Cieľom tejto diplomovej práce je stanoviť kvalitu a zloženie medu, taktiež stanoviť jeho botanický pôvod na základe profilu sacharidov v mede. Med je prírodný produkt vysokej kvality a vďaka značnej spotrebe a nemalej trhovej hodnote je tiež terčom na falšovanie. S cieľom identifikovať podvody a cudzorodé látky, pochádzajúce z cukrových sirupov, boli analyzované oligosacharidy a polysacharidy na báze maltodextrínov. Teoretická časť popisuje chemické zloženie medu a hlavné princípy aplikovanej inštrumentálnej techniky. Poskytuje literárny prehľad existujúcich analytických metód na stanovenie sacharidov prítomných v mede a na odhalenie jeho falšovania. Boli definované hlavné body falšovania a autenticity, vrátane legislatívnych aspektov a opisu bežných druhov falšovania. Experimentálna časť obsahuje postupy, ktoré vedú k vývoju a optimalizácii chromatografických podmienok a parametrov elektrochemického detektora na stanovenie sacharidov a maltodextrínov (oligosacharidov a polysacharidov) vo vzorkách medu. Použitá analytická technika bola vysoko účinná aniónovo-výmenná chromatografia (HPAEC) spojená s pulzným amperometrickým detektorom (PAD). Vyvinutá a optimalizovaná chromatografická metóda bola taktiež validovaná z hľadiska linearity, dynamického rozsahu, analytických limitov, presnosti a správnosti. Na záver bola táto vypracovaná metóda úspešne zhodnotená analýzou autentických a falšovaných vzoriek medu rôzneho botanického pôvodu pochádzajúcich z členských štátov EÚ.

Der erste Teil der Dissertation behandelt die Substanz Phenylacetaldehyd, welche im Honig ausgehend von der Aminosäure Phenylalanin als natürlicher Stoff, aber auch als Rückstand nach Einsatz als Bienenvertreibungsmittel vorliegen kann. Die in dieser Arbeit durchgeführten Untersuchungen zeigen, dass der Gehalt an Phenylalanin sowie äußere Bedingungen, denen Honige ausgesetzt sind, für die Konzentration an Phenylacetaldehyd maßgebend sind. Diese Parameter müssen mindestens bekannt sein, um entscheiden zu können, ob Phenylacetaldehyd als Rückstand im Honig vorliegt. Der zweite Teil befasst sich mit der Filtration von Honig, welche in manchen Ländern durchgeführt wird, um eine Kristallisation zu herauszuzögern. Es wurde eine Methode entwickelt, um illegale Beimischungen gefilterter Honige zu ungefilterten Honigen nachzuweisen. Dazu wird das Enzym Saccharase gelchromatographisch isoliert und diese Fraktion elektrophoretisch untersucht. Die Veränderung des Proteinspektrums lässt sich mit Hilfe einer densitometrischen Auswertung quantifizieren und zeigt gefilterten Honig auch in Mischungen bis zu einem Anteil von mindestens 15 % an.

<p>Istraživanja&nbsp; u&nbsp; ovoj&nbsp; doktorskoj&nbsp; disertaciji&nbsp; su&nbsp; bila&nbsp; usmerena&nbsp; ka&nbsp; razumevanju<br />molekularnih&nbsp; mehanizama&nbsp; koji&nbsp; se&nbsp; aktiviraju&nbsp; kod medonosne pčele (<em>Apis mellifera, L</em>.)&nbsp; kao&nbsp; odgovor&nbsp; na&nbsp; stres&nbsp; izazvan&nbsp; jonima&nbsp; te&scaron;kih&nbsp; metala,&nbsp; &scaron;to&nbsp; zbog važnosti medonosne pčele kao opra&scaron;ivača&nbsp; ima&nbsp; poseban&nbsp; značaj&nbsp; i&nbsp; očekuje&nbsp; se da će doprineti očuvanju ove vrste. Istraživanja su bila podeljena u tri faze. U prvoj fazi za analize&nbsp; su&nbsp; kori&scaron;ćene populacije pčela sa lokaliteta sa različitim&nbsp; antropolo&scaron;kim uticajem&nbsp; i izmerena je koncentracija metala u pčelama, pergi i medu, kao i relativna genska ekspresija i aktivnost antioksidativnih enzima. U drugoj fazi&nbsp; pčele&nbsp; su&nbsp; u kontrolisanim laboratorijskim uslovima bile&nbsp; izložene subletalnim dozama jona te&scaron;kih&nbsp;metala&nbsp; (bakra,&nbsp; kadmijuma i olova), nakon čega&nbsp; su&nbsp; izmereni parametri koji ukazuju na redoks status i nivo oksidativnog stresa. Rezultati prve dve faze su pokazali&nbsp; da se ekspresija gena i aktivnost antioksidativnih enzima (superoksid dismutaze, katalaze i glutation&nbsp;<em> S</em>-transferaze)&nbsp; razlikuje u zavisnosti od stepena urbanizacije i industrijalizacije, dok je izlaganje bakru i kadmijumu u kontrolisanim uslovima u trajanju od 48 h dovelo samo do promene&nbsp; u ekspresiji gena&nbsp; i u većini slučajeva ekspresija je bila dozno zavisna od koncentracije metala.&nbsp; Olovo je uzrokovalo promene u koncentraciji glutationa i sulfhidrilnih grupa proteina, &scaron;to govori o tome da helacija olova može da bude prvi mehanizam odbrane od toksičnih efekata ovog metala.&nbsp; U trećoj fazi bioinformatičkom analizom je&nbsp; pronađen metalotionein medonosne pčele i ispitana je njegova funkcija u za&scaron;titi od toksičnih efekata jona te&scaron;kih metala.&nbsp; Utvrđeno je da pčele poseduju jedan&nbsp;gen za metalotionein, koji kodira mali protein sa regionima bogatim cisteinom za koje mogu da se vežu joni metala. Indukcija genske ekspresije metalotioneina medonosne pčele nakon izlaganja metalima i povećana tolerancija bakterija koje ekspresuju rekombinantni metalotionein na metale je potvrdila da metalotionein medonosne pčele ima ulogu u homeostazi bioelemenata i detoksikaciji potencijalno toksičnih metala.&nbsp; Dobijeni rezultati predstavljaju osnovu za buduća istraživanja uticaja&nbsp; jona te&scaron;kih metala na medonosnu pčelu i predstavljaju važan korak u sveobuhvatnoj proceni uticaja stresogenih faktora iz životne sredine na pčele.</p> / <p>Research in this doctoral thesis&nbsp; focuses&nbsp; on&nbsp; understanding the molecular mechanisms activated in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) as a response to stress caused by exposure to heavy metal ions. Because of the importance of honeybees as pollinators, this has special significance and is expected to contribute to the&nbsp; conservation of this species. Studies have been divided into three phases. In the first phase, bee populations from&nbsp; three localities under&nbsp; different anthropological influence were used and the concentrations of metals in the bees, honey and bee bread&nbsp; (perga), as well as relative gene expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes were measured. In the second phase, bees&nbsp; were exposed to sublethal doses of heavy metal ions (copper, cadmium and lead) under controlled laboratory conditions, after which parameters that indicate redox status and oxidative stress were determined. The results of the first two phases showed that&nbsp; gene expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione&nbsp; S-transferase) varies depending on the degree of urbanization and industrialization, while exposure to copper and cadmium in controlled conditions for 48 h&nbsp; resulted only in a change in gene expression in the majority of cases, and the expression was dose-dependent on the concentration of the metal. Lead has caused changes in the concentration of glutathione and sulfhydryl groups of proteins, which indicates&nbsp; that chelation may be the first defense mechanism against&nbsp; the&nbsp; toxic effects of this metal. In the third stage, honeybee metallothionein was identified by bioinformatic analysis and its function in&nbsp; protection against the toxic effects of heavy metal ions was examined. It has been found that&nbsp; honeybees have one metallothionein gene, which encodes a small protein with cysteine-rich regions that may bind metal ions. The induction of metallothionein gene expression after exposure of honeybees to metals and increased tolerance of bacteria that express recombinant metallothionein confirmed that this protein plays a role in the homeostasis of bioelements and detoxification of potentially toxic metals. These results form the basis for future research on the impact of&nbsp; heavy metal pollution on the honey bee and represent an important step in the comprehensive assessment of the impact of stress factors from the environment on honey bees.</p>

This thesis investigates three terms of endearment in soap operas, namely honey, sweetheart and darling. The purpose is to determine how these terms are used and in what context. 200 tokens were taken from the Corpus of American Soap Operas which contains 10 different soaps. The results indicate that more women utilize terms of endearment overall in soap operas, both to men and to other females. However, women are also mostly addressed with these terms. Honey is used mostly woman-to-woman, sweetheart most man-to-woman and darling is used mostly by women addressing men. Furthermore, honey occurs most frequently and almost all terms are used in a positive way, but there were some few exceptions however. In general, a term of endearment is mostly utilized at the end of a sentence, and individuals who are addressed with honey, sweetheart or darling do not usually respond with a similar term in return. An analysis of the social relationships between the characters/speakers of terms of endearment was also conducted, and it indicated that romantic couples and mother-to-son were common constellations where these terms often occurred. Furthermore, no instances were found where men used terms of endearment to other men. Moreover, the portrayal of men and women in soaps are not that stereotypical that one may suspect, but there are still stereotypical characteristics to find. This paper also suggests that terms of endearment are more common in soap operas than in authentic speech. The conclusion is that the findings in this thesis are important but further and more comprehensive studies have to be conducted in order to establish that the results presented here are reliable and accurate.

Honey bees are some of the most important pollinators for agriculture in the world and are pivotal to the health of worldwide ecosystems. Like all insects, bees struggle with exposure to parasites, diseases, and other environmental factors that can negatively affect the overall health of the colony. Recently, a new unexplainable phenomenon called Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) has been wreaking havoc on bee populations worldwide. As a result, a system capable of tracking bees is required to understand the different contributions of chemicals, parasites, etc. to CCD. This research seeks to show data supporting the development of systems for an X-band harmonic radar system. Overall, it was found the harmonic oscillator’s conversion and antenna efficiency were the most important design factors for determining detectability at increased ranges. Therefore, multiple harmonic oscillators were simulated and developed at a fundamental frequency of 5 GHz with these design factors in mind.

Honey Lake Basin is a large, hydrologically closed valley with two playa lakes that are separated by a low elevation sill. The Basin has a complex hydrogeologic setting, with numerous groundwater flow paths that interact with surface waters and three basic aquifers; shallow, deep, and geothermal. Thirteen flow paths; eleven cold and two thermal, are identified and the geochemical evolution of those paths are characterized by integrating solute chemistry and isotopic data. The chemical flow paths include recharge in either granitoid or volcanic terrains in the Sierra Nevada Range and the Modoc Plateau, respectively. The groundwater then flows through alluvial fan and stream sedimentary environments and eventually flows through lacustrine and playa sediments in the closed basin. This investigating characterizes geochemical evolution of groundwater flow from both mafic and granitic terrains to lacustrine sediments with evaporite minerals, in a closed basin environment. Temperature data reveal that thermal waters circulate to 1.6-3.0 km and 2.8-3.8 km along two major fault zones. Shallow groundwaters above 17°C are determined to have a component of thermal water and mixing ratios are presented. δ18O and δD data show that deep groundwater was recharged by cooler, more humid precipitation from the last ice age, whereas shallow groundwaters reflect current meteoric conditions and show extensive evaporation trends. The two thermal flow paths show exchange with silicate minerals at high temperatures (>100°C). δ13C data show interaction with carbonate minerals in basin fill lacustrine sediments. 3H concentrations and 14C ages show that deep groundwaters throughout the Basin and shallower groundwaters in the center of the basin are not greatly affected by post-1952 recharge. Mean 14C ages range from modern to 23,500 years old. NETPATH was used to model geochemical evolution along the flow paths. Groundwater on the west side of the basin (granitic terrain) is typically low TDS (~150 mg/L) calcium-bicarbonate water and evolves into higher TDS (~300 mg/L) sodium-bicarbonate groundwater as it interacts with granitic rocks and then lacustrine sediments. Groundwater on the east side of the basin (mafic terrain) is typically low TDS (~200 mg/L) sodium-bicarbonate water and evolves into high TDS (~300 mg/L) sodium-bicarbonate water groundwater as it interacts with mafic rocks and then lacustrine sediments. Dissolution of silicate minerals and calcite, and ion exchange with clays is responsible for major chemistry changes. As both of these types of groundwaters come into contact with lacustrine sediments with evaporite minerals on the playas, dissolution of halite and gypsum dominate and the groundwater becomes extremely high in TDS (~ 1100 mg/L on the Honey Lake Playa and ~ 43,000 mg/L on the Fish Spring Playa) and strongly sodium-chloride in character.

No description available.

Bakgrund Honung har använts inom sårvård i tusentals år. Dock har den fallit i glömska i modern tid då sjukvården fick tillgång till antibiotika. Överutskrivning av antibiotika bidrar till att antibiotikaresistenta bakterier utvecklas. Nyare forskning visar att sårbehandling med honung uppfattas som lovande. Sjuksköterskor ansvarar för val av lämpliga förband vilket gör att sjuksköterskor behöver kontinuerlig utbildning för att kunna utföra en evidensbaserad praktik. Syfte Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt är att sammanställa forskningsbaserad kunskap om effekterna på sårläkning av medicinsk honung hos patienter med sår. Metod Litteraturöversikt bygd på tio vetenskapliga studier har genomförts som en strukturerad litteraturstudie med inslag av den metodologi som används vid systematiska översikter. Resultat Ett tema: God sårläkningsförmåga samt fyra huvudkategorier av effekter av medicinsk honung i sårläkningsprocessen: antimikrobiell effekt, understöd till sårläkningsprocessen, förbättrad livskvalitet samt säkerhet har identifierats i denna studie. Slutsats Medicinsk honung har god sårläkningsförmåga tack vare sin antimikrobiella effekt, understöd till sårläkningsprocessen, förbättrad livskvalitet för patienterna samt säker användning. Medicinsk honung kan användas på alla typer av sår i olika faser av sårläkningsprocessen. Medicinsk honung är säker att använda både för vuxna och barn. Sjuksköterskornas evidensbaserade praktik ger en möjlighet att bidra till minskningen av användandet av antibiotika genom att välja medicinsk honung i sårbehandlingen. / Background Honey has been used in wound care for thousands of years. However, in modern times it has been forgotten ever since antibiotics was introduced. Overprescription of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistant bacteria. New research shows promising results with medical honey in wound care. Registered nurses are responsible to choose an appropriate wound dressing, this stipulates the need for a nurse to continuously update their knowledge in wound care to be able to perform evidence-based practice. Aim The aim with this literature review is to compile research-based knowledge about the effect on wound healing medical honey can provide on patents with wound. Method This literature review based on ten studies has been conducted as a structured literature review with elements of a systematic review. Results One theme: good wound healing ability and four head categories of effects of medical honey in wound healing process: antimicrobial effect, support of wound healing process, improved quality of life and security has been identified in this study. Conclusions Medical honey has good wound healing ability because of its antimicrobial effect, support of wound healing process, improved quality of life and safe for patients to use. Medical honey can be used on all types of wounds in different phases of the wound healing process. Medical honey is safe to use both for adults and for children. Nurses evidenced based practice give an opportunity to contribute to reduce the utilization of antibiotics by choosing medical grade honey in wound care.

No description available.

Propolis – Creating and using an immersive 2D honey bee environment to educate children between the ages of 3-10, about the importance of honey bees. This capstone project will showcase this researcher's skills in graphic design, spatial sound, architecture, exhibition design, and character illustration. Within this structure, individuals will be able to observe, determine, and make comparisons between a healthy bee colony and one that is fragile and dying. / Master of Fine Arts / "Honey bees have been on the decline. As of 2016, eight species of bees made it on the United States (U.S.) endangered species list. It reported that the decline of pollinators is due to industrial agriculture, parasites, pathogens, and climate change" (Contributors 2020). The loss of habitat and lack of nectar is due to monocultures and bee-killing pesticides. These are significant threats to honey bees and wild pollinators. There is a need for good, clean food providing for a healthy existence for the honey bee. When bees have proper nutrients, the result is a healthy hive that gives mature bees a better chance to fight off diseases. To showcase the life of a honey bee, this researcher created an immersive environment that simulates a hive structure. The structure, along with the motion graphics and critical takeaway printed pieces, is to help children between the ages of 3-10 understand the importance of honey bees. By comparing healthy and unhealthy bees in their natural habitat in an illustration format, the children could empathize with the honey bees. Hopefully, they will one day change the fate of these amazing creatures. The immersive environment will emulate a spatial audio, 2D character illustration, and animation projected onto a honeycomb structure. Custom seed packets and a brochure will accompany the immersive environment to allow the children to plant a bee-friendly garden and to learn more about the honey bees. This capstone project will showcase the researcher's skills in graphic design, spatial sound, architecture, exhibition design, and character illustration. This structure will allow individuals to observe, determine, and make comparisons between a healthy colony and one that is fragile and dying.