Bmi-1 é uma proteína do grupo Polycomb capaz de induzir atividade de telomerase, levando à imortalização de células epiteliais. As células, quando imortalizadas, se tronam mais susceptíveis a danos em dupla fita (double-strand breaks (DSB))e a recombinação homóloga é uma das duas vias de reparo dos DSBs. Dentre os genes reguladores da recombinação homóloga temos o BRCA-1, que está envolvido na resposta ao dano associado à proteína RAD51, que por sua vez se acumula rapidamente nos focos de dano ao DNA após a sinalização do H2AX, que têm se mostrado um excelente marcador de dano celular por se acumular rapidamente nos focos de lesão, desencadeando o processo de reparo. Topoisomerase III (TopoIII) remove intermediários da recombinação homóloga antes da segregação de cromossomos, prevenindo danos à estrutura do DNA celular. O papel das proteínas envolvidas na recombinação homóloga, em carcinomas ductais invasores positivos para o BMI-1, necessita ser investigado. Utilizando-se tissue microarrays contendo 239 casos de carcinomas ductais mamários primários, foi analisada a expressão imunoistoquímica de BMI-1, receptor de estrógeno, receptor de progesterona, HER-2, Ki67, p53 e BRCA-1, H2AX, RAD51 e topoisomerase III. Positividade para o Bmi-1 foi encontrada em 66 casos (27.6%). A positividade imunoistoquímica do BMI-1 relacionou-se a RE (p=0,004), RP (p<0,001), Ki-67 (p < 0,001), p53 (p=0,003), BRCA-1(p= 0,003), H2AX (p= 0,024) e TopoIII (p < 0,001). Concluindo, nossos resultados mostraram haver relação entre o BMI-1 e genes reguladores da HR, sugerindo que a positividade de BMI-1 pode ser um importante evento na recombinação homóloga em carcinomas ductais invasores da mama. / Bmi-1 is a Polycomb group protein which is able to induce telomerase activity, enabling the immortalization of epithelial cells. Immortalized cells shown more susceptible to double-strand breaks (DSB) and the homologous recombination (HR) are one of DSB repair pathways. Among the regulatory genes in HR, there is BRCA1, involved in the response to DNA damage associated with the RAD51 protein, which accumulates in DNA damage foci after signaling H2AX. H2AX has also been shown to be a good marker of DNA damage. Topoisomerase III (TopoIII) removes HR intermediates before the segregation of chromosomes, preventing damage to the structure of the cellular DNA. The role of proteins involved in HR, in breast carcinomas positive for BMI-1, remains to be investigated. The aim of this study was evaluate the association between BMI-1 and homologous recombination proteins. Using tissue microarrays containing 239 cases of primary breast tumors, the expression of Bmi-1, BRCA-1, H2AX, Rad51, p53, Ki-67, topoisomerase III, RE, RP and HER-2 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. We observe high expression of Bmi-1 in 66 cases (27.6%). Immunohistochemistry overexpression of BMI-1 was related to RE (p=0,004), RP (p<0,001), Ki-67 (p < 0,001), p53 (p=0,003), BRCA-1(p= 0,003), H2AX (p= 0,024) and TopoIII (p < 0,001). Our results showed a relation between the expression of BMI-1 and HR regulatory genes, suggesting that overexpression of Bmi-1 is an important event in breast cancer homologous recombination.

DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), which may occur during DNA replication or due to the action of genotoxic agents, are extremely dangerous DNA lesions as they can cause chromosomal rearrangements and cell death. Therefore, accurate DSB repair is vital for genome stability and cell survival. Two main mechanisms serve to repair DNA DSBs: non-homologous end joining, which re-ligates DNA ends together, and homologous recombination (HR), which restores broken DNA using homologous sequence as a template for repair. One-ended DSBs are a subject for the specialised HR-dependent repair pathway known as break-induced replication (BIR). At low frequency, DNA breaks can also be healed by telomerase, which normally extends telomeres at natural chromosome ends, but may also add de novo telomeres to DSBs due to their similarity to chromosome ends. De novo telomere addition is a deleterious event, which is effectively inhibited by the nuclear Pif1 (nPif1) helicase phosphorylated at the TLSSAES motif in response to DNA damage. In this study, it is reported that the same regulatory motif of nPif1 is also required for DSB repair via BIR. The requirement of the nPif1 TLSSAES sequence in BIR is dependent on the functional DNA damage response (DDR). Thus, nPif1 phosphorylation by the DDR machinery might mediate the role of nPif1 in BIR. In contrast, the nPif1 regulatory motif is not essential for BIR at telomeres in cells lacking telomerase. These observations indicate that the mechanism of nPif1 function in DSB repair via BIR and in BIR at telomeres might be different. In this work, a protocol for nPif1 pull-down was optimized to reveal the mechanism of the phosphorylation-dependent nPif1 functions in cells undergoing DNA repair, i. e. the mechanism of nPif1-mediated inhibition of de novo telomere addition and promoting DSB repair via BIR. In future, this protocol can be used to dissect the role of nPif1 in DNA repair through the identification of its potential interacting partners. The Srs2 helicase negatively regulates HR via dismantling Rad51 filaments. According to preliminary data from the laboratory of Sveta Makovets, Srs2 also promotes de novo telomere addition at DSBs in a Rad51-dependent manner. The work presented here establishes that Srs2 is dispensable for telomerase-mediated addition of TG1-3 repeats to DSBs. Instead, Srs2 is required for the reconstitution of the complementary DNA strand after telomerase action, thus ensuring the completion of de novo telomere addition. Overall, this study demonstrates that recombination-dependent DSB repair and de novo telomere addition share common regulatory components, i. e. the nPif1 helicase phosphorylated in response to DNA damage and the Srs2 helicase. Phosphorylated nPif1 promotes DSB repair via BIR in addition to its known role in inhibition of telomerase at DSBs, whereas Srs2 uses its well established ability to remove Rad51 from ssDNA to promote the restoration of dsDNA and thus to complete de novo telomere addition.

Afin de transmettre leurs informations génétiques d'une génération à l'autre, les organismes à reproduction sexuée doivent réduire de moitié leur contenu chromosomique pour former des gamètes haploïdes. Cette réduction se produit lors d'une division cellulaire appelée méiose, durant laquelle une étape de réplication est suivie de deux divisions successives, la méiose I et II. Au cours de la méiose I, les chromosomes homologues se séparent et leur bonne ségrégation dépend de la création entre eux d’un lien physique. En méiose c’est le processus de réparation appelé recombinaison homologue, qui à la suite de l’induction dans le génome de centaine de cassures double brin par la protéine Spo11, permet d’établir ce lien. Spo11 est l'orthologue méiotique de la sous-unité catalytique de la topoisomérase VI, TopoVIA. Comme TopoVI est composée de deux sous-unités, TopoVIA et TopoVIB, l’existence d’un orthologue méiotique de TopoVIB était une question posée depuis l'identification de Spo11. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai contribué à identifier une nouvelle famille de protéine, que l’on a nommé TopoVIB-like, orthologue à TopoVIB et nécessaire à la formation des cassures double-brin d'ADN méiotiques(Robert et al, 2016). Ces protéines ont des domaines similaires à ceux de TopoVIB, à savoir un GHKL (impliqué dans la liaison et l'hydrolyse de l'ATP), un domaine transducteur et un domaine CTD. Nous avons démontré que chez la souris, SPO11 forme un complexe avec TOPOVIBL. De plus, nous avons démontré que cette protéine est nécessaire à la formation des CDB. Ces résultats suggèrent que chez la souris, les CDB méiotiques sont catalysées par un complexe TopoVI-like. Chez S. cerevisiae, il n'y a pas d'orthologue clair de TopoVIB, mais nous avons trouvé que la protéine Rec102, connue pour être nécessaire à la formation des CDB méiotiques, présente une homologie partielle avec le domaine transducteur des TopoVIB-like. Rec102 forme un complexe avec Rec104, une protéine également requise pour la formation des CDB. Ainsi, nous avons émis l'hypothèse que le complexe Rec102 / Rec104 était l'orthologue méiotique de TopoVIB chez la levure, interagissant avec Spo11 pour former un complexe de type TopoVI-like. Malgré l'importance de Spo11, son mode d'action est mal connu. Cette absence de données biochimiques est due à l’insolubilité de la protéine. Le but de ma thèse était de caractériser le mode d'action et la régulation du complexe TopoVI-like dans la formation des CDB méiotiques. Tout d'abord, biochimiquement, en purifiant in vitro une forme soluble du complexe TopoVI-like de levure composé de Spo11 / Rec102 / Rec104 / Ski8 (un partenaire direct de Spo11) en co-exprimant ces protéines dans deux systèmes d'expression, E. coli et S. cerevisiae. En utilisant E. coli, j'ai réussi à purifier un complexe soluble formé par Spo11 / Rec102 / Rec104 / Ski8 et en utilisant S. cerevisiae, j'ai purifié deux complexes différents, l'un formé par les quatre protéines, et un formé uniquement par Spo11 et Rec102. Néanmoins, les tests d'activité sur différents substrats d'ADN n'ont révélé aucune activité de coupure de l’ADN. Le deuxième objectif de ma thèse était d'étudier comment, chez la souris, TOPOVIBL régule l'activité de SPO11 en interagissant avec d'autres protéines nécessaires à la formation des CDB. En double hybride, j'ai prouvé que, comme chez la levure, l'orthologue méiotique de TopoVIB chez la souris interagissait avec REC114, une autre protéine nécessaire à la formation des CDB. La cartographie de cette interaction à l'échelle de l’acide aminé a conduit à l'identification d'un résidu sur TOPOVIBL essentiel pour l'interaction entre TOPOVIBL et REC114. Afin d'étudier in vivo le rôle de l'interaction entre TOPOVIBL et REC114, une souris mutante pour le résidu identifié de TOPOVIBL a été générée à l'aide de CRISPER-Cas9 et son phénotype a été analysé. / To properly transmit their genetic information from one generation to another, sexually reproductive organisms need to halve their genome to form haploid gametes. This reduction occurs during a special cell division called meiosis, which proceeds through one round of DNA replication followed by two successive divisions called meiosis I and II. During meiosis I homologous chromosomes segregate, and their proper segregation depends on the homologous recombination pathway that establishes a physical link between the homologues. During meiosis, homologous recombination events are triggered by the formation of DNA double strand break (DSB) catalyzed by the evolutionarily conserved Spo11 protein. Spo11 is the meiotic ortholog of the catalytic subunit of the TopoVI topoisomerase, TopoVIA. As TopoVI is composed of two subunits, TopoVIA and TopoVIB, the requirement for meiotic DSB formation of a B subunit was under investigation since the identification of Spo11. During my PhD, I contributed to the identification of a new family of protein, the TopoVIB-like family, ortholog to the Topoisomerase VI B subunit (TopoVIB) and required for meiotic DNA double strand break formation (Robert et al, 2016). These proteins share domains in part similar to the canonical TopoVIB which are a GHKL domain (involved in ATP binding and hydrolysis), a transducer domain and a CTD domain. We demonstrated that in mice, SPO11 forms a complex with TOPOVIBL. Biochemical characterization of this complex showed a structure compatible with an A2B2 organization. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this protein is required for meiotic DSB formation. These results suggest the existence, in mice, of a TopoVI-like complex that catalyzes the formation of meiotic DSB. In S. cerevisiae, there is no clear TopoVIB-like ortholog, but we found that the Rec102 protein, which is known to be required for the formation of meiotic DSB, shows a partial homology with the transducer domain of the TopoVIB-like proteins. Rec102 forms a complex with Rec104, a protein also essential for DSB formation. Thus, we hypothesized that the Rec102/Rec104 complex is the yeast meiotic ortholog of TopoVIB, interacting with Spo11 to form a meiotic TopoVI-like complex. Despite the importance of Spo11 little is known about its mode of action. This absence of biochemical data is due to the lack of solubility of the protein. The aim of my PhD was to characterize the mode of action and regulation of the TopoVI-like complex for meiotic DSB formation. First, biochemically, by purifying in vitro a soluble form of the yeast TopoVI-like complex composed by Spo11/Rec102/Rec104/Ski8. To achieve this objective, I co-expressed these proteins in two different expression systems, E. coli and meiotic culture of S. cerevisiae. Using E. coli I managed to purify a soluble complex formed by Spo11/Rec102/Rec104/Ski8, and using meiotic culture of S. cerevisiae, I purified two different complexes, one formed, by the four proteins, and one formed only by Spo11 and Rec102. Nevertheless, in vitro activity essays on different DNA substrates did not reveal any DNA cleavage activity. The second goal of my PhD was to study how in mouse, the activity of TOPOVIBL / SPO11 may be regulated by other proteins known to be required for DSB formation. Using Y2H experiment I was able to prove that, as in yeast, mouse TOPOVIBL interacts with REC114, a protein required for DSB formation. The mapping of this interaction at the amino-acid scale, leads to the identification of one residue on TOPOVIBL essential for the interaction between TOPOVIBL and REC114. In order to investigate in vivo the role of the interaction between TOPOVIBL and REC114, a mutant mouse carrying a mutation in the identified residue of TOPOVIBL was generated using CRISPER-Cas9, and its phenotype analyzed.

Os micoplasmas são os menores microrganismos capazes de autoreplicação conhecidos na natureza, responsáveis por uma série de doenças no homem e nos animais, infectando ainda plantas e insetos. Constituem um grande grupo de bactérias, ordenadas em diferentes gêneros na classe Mollicutes, cuja principal característica em comum, além do genoma reduzido, é a ausência de parede celular. Mycoplasma mycoïdes subsp. mycoïdes SC, responsável pela Pleuropneumonia Contagiosa Bovina, foi o primeiro microrganismo desta classe de bactérias a ser identificado. Esta é uma doença bastante grave, com altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade. A variedade Mycoplasma mycoïdes subsp. mycoïdes LC é responsável principalmente por casos de Pleuropneumonia Contagiosa Caprina, mastite no gado bovino, e ainda artrite em ovinos e caprinos em menor extensão. M. capricolum é um patógeno caprino, responsável principalmente por casos de artrite com grande importância econômica na medicina veterinária. M. pulmonis é um patógeno de roedores, considerado como o melhor modelo experimental para o estudo das micoplasmoses respiratórias. M. genitalium, o menor microrganismo conhecido capaz de se autoreplicar, é um patógeno humano responsável por casos de uretrite não gonocócica, cujo seqüenciamento completo do cromossomo tornou-se um marco na era da genômica. O estudo funcional do genoma destes micoplasmas, para a compreensão de sua biologia e patogenicidade, requer o desenvolvimento de ferramentas genéticas eficientes. No presente trabalho, análises in silico das seqüências na região das prováveis origens de replicação cromossômica (oriC) destes micoplasmas demonstraram a existência de possíveis DnaA boxes localizados em torno do gene dnaA. Estas regiões oriC foram caracterizadas funcionalmente após sua clonagem em vetores artificiais e a transformação dos micoplasmas com os plasmídeos recombinantes resultantes. O plasmídeo pMPO1, contendo a região oriC de M. pulmonis, sofreu integração no cromossomo do micoplasma por recombinação homóloga após poucas passagens in vitro. A redução desta oriC para o fragmento contendo somente os DnaA boxes localizados nas estremidades 5´ou 3´do gene dnaA não foi capaz de produzir plasmídeos replicativos em M. pulmonis, exceto quando estes dois fragmentos foram clonados no mesmo vetor, espaçados pelo determinante de resistência à tetraciclina tetM. Um fragmento interno do gene da hemolisina A (hlyA) de M. pulmonis foi clonado nestes plasmídeos oriC, e os vetores resultantes foram utilizados para transformar o micoplasma. A integração destes vetores por um crossing-over com o gene hlyA, causando a sua dirupção, foi documentada. Deste modo, estes plasmídeos oriC podem vir a se tornar ferramentas genéticas valiosas para o estudo do papel de genes específicos, notadamente aqueles potencialmente envolvidos na patogênese. / Mycoplasmas are the smallest microorganisms capable of self replication known to date, responsible for many diseases in man and animals, infecting also plants and insects. They constitute a large group of bacteria, classified in different genera in the class Mollicutes, which main common characteristic, besides the small genome, is the absence of a cell wall. Mycoplasma mycoïdes subsp. mycoïdes SC, responsible for the Bovine Contagious Pleuropneumonia, was the first microorganism of this class of bacteria to be identified. That is a quite severe disease, with high morbidity and mortality rates. Mycoplasma mycoïdes subsp. mycoïdes LC is responsible mainly for cases of Caprine Contagious Pleuropneumonia, mastitis in cattle, and also arthritis in goats and sheep in less extension. M. capricolum is a pathogen of goats, responsible mainly by cases of arthritis with large economic impact in veterinary medicine. M. pulmonis is a rodent pathogen, considered to be the best experimental model for studying respiratory mycoplasmoses. M. genitalium, the smallest microorganism capable of self replication, is an human pathogen responsible for cases of non gonococcal urethritis, which complete chromosome sequencing has become a benchmark in the era of genomics. Functional studies of these mycoplasma genomes, for comprehension of their biology and pathogenicity, requires the development of efficient genetic tools. In the present work, in silico analysis of sequences of the putative origin of chromosome replication (oriC) region of these mycoplasmas demonstrates the existence of putative DnaA boxes located around the dnaA gene. These oriC regions were functionally characterized after cloning into artificial vectors and transformation of mycoplasmas with the resulting recombinant plasmids. The plasmid pMPO1, which contains the M. pulmonis oriC region, has integrated into the mycoplasma chromosome by homologous recombination after a few in vitro passages. Reduction of this oriC to the fragment containing only the DnaA boxes located upstream or downstream the dnaA gene could not produce plasmids able to replicate in M. pulmonis, except when these two fragments were cloned in the same vector, spaced by tetracycline resistance gene tetM. An internal fragment of the M. pulmonis hemolysine A gene (hlyA) was cloned into these oriC plasmids, and the resulting vectors were used to transform the mycoplasma. Integration of these disruption vectors by one crossing-over with the hlyA gene could be documented. Therefore, these oriC plasmids may become valuable genetic tools for studying the role of specific genes of mycoplasmas, specially those potentially involved in pathogenesis.

<p>The aim of this thesis was to investigate the cellular role of the mouse RBBP6 gene using the interference RNA (RNAi) gene targeting technology and also to understand the relevance of two promoters for the RBBP6 gene.</p>

Il gene-targeting in colture cellulari associato alla tecnica del trasferimento nucleare oggi rappresenta il sistema d'elezione nella creazione di animali transgenici. Purtroppo la ricombinazione omologa (HR) è poco efficiente soprattutto in cellule somatiche. La positive-negative selection (PNS) è la tecnica di arricchimento usata per geni non attivamente trascritti nel tipo cellulare utilizzato. In questo lavoro abbiamo scelto come locus bersaglio la b-lattoglobulina bovina e testato tre nuove cassette di selezione negativa, che non codificando per antibiotico-resistenze, determinano condizioni di coltura meno tossiche. / Gene-targeting of cultured cells combined with nuclear transfer currently is the most effective procedure to produce transgenic livestock. Nevertheless homologous recombination (HR) is a low frequency event in mammalian cells, above all in somatic cells. Positive-negative selection (PNS) is the enrichment strategy to target genes that are not actively transcribed in the cell type of choice. In this work we chose to target the bovine b-lactoglobulin gene and we tested three new negative selection cassettes in bovine fibroblasts. Such new targeting vectors allow a single selective drug employ and produce less toxic culture conditions.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19047号 / 農博第2125号 / 新制||農||1032 / 31998 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 小川 順, 教授 喜多 恵子, 教授 栗原 達夫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

The Mre11/Rad50 complex has been implicated in the early steps of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair through homologous recombination in several organisms. However, the enzymatic properties of this complex are incompatible with the generation of 3’ single-stranded DNA for recombinase loading and strand exchange. In thermophilic Archaea, the mre11 and rad50 genes cluster in an operon with genes encoding a bidirectional DNA helicase, HerA, and a 5’ to 3’ exonuclease, NurA, suggesting these four enzymes function in a common pathway. I show that purified Mre11 and Rad50 from Pyrococcus furiosus act cooperatively with HerA and NurA to resect the 5’ strand at a DNA end under physiological conditions in vitro where HerA and NurA alone do not show detectable activity. Furthermore, I demonstrate that HerA and NurA physically interact, and this interaction stimulates both helicase and nuclease activities. The products of HerA/NurA long-range resection are oligonucleotide products and HerA/NurA activity demonstrates both sequence specificity and a preference to cut at a specific distance from the DNA end. I demonstrate a novel activity of Mre11/Rad50 to make an endonucleolytic cut on the 5’ strand, which is consistent with a role for the Mre11 nuclease in the removal of 5’ protein conjugates. I also show that Mre11/Rad50 stimulates HerA/NurA-mediated resection through two different mechanisms. The first involves an initial Mre11 nucleolytic processing event of the DNA to generate a 3’ ssDNA overhang, which is then resected by HerA/NurA in the absence of Mre11/Rad50. The second mechanism likely involves local unwinding of the DNA end in a process dependent on Rad50 ATPase activity. I propose that this unwinding step facilitates binding of HerA/NurA to the DNA end and efficient resection of the break. Furthermore, the binding affinity of NurA for 3’ overhang and unwound DNA end substrates partially explains the efficiency of the two resection mechanisms. Lastly, 3’ single-stranded DNA generated by these enzymes can be used by the Archaeal RecA homolog RadA to catalyze strand exchange. This work elucidates how the conserved Mre11/Rad50 complex promotes DNA end resection in Archaea, and may serve as a model for DSB processing in eukaryotes. / text

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is probably the most important mechanism for functional novelty and adaption in bacteria. However, a robust understanding of the rates of HGT for most bacterial species and the influence of the ecological settings on the rates remain elusive. Four whole-genome comparative studies of free-living bacteria will be described that integrated physiological and ecological data with novel detection bioinformatic pipelines to elucidate the magnitude of HGT at three distinct levels of genetic relatedness: i) the species level, where overlapping ecological niche among co-occurring bacteria in the water column of the Baltic Sea has caused HGT to have been so rampant that it has served as the force of species cohesion; ii) the genus level, where HGT appeared to predominantly mobilize a limited number of genes with ecological/selective advantage (e.g., antibiotic resistance genes) among distinct pathogenic Campylobacter species and hence, did not lead to species convergence; and iii) the phylum level, where HGT was found to be, in general, less frequent than the genus level but, over evolutionary time, has assembled a large part of the metabolic functions of natural microbial communities, especially within organic matter rich, anaerobic habitats. In conclusion, this work advances the methods to link ecological relationships with HGT and suggests that HGT among very divergent organisms may have been more frequent than previously thought and led to successful adaptation.

<p>The aim of this thesis was to investigate the cellular role of the mouse RBBP6 gene using the interference RNA (RNAi) gene targeting technology and also to understand the relevance of two promoters for the RBBP6 gene.</p>