No study to date has simultaneously examined the commonalities and unique aspects of positive psychological factors and whether these factors uniquely account for a reduction in suicide risk. Using a factor analytic approach, the current study examined the relationships between grit, hope, optimism, and their unique and overlapping relationships in predicting suicide ideation. Results of principle axis factor analysis demonstrated close relationships between these variables at both the construct and item level. Item-level analyses supported a five-factor solution (Stick-to-Itiveness, Poor Future, Consistency of Interest, Positive Future, and Poor Pathways). Four of the five factors (excluding Stick-to-Itiveness) were associated with suicide ideation. Additionally, results of a multiple regression analysis indicated that two of the five factors (Consistency of Interest and Positive Future) negatively predicted suicide ideation while Poor Future positively predicted suicide ideation. Implications regarding the interrelationships between grit, hope, and optimism with suicide ideation are discussed.

Bibliography: leaves 175-183. / Missionary endeavours in the Eastern Cape were characterized by African resistance to the Christian Gospel during the first half of the nineteenth century. Current explanations for this rejection point to the opposition of the chiefs, the association that the listeners made between the missionaries and their white oppressors, and the threat to communal solidarity. This thesis aims to see if these explanations fully reveal the reasons for Xhosa resistance to Christianity by examining African perceptions of the missionaries and their message at the Wesleyan mission stations of Mount Coke and Butterworth for the period 1825-35. The research is based upon the Wesleyan Missionary Society correspondence and missionary journals and is corroborated and supplemented by travellers' records and later studies in African religion and social anthropology. The economic, social, and religious background of the Wesleyans is described to show how the Christian message was limited to their culture and system of thought. Concepts of divinity, morality, and the afterlife are compared to demonstrate the vast differences between Wesleyan and African worldviews and the inability of the missionaries to overcome these obstacles and to show the relevance of Christianity to African material and spiritual needs. Various types of perceptions are surveyed to show that, though the missionaries were respected for their spiritual role, their character and lifestyle presented an unappealing model of the Christian life. The threat that the missionary message posed to the structure and functioning of African communities is examined as well as African perceptions of these implications. A theory of conversion is advanced which reveals a consistent pattern of association with the missionaries for reasons of self-interest, exposure to the Gospel over a lengthy period of time, and finally conversion. The missionary-African contact of this period is thus characterized as the encounter between two systems of thought which did not engage.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / While research links the presence of meaning in life to better psychological well-being, the relationship between the search for meaning and psychological well-being is less clear. The search for meaning is generally thought to be psychologically distressing, but there is evidence that this process is moderated by the presence of meaning in life. Because the search for meaning in life can be considered a goal pursuit, goal-related personality traits may also moderate the relationship between the search for meaning and psychological well-being. The first aim of this cross-sectional study was to replicate the moderating effect of the presence of meaning on the relationship between the search for meaning and psychological well-being in a sample of undergraduates (N = 246). The second aim was to examine the potential moderating effects of hope and optimism on these relationships. As an exploratory third aim, this study examined whether there was a unique combination of the presence of meaning, the search for meaning, and hope or optimism that differentially predicted psychological well-being. Results suggest that optimism and the presence of meaning, but not hope, are significant moderators of the relationship between the search for meaning and psychological well-being. Implications and limitations of these findings are discussed.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Expectations are a key aspect of human success and behavior that predict outcomes in a variety of settings, including academics. Trait expectations (e.g., hope and optimism) and previous experiences appear relevant to the formation of specific expectations. Specific expectations predict outcomes, with positive expectations predicting better outcomes. In academics, positive specific expectations predict improved academic performance; however, there are aspects of this relationship that are unclear. This study sought to examine the formation of specific academic expectations and the relationship between these expectations and academic performance. The current study aimed to replicate previous research about the unique influences of academic expectations, expand this knowledge by examining possible mechanisms of the relationship between academic expectations and academic performance, and test how previous academic experience affected this relationship. Results of this study showed that previous GPA and optimism, but not hope, predicted academic expectations. Academic expectations predicted academic performance, but this relationship was not mediated by study time or stress. Finally, previous GPA moderated the relationship between academic expectations and academic performance, such that the positive association between academic expectations and academic performance was stronger for those with poorer prior performance.

Many states and municipalities are using climate forecasts and vulnerability analyses to prepare comprehensive frameworks designed to guide adaptation actions (Hamin, 2012). The responsibility for facilitating the development and adoption of these frameworks, also known as climate adaptation plans, often lies with planning practitioners. However, if planning is understood to be the organization of hope and its language that of the future (Baum, 1997), planning practitioners must consider how to effectively uphold these disciplinary concepts when addressing climate change—an issue with the propensity to stimulate fear and despair for a future marked by uncertainty. Developing and implementing adaptation policies and practices designed to increase community resilience in the face of a changing climate require negotiating a balance between pessimistic feelings that climate change is already underway and won’t be stopped and optimistic feelings that actions taken now will matter. Employing qualitative research methods informed by grounded theory, this research examines a set of state-level climate change adaptation plans to identify the key elements within and their implications for negotiating the despair and hope associated with climate change. Research methods from the field of narratology provide a basis for understanding these elements as components of a narrative. Findings suggest that state-level adaptation plans, understood as narratives, are comprised of elements that can be employed to balance the despair and hope associated with climate change. These findings support research emerging from the field of planning theory, which suggests that persuasive narratives may have relevance in mobilizing action on climate-related issues. Informed by research from diverse fields of inquiry, recommendations that guide the use of select elements in adaptation plans were developed to aid in overcoming the barriers that uncertainty, fear and despair play in limiting effective action on climate change.

This dissertation examines the allocation of funds over the entire tenure of the HOPE VI, a public housing competitive grant, to determine if the program adhered to its program goals. This study focuses on the application and selection phases of HOPE VI. Moreover, this study looks to the scholarship on redistributive politics to gain an understanding of any deviations from projected program results. Within the context of an institutional policy analysis approach, this dissertation explores the consequences of using competitive grants as a policy tool for the HOPE VI program and postulates on its effects on program outcomes. An empirical analysis of the grant applicants and grant recipients finds that overall, large developments had a better rate in receiving grants and received more grants on their initial attempt. However, small public housing developments, which were not the focus of the HOPE VI program, submitted four times as many applications with a success rate of fifty-two percent. Overtime, cities with smaller populations are awarded more grants. / Ph. D.

This work tells the history of the current crisis facing the community of Lwandle, "the hostel by the sea" near Strand and Somerset West in the Western Cape. Despite all the media propaganda about consultation with "recognised and moderate leaders", despite government promises that legislation curtailing the free movement of blacks would be abolished, despite the State President's undertaking that apartheid would go, yet the people who live in this settlement have little hope of being able to remain there with their families for much longer. I will attempt to illustrate the socio-economic conditions which prevail in their community, to detail the background to the current stage in their struggle to promote family life at Lwandle and to place this in a broader perspective to state policy and apartheid reform in late 198 7. Accordingly, Chapter 1 will look at the history of Lwandle hostel, the geographic environment, the demographic composition of the community and the social composition and community organisation that pertains there at present. Much of the information in this section was gleaned from my involvement with the community of Lwandle as the chairwoman of the local branch of the Black Sash and from my recurring meetings with sections of the community in order to try and resolve the question of their impending removal to another area (or, more recently, the removal of part of the community). Some information, too, emanates from an investigation by the Urban Foundation, conducted in 198 7, into the feasibility of providing suitable family housing at Lwandle. During the preparation of this report, I did, however, liase a great deal with the 'research team who compiled it, and (hopefully) succeeded in imparting some of the information now embodied in the report. In Chapter 2 a summary of legal developments relating to the abolition of influx control will be provided, and other enactments controlling the movement of peoples throughout South Africa examined. In this regard current government policy and stated objectives pertaining to both influx control and housing (with particular attention to single sex hostel accommodation) must be included in order to provide a basis for analysis in the final Chapter, Chapter 4. Chapter 3 will focus on the arrest in May 1986 of 1.58 women at Lwandle hostel on charges amounting to trespass. The involvement of the local branch of the Black Sash in the future of the Lwandle community was a reaction to the immediate need of those women who were arrested. Some specific case studies were completed, and these will be discussed in this Chapter. Further police action in Lwandle after May 1986 will, insofar as such details are known to me, also be mentioned. Finally, in Chapter 4 the problematic position in which the residents of Lwandle now find themselves will be outlined, and certain conclusions about the general political scenario that obtains at present in South Africa (with reference to criminological issues) will be drawn.

A comprehensive study has been made of a large collection of metasomatised peridotite, and MARIO (Mica-Amphibole-ButileIlmenite-Qiopside) xenoliths from the Kimberley pipes, with the aim of obtaining an improved understanding of enrichment processes operating in the sub-continental lithospheric mantle. The metasomatised peridotite suite is divided into garnet peridotites (GP), which contain no texturally equilibrated or primary phlogopite, garnet phlogopite peridotites (GPP), which constitute the most abundant peridotites, phlogopite peridotites (PP) and phlogopite K-richterite peridotites (PKP). Diopside can be present in all four groups. PKP rocks may also contain exotic incompatible element-rich Crtitanates such as lindsleyite and mathiasite, Nb-Cr rutile, ilmenite and armalcolite. Petrographic and chemical evidence presented here suggest that metasomatism increases progressively in the sequence GPGPP-PP-PKP, with the PKP group being richest in Fe, Ti and incompatible elements such as K, Na, Rb, Ba, Sr, Zr, Nb and the LR.EE. Mineral compositions change progressively from the garnet-bearing rocks to the PP and PKP rocks, showing decreases in Al 2o 3 and cr2o 3 contents, and increases in FeO and Tio2 contents. Data from this study show that most PKP and some PP rocks were derived from Al-deficient harzburgites. Other PP rocks probably had garnet-bearing precursors, as they display chemical similarities to GPP rocks, and typically contain aggregates of phlogopitediopside-spinel which are interpreted and modelled as being garnet replacement textures. Pressures and temperatures of equilibration of the peridotites in this study, combined with published experimental mineral stability data, suggest that metasomatism increases in intensity upwards in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) over a considerable depth interval from _170 km to Sr isotope data suggest that the metasomatism is young (1 Ga) have been recorded by Nd isotopes. New and published peridotite mineral and whole-rock Nd and Sr isotopic compositions range from moderately depleted to highly enriched and are interpreted in terms of mixing between variably enriched "ancient" SCLM and young metasomatic fluids with isotopic compositions close to Bulk Earth values. A rnineralogic expression of the ancient enrichments which might suggest that they resulted from older metasornatic events, cannot be clearly identified, but is best represented by enriched Nd-isotopic compositions of nonmetasornatic garnet. Rare phlogopites with low 1 43 Nd/144Nd ratios are interpreted as the product of complex mixing between the young metasomatic fluids and old enriched SCLM, rather than as older phlogopite. A group of unusually diopside-rich peridotites (±Phlogopite, ±ilmenite), are described and discussed. They are probably not directly related to the main group of metasomatised peridotites. Their chemical differences and greater pressures and temperatures of equilibration are consistent with formation by interaction between a diapir of asthenospheric melt and surrounding peridotitic mantle at the base of the SCLM. Comparison with chemical and isotopic data from the literature for Cr-rich "granny-smith" diopside rnegacrysts and glimmerites (phlogopite-diopside-ilmenite aggregates), suggests that they may have close genetic links with the diopside-rich suite. MARIO nodules are modally dominated by phlogopite, Krichterite and diopside, with lesser ilmenite and rutile, and accessory minerals such as calcite, barite and apatite. Olivine is absent, as is (with one exception) orthopyroxene, which serves to distinguish MARIO rocks from highly metasornatised peridotites. Relative modal proportions, textures and grain-size of MARIO rocks vary considerably, both within and between nodules. Textures suggest that they are igneous cumulates. The maximum stability depth of Krichterite restricts their depths of crystallisation to <120km. Data obtained in this study show that MARIO mineral compositions are Fe and Ti rich compared to most peridotites, and are much poorer in Cr, Al, Mg and Ni. Bulk compositions are alkali- and magnesian-rich (K20=4-9 weight%, Mg0=20-25 weight%), with moderate to high concentrations of i ncompatible trace elements. New and published MARIO mineral Nd and Sr isotopic measurements ranges from slightly depleted to highly enriched compositions. They are interpreted in terms of mixing of recent (phlogopite metasomatism is presented. The model proposes that there was recent input of metasomatic fluids at two distinct levels in the sub-continental mantle lithosphere. (1) Deep level fluids were generated at the base of the subcontinental lithosphere between 170-200 km depth - l l I ) possibly evolved from failed asthenospheric melts. The intensity of metasomatism progressively increased as these fluids percolated upwards to _100 km depth, and the GPP and some of the PP rocks were formed. (2) Shallow level metasomatic fluids were evolved during the crystallisation of MA.RID magmas ponded at 60-100 km depth. They were released into the surrounding SCLM, and formed the PKP and some PP rocks. These MA.RID-derived fluids appear to have overprinted the deep-derived metasomatism in places; some PP rocks have metasomatic signatures with characteristics of both events, which is interpreted as evidence for the passage of both types of fluid through them. Various lines of evidence including variations in mineral and whole-rock chemistry, suggest that both types of fluids contained Si, Al, Fetotal, Fe 3+, Ti, ±Ca, incompatible elements such as K, Na, Rb, Ba, Sr, Zr, Nb, V, LREE, s, and possibly F and Cl. The MARIO-derived fluids may have been generally richer in these elements, as the PKP rocks are more intensely metasomatised than even the most metasomatised GPP. u and related PP rocks. The behaviqr of Ba appears to have been different in the two sources/fluids - the deeper-derived fluids produced Ba-rich phlogopites, whereas the MARID magmas and MARID-derived fluids resulted in the formation of Ba-poor phlogopites in MA.RID and PKP rocks. Modelling of fluid compositions using published crystal/melt and crystal/fluid partition coefficients and PKP mineral trace element abundances is inconclusive but suggests that the MARIDderived fluids (and possibly the deep-derived fluids as well), were strongly LREE-enriched with REE patterns comparable to lamproites or kimberlites, and with moderately high Rb and Ba contents. However, inferred concentrations of Sr in the metasomatic fluids are of the order of 1% or more. The PKP rocks have attracted more attention in the literature than the GPP and PP groups, due to their spectacular J metasomatic assemblages. However, it is worth noting that they are relatively rare (~10% of peridotites from the Kimberley pipes). The ¥.LA.RID-derived metasomatism was probably intense, but strongly localised. In contrast the GPP and PP rocks are extremely abundant at Kimberley (_50% and _30% respectively) and were equilibrated over a large depth interval (170-100 km). The deep-derived metasomatism therefore appears to have been much more pervasive, and although less intense (most GPP rocks have 1-2% phlogopite) , it is considered to be a more significant phenomenon in the context of mantle metasomatic processes, especially as it appears to predate host kimberlite formation and emplacement.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States and a leading cause of death worldwide. The rate of mortality is currently approximately 171.2 out of every 100,000 individuals with a terminal cancer diagnosis annually. Individuals with terminal cancer diagnoses facing probable mortality utilize various coping mechanisms or internal resources in an attempt to maintain an internal sense of well-being, commonly referred to as quality of life (QOL). The purpose of this literature review was to investigate themes prevalent in the literature pertaining to internal coping mechanisms and analyze any correlation or causation linking these resources to a change in QOL in individuals with a terminal cancer diagnosis. The secondary purpose of this review was to interpret and define the healthcare provider’s role in supporting this relationship. A systematic review of the literature was conducted from multiple online databases. Multiple studies related to the overarching themes of internal resources and QOL for individuals with a terminal cancer diagnosis were selected for the review. Results revealed major themes pertaining to correlation between hope and QOL. Studies which analyzed the relationship between hope and QOL found a positive correlation. The literature suggests that healthcare providers are capable of facilitating this relationship between hope and QOL. Healthcare provider facilitation of the relationship between hope and QOL is valuable in the clinical setting, and can aid an individual in achieving a desirable QOL.

Thesis advisor: James F. Keenan / This dissertation offers a constructive contribution to the field of liturgy and ethics by proposing a fundamental eucharistic ethics, articulated in the key of virtue. It envisions a new theological approach to examining the relationship between worship and morality, which proceeds on the basis of Eucharistic theology, eschatology, and theories of virtue. The project begins with a critical reading of modern sacramental theology and the field of liturgy and ethics. It draws attention to the problematic prioritization of universal sacramentality over the ecclesial sacraments themselves, and on this basis, it calls for renewed attention to the Eucharist. In addition, it offers a methodological assessment of the field in terms of two models for linking liturgy and ethics: the correlational and pedagogical models. The dissertation attempts, on that basis, to stress the eschatological setting of the relationship between liturgy and ethics. It argues that virtue ethics provides the appropriate theoretical resources for understanding the connection between liturgy and ethics on an eschatological horizon, and it gives an account of liturgical virtue. The limits of this approach are discussed relative to the partial and fragmentary nature of virtue in light of eternal life and in terms of liturgical vice. The project ends with a study and defense of the virtue of hope as the first virtue of a fundamental eucharistic ethics. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2021. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Theology.