHBC. Certain socio-economic factors were also found to lead people to choose to become volunteer caregivers and unemployment was found to be an important driving force behind the choice to undertake volunteer caregiving. Furthermore, the volunteer caregivers in the sample received organisational support from their supervisors and their fellow caregivers or peers. They also received social support from their families and their communities. Regarding the clients of the volunteer caregivers, it was found that they received a number of types of support including psycho- iv social counselling, spiritual counselling and care of a holistic nature. In addition, the study found that there is a need for standardised quality training of volunteer caregivers, which will equip them with multiple skills. It was also found that volunteer caregivers require mentoring and quality supervision in order to be able to provide quality CHBC to their clients. Government has the ability to put the necessary systems and structures in place, such as a scope of practice for volunteers, standardised training and monitoring and evaluation, to enable CHBC and its relevant role players to operate at optimum levels. It also has the authority to make the changes and to enforce rules. Furthermore, it has the ability to unite CHBC organisations and can create the necessary conditions that can lead to increased social capital. Furthermore, the study recommends that two additional dimensions of quality care be added to existing dimensions of quality in health care. The first is the holistic approach to caregiving and the second is social support systems, namely supervisor/mentor and peer support and family and community support. This second dimension is also closely linked to social capital and the networks that make up CHBC.

Background: Persistently elevated hospitalization rates in the home healthcare setting indicate the need to prioritize patients with undertreated conditions that can lead to negative outcomes. Urinary incontinence affects approximately 40% of older adults in home healthcare, yet often remains unaddressed. This leaves older adults with urinary incontinence at risk for potentially serious complications that can lead to emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and mortality. Multiple comorbidities, co-occurring symptoms, and disparities in care fuel the complexity of older adults in the home healthcare setting. The overall purpose of this dissertation was to leverage natural language processing to understand symptom clusters and factors associated with acute care utilization among older adults with urinary incontinence in home healthcare to improve comprehensive assessment, treatment, and outcomes. The aims of this dissertation were to: 1) identify relevant comorbidities among community-dwelling older adults with urinary incontinence; 2) develop and test a natural language processing algorithm to extract symptom information from home healthcare free-text clinical notes for older adults with urinary incontinence and analyze differences by race or ethnicity; 3) identify symptom clusters among older adults with urinary incontinence in home healthcare and examine differences by sociodemographic and clinical correlates; and 4) determine factors associated with the risk of emergency department visits or hospitalizations among older adults with urinary incontinence in home healthcare, including the impact of symptom clusters. Methods: This dissertation comprised four studies: 1) a scoping review of the literature to identify comorbidities to broadly characterize community-dwelling older adults with urinary incontinence, 2) a secondary analysis of cross-sectional electronic health record data using natural language processing to extract symptoms from free-text clinical notes and analyze differences by race or ethnicity using Chi-square tests and logistic regression models, 3) a secondary analysis of cross-sectional electronic health record data using hierarchical clustering to analyze the natural language processing-extracted symptom variables and examine differences in sociodemographic and clinical correlates using Chi-square tests, and 4) a retrospective secondary analysis of electronic health record data to identify factors, including symptom clusters, associated with emergency department visits or hospitalizations using Chi-square tests and backward stepwise logistic regression. Results: In the scoping review, we synthesized findings from 10 studies that identified comorbidities among community-dwelling older adults with urinary incontinence across neurologic, cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine, genitourinary, musculoskeletal, and psychologic systems. In the natural language processing study, we identified eight symptoms of older adults with urinary incontinence (i.e., anxiety, constipation, dizziness, syncope, tachycardia, urinary frequency/urgency, urinary hesitancy/retention, and vision impairment/blurred vision) that were extracted from free-text clinical notes from approximately 29% of home healthcare episodes. Compared to White patients, home healthcare episodes for Asian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic, and Black patients were less likely to have any symptoms documented in clinical notes. In the clustering analysis, we identified five distinct symptom clusters: Cluster 1 (anxiety), Cluster 2 (broadly symptomatic), Cluster 3 (dizziness and anxiety), Cluster 4 (constipation, anxiety, and dizziness), and Cluster 5 (no symptoms) that correlate with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Finally, in the retrospective analysis, we found that Clusters 1-4 had higher odds of emergency department visits or hospitalizations, in addition to home healthcare episodes for Black and Hispanic patients, males, patients with an unhealed skin ulcer, and patients with a urinary tract infection 14 days prior to home healthcare admission. Conclusion: Older adults with urinary incontinence in home healthcare have complex physical and psychosocial needs, increasing the risk of negative outcomes. Improving comprehensive assessment and treatment for older adults with urinary incontinence is an urgent priority, given high hospitalization rates in home healthcare. Leveraging natural language processing, this dissertation identified key symptom clusters and factors associated with emergency department visits or hospitalizations, providing valuable insight for multidimensional interventions. Findings provide preliminary evidence to inform improvements in clinical practice, healthcare policies, and future research to enhance the care of older adults with urinary incontinence and reduce negative outcomes in the home healthcare setting.

MPM / Oliver Tambo Institute of Governance and Policy Studies

MPM / Oliver Tambo Institute of Governance and Policy Studies