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« L’équitation est une activité pratiquée par les riches ou les homosexuels ! ». Les stéréotypes entourant les pratiques équestres sont nombreux minimisant la variété même des pratiques et usages existants. Si le saut d’obstacle, le dressage ou le complet sont des disciplines olympiques, les courses en hippodrome, la randonnée, l’endurance, l’équithérapie, etc., mobilisent des dizaines de milliers de personnes en France chaque année. Les études qui se sont jusqu’ici intéressées à la question équestre sont nombreuses, mais s’intéressent bien souvent à la pratique compétitive à côté de laquelle vivoterait un « loisir » sans autre intérêt que de passer du temps, voire en prenant du plaisir, à cheval. Pourtant, s’intéresser à l’histoire équestre invite à la réflexion. En effet, l’équitation, quelle que soit sa forme actuelle, est issue d’une pratique guerrière. D’où la question que pose cette étude : l’équitation ne serait-elle pas, en fait, un art martial qui s’ignore ? Au travers d’une étude socio-historique de l’activité, de l’observation participante dans plusieurs centres équestres, d’équitation traditionnelle mais aussi éthologique, des entretiens avec des cavalières-cavaliers (n =50) l’étude s’attache à comprendre ce que signifie devenir cavalier au 21e siècle voire se revendiquer comme tel. La recherche menée constate l’ascendance guerrière de l’équitation au plan historique, mais aussi pour certains cavaliers au niveau d’une éthique à défendre, de valeurs à restaurer. « L’apprentissage par corps » adossé à l’observation et aux entretiens avec des professionnels équestres, au sens de leur engagement social dans leur discipline, autorisent largement la comparaison, si ce n’est l’intégration, de l’équitation avec les arts guerriers ou martiaux. / “Horse-riding is practiced by rich people or homosexuals!” There are plenty of stereotypes regarding equestrian activities which minimize the variety and even the existing kinds and uses. If jumping, dressage and eventing are Olympic disciplines, racing, trail riding, endurance, equine therapy and so on, mobilize tens of thousands of people in France each year.Studies which talk about the equestrian question are numerous, but often focus their interest on the competitive practice rather than a “leisure activity” whose interest is to spend time, even having fun on horse. However, an interest in equestrian history provokes thought. Indeed, horse-riding, in whatever actual form, is the result of war practice. Here comes the question asked by this study: should horse-riding , in fact, be seen as an ignored martial art?Through a socio-historian study of the activity, observations in several equestrian centres of traditional horseriding and also natural horseman-ship, interviews with horse riders (n=50) the study focuses on understanding what is to become of a horse rider in the 21st century or even to claim being one of them.The research conducted reports the warriors ascendance in horse-riding from an historical point, and also for some horse riders, the values to restore. “The body learning” backed by observation and interviews with equestrian professionals, understood as a social engagement in their discipline, largely allows the comparison, and if not the integration, of horse-riding in war or martial arts.

As práticas equestres, em especial, o hipismo, estão relacionadas com a configuração do cenário sociocultural de Porto Alegre, bem como, do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O cavalo, para a identidade do sul-rio-grandense, representa um de seus símbolos, uma vez que sempre se associaram, ao longo da história do Rio Grande do Sul. A parceria entre homem e animal está presente, também, nos momentos de lazer e diversão. Desde as primeiras manifestações do fenômeno do associativismo esportivo em Porto Alegre, por volta da segunda metade do século XIX, já ocorriam, na cidade, práticas esportivas que abarcavam a participação do cavalo, como as corridas de cavalos, conhecidas como “carreiras em cancha reta”, e o turfe, corridas de cavalos em pista circular/elíptica. Novas práticas equestres emergem nos quartéis no início do século XX: pólo equestre, caça à raposa, volteio e hipismo, onde o salto constitui a prática mais divulgada. O presente estudo tem por objetivo compreender como se sucedeu a esportivização das práticas equestres em Porto Alegre, em particular do salto do hipismo, nas décadas de 1920 a 1940. Para a realização desta pesquisa histórica, utilizaram-se fontes impressas, tais como atas de entidades do turfe e do hipismo, a Revista do Globo e os jornais “Correio do Povo”, “Diário de Notícias”, “A Federação” e “Gazeta de Porto Alegre”. As fontes revelaram que, no contexto predominantemente rural, em Porto Alegre, na segunda metade do século XIX, emergiram as primeiras práticas equestres com elementos de esportivização. Dentre estas, destacam-se o turfe e o hipismo como exemplos de práticas equestres que desenvolveram propriedades características de esporte moderno. Neste processo, as mulheres foram de espectadoras, no turfe, a praticantes, no salto. / Equestrian practices, in particular, horse riding, are related to Porto Alegre’s sociocultural context configuration, as well as Rio Grande do Sul’s. The horse is one of the symbols for Rio Grande do Sul’s identity, since they have always been associated throughout this state’s history. Thus, it would not be surprising that such a partnership between man and animal was also present in moments of leisure and fun. Therefore, since the earliest manifestations of the sportive association phenomenon in Porto Alegre, in the second half of the nineteenth century, there already were sportive practices which counted with horse’s participation such as horse races known as ‘straight line horse races’ and turf, circular/elliptical horse races. New equestrian practices emerged in the barracks in the early twentieth century: equestrian polo, fox hunting, vaulting and horse riding, where show jumping is the most widespread practice. Considering this background, this study aims to understand how sportivization process of equestrian practices happened in Porto Alegre, in particular of show jumping, in the decades from 1920 to 1940. In order to accomplish this historical research, documentary and printed sources have been used, such as turf and show jumping entities’ minutes, Revista do Globo magazine, and the newspapers “Correio do Povo”, “Diário de Notícias”, “A Federação”, and “Gazeta de Porto Alegre”. The sources have revealed that, in a predominantly rural context in Porto Alegre, in the second half of the nineteeth century, the first equestrian practices with sportivization elements have emerged. Among these, we highlight turf and show jumping as examples of equestrian practices which have developed all the characteristic properties of modern sport. In this process, from spectators in turf, women became practitioners in show jumping.

As práticas equestres, em especial, o hipismo, estão relacionadas com a configuração do cenário sociocultural de Porto Alegre, bem como, do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O cavalo, para a identidade do sul-rio-grandense, representa um de seus símbolos, uma vez que sempre se associaram, ao longo da história do Rio Grande do Sul. A parceria entre homem e animal está presente, também, nos momentos de lazer e diversão. Desde as primeiras manifestações do fenômeno do associativismo esportivo em Porto Alegre, por volta da segunda metade do século XIX, já ocorriam, na cidade, práticas esportivas que abarcavam a participação do cavalo, como as corridas de cavalos, conhecidas como “carreiras em cancha reta”, e o turfe, corridas de cavalos em pista circular/elíptica. Novas práticas equestres emergem nos quartéis no início do século XX: pólo equestre, caça à raposa, volteio e hipismo, onde o salto constitui a prática mais divulgada. O presente estudo tem por objetivo compreender como se sucedeu a esportivização das práticas equestres em Porto Alegre, em particular do salto do hipismo, nas décadas de 1920 a 1940. Para a realização desta pesquisa histórica, utilizaram-se fontes impressas, tais como atas de entidades do turfe e do hipismo, a Revista do Globo e os jornais “Correio do Povo”, “Diário de Notícias”, “A Federação” e “Gazeta de Porto Alegre”. As fontes revelaram que, no contexto predominantemente rural, em Porto Alegre, na segunda metade do século XIX, emergiram as primeiras práticas equestres com elementos de esportivização. Dentre estas, destacam-se o turfe e o hipismo como exemplos de práticas equestres que desenvolveram propriedades características de esporte moderno. Neste processo, as mulheres foram de espectadoras, no turfe, a praticantes, no salto. / Equestrian practices, in particular, horse riding, are related to Porto Alegre’s sociocultural context configuration, as well as Rio Grande do Sul’s. The horse is one of the symbols for Rio Grande do Sul’s identity, since they have always been associated throughout this state’s history. Thus, it would not be surprising that such a partnership between man and animal was also present in moments of leisure and fun. Therefore, since the earliest manifestations of the sportive association phenomenon in Porto Alegre, in the second half of the nineteenth century, there already were sportive practices which counted with horse’s participation such as horse races known as ‘straight line horse races’ and turf, circular/elliptical horse races. New equestrian practices emerged in the barracks in the early twentieth century: equestrian polo, fox hunting, vaulting and horse riding, where show jumping is the most widespread practice. Considering this background, this study aims to understand how sportivization process of equestrian practices happened in Porto Alegre, in particular of show jumping, in the decades from 1920 to 1940. In order to accomplish this historical research, documentary and printed sources have been used, such as turf and show jumping entities’ minutes, Revista do Globo magazine, and the newspapers “Correio do Povo”, “Diário de Notícias”, “A Federação”, and “Gazeta de Porto Alegre”. The sources have revealed that, in a predominantly rural context in Porto Alegre, in the second half of the nineteeth century, the first equestrian practices with sportivization elements have emerged. Among these, we highlight turf and show jumping as examples of equestrian practices which have developed all the characteristic properties of modern sport. In this process, from spectators in turf, women became practitioners in show jumping.

As práticas equestres, em especial, o hipismo, estão relacionadas com a configuração do cenário sociocultural de Porto Alegre, bem como, do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O cavalo, para a identidade do sul-rio-grandense, representa um de seus símbolos, uma vez que sempre se associaram, ao longo da história do Rio Grande do Sul. A parceria entre homem e animal está presente, também, nos momentos de lazer e diversão. Desde as primeiras manifestações do fenômeno do associativismo esportivo em Porto Alegre, por volta da segunda metade do século XIX, já ocorriam, na cidade, práticas esportivas que abarcavam a participação do cavalo, como as corridas de cavalos, conhecidas como “carreiras em cancha reta”, e o turfe, corridas de cavalos em pista circular/elíptica. Novas práticas equestres emergem nos quartéis no início do século XX: pólo equestre, caça à raposa, volteio e hipismo, onde o salto constitui a prática mais divulgada. O presente estudo tem por objetivo compreender como se sucedeu a esportivização das práticas equestres em Porto Alegre, em particular do salto do hipismo, nas décadas de 1920 a 1940. Para a realização desta pesquisa histórica, utilizaram-se fontes impressas, tais como atas de entidades do turfe e do hipismo, a Revista do Globo e os jornais “Correio do Povo”, “Diário de Notícias”, “A Federação” e “Gazeta de Porto Alegre”. As fontes revelaram que, no contexto predominantemente rural, em Porto Alegre, na segunda metade do século XIX, emergiram as primeiras práticas equestres com elementos de esportivização. Dentre estas, destacam-se o turfe e o hipismo como exemplos de práticas equestres que desenvolveram propriedades características de esporte moderno. Neste processo, as mulheres foram de espectadoras, no turfe, a praticantes, no salto. / Equestrian practices, in particular, horse riding, are related to Porto Alegre’s sociocultural context configuration, as well as Rio Grande do Sul’s. The horse is one of the symbols for Rio Grande do Sul’s identity, since they have always been associated throughout this state’s history. Thus, it would not be surprising that such a partnership between man and animal was also present in moments of leisure and fun. Therefore, since the earliest manifestations of the sportive association phenomenon in Porto Alegre, in the second half of the nineteenth century, there already were sportive practices which counted with horse’s participation such as horse races known as ‘straight line horse races’ and turf, circular/elliptical horse races. New equestrian practices emerged in the barracks in the early twentieth century: equestrian polo, fox hunting, vaulting and horse riding, where show jumping is the most widespread practice. Considering this background, this study aims to understand how sportivization process of equestrian practices happened in Porto Alegre, in particular of show jumping, in the decades from 1920 to 1940. In order to accomplish this historical research, documentary and printed sources have been used, such as turf and show jumping entities’ minutes, Revista do Globo magazine, and the newspapers “Correio do Povo”, “Diário de Notícias”, “A Federação”, and “Gazeta de Porto Alegre”. The sources have revealed that, in a predominantly rural context in Porto Alegre, in the second half of the nineteeth century, the first equestrian practices with sportivization elements have emerged. Among these, we highlight turf and show jumping as examples of equestrian practices which have developed all the characteristic properties of modern sport. In this process, from spectators in turf, women became practitioners in show jumping.

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Conceptualiser, réaliser, étalonner et valider une plateforme d'étude de la posture du cavalier. mise en place de capteurs de selle et de capteurs d'étriers. Nous utiliserons un cheval mécanique référent pour valider notre matériel. Nous voulons mettre en évidence la notion d'assiette passive et d'assiette active. Après modifications et étalonnage du cheval mécanique grâce à l'accéléromètrie, nous créons une plateforme filaire pour étalonnage. Nous réalisons des expérimentations in situ dans les écuries avec des cavaliers de dressage et de CSO. Nous étudions les deux types d'assiette par une expérimentation finale à la recherche de normes. Nous exporterons notre analyse dans le monde du Handisport et dans le monde de la rééducation. / Conceptualize, implement, calibrate and validate a platform for studying the rider's posture. We will use a referring horse simulator for our device's validation.We want to highlight the concept of passive and active riders seat. After changes and horse simulator's calibration by accelerometry, we create a calibrated wired platform such as embedded system. we perform experiments in the stables with expert's riders, jumping and dressage. we are studying the two types of rider's seat with an ending experiment. We try to determine seated standart positions for rider. we will export our analysis experiment in the world of Para and in the rehabilitation's world.

This study examined the observed effects of horse-riding which took place as an extra-curricula activity within the school day. The three children in the case study were primary aged students from a Canberra primary school who have an intellectual disability requiring high support. The criteria for selection was on the basis of how long they had taken part in the horse-riding programme. The three children were either just about to start or had just started the programme and had no previous experience with horses or horse-riding. The aim of the study was to explore the effects that the horse-riding programme had on the children's behaviour, attitudes and the way they communicated when riding. The children's behaviour was observed in the different settings of the school and the stables environment. Certain individual behaviours were observed and recorded on a weekly basis for an eight week period. Audio-recordings of behaviour took place as well as interviews both before and after the eight week period, from teachers, riding instructors, helpers, and parents. Whilst the case study could not be said to be large enough to be representative of all children with intellectual disabilities attending this horse-riding programme, in general some common themes relating to counselling emerged which corresponded with other studies referred to in the literature. These include positive effects such as a general sense of well-being and a feeling of success whilst being in control of the horse. An emerging empathy and closeness of each child with their particular horse was observed over time, which appeared to lead to increased communication. This took place whilst the children were talking or communicating to the horse or in the presence of the horse.

Master of Science / Department of Horticulture, Forestry, and Recreation Resources / Ryan L. Sharp / The need to balance increasing recreation demands with resource conservation in parks and protected areas presents a challenge for land managers. Managing recreational use of vast land and river areas often encompasses concerns about increasing numbers of recreation visitors, including horse riders. These increases in visitor use may cause adverse impacts to natural resources. A typical outdoor recreation activity, like horse riding, can lead to such impacts as soil erosion, compaction, damage to vegetation, wildlife disturbance, and water pollution. Parks and protected areas require diligent monitoring of these impacts. Along with biophysical impacts, potential social conflicts usually revolve around shared trail use with other horse riders, mountain bikers, and/or hikers. Self-administered questionnaires were given to recreationists (i.e., horse riders) at Ozark National Scenic Riverways (OZAR) in Missouri, U.S.A. Data were collected about levels and patterns of visitor activities on trails at OZAR via stratified random sample at multiple locations, times of day, days of the week and time of year (e.g. summer and fall), thus capturing a representative sample of the riders throughout the whole park. The study examined horse riders’ perceptions of potential management scenarios regarding horse riding trails. Additionally, experience use history data at OZAR were collected. The objective of the research was to explore management options when looking at seasonality, temporal differences, experiential level and the perceived severity of the actions to horse riders at OZAR. The Potential for Conflict Index was used for measuring the potential for conflict between users at different times of the week and times of year (e.g. summer and fall), as well as between horse riders and managers (through proposed management actions). This study sought to help inform park and protected area managers about horse riders’ perceptions of potential management actions and the potential for conflict related to said management actions. Of the management scenarios, there is a lower potential for conflict for trail permitting than trail management. Fall visitors had a higher potential for conflict regarding trail permitting (PCI₂ value = 0.43) and fall users also had a higher potential for conflict for trail management (PCI₂ value = 0.25). For expert and novice users, both groups felt similarly about trail conditions, trail permitting, and trail management; however, there was an overall lower potential for conflict for expert horse riders than novice horse riders. The results revealed the complexity of managing horse use in a protected area. Even during periods of high use, horse riders did not report crowded conditions, nor did horse riders favor restricting use on the trails. Additionally, horse riders felt that the trail conditions were acceptable. As past research has shown, increased horse use often leads to degraded ecological conditions (though none was perceived) and possible conflicts with other users (but not intra-activity). Limiting use may be the only viable way to maintain the ecological integrity of the park, regardless of horse riders lack of desire for restricted use or the presence of experiential impacts. Managers often have to make difficult decisions in the face of conflicting information, and this study clearly displays this dilemma.

The aim of this study was to determine executive function outcomes after an equi-therapy intervention in a group of Tourette syndrome children. Equi-therapy is a new form of therapeutic horse riding, which is related to the stimulation of the vestibular system through sensory integration in the brain. For this study a non-equivalent control group design was implemented. The study consisted of 8 Tourette syndrome children aged between 9 and 15, who were referred after a definite Tourette syndrome diagnosis from various neurologists and paediatricians. Both groups were evaluated on a battery of 6 neuropsychological tests measuring various aspects of executive function before and after receiving the therapeutic horse riding intervention. The tests used were the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Stroop Colour Word Test, the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test, the Trail Making Test A and B, the Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Qualitative inputs were also included in the study. These consisted of behavioural checklists completed by the participants’ parents, the evaluation of the participants’ copy drawings as ’frontal’ or ’normal’ obtained from the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure test, and results of tests that were administered by an occupational therapist as part of the required evaluation for the therapeutic horse riding (equi-therapy) itself. Results of the neuropsychological tests indicated significant differences for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Stroop Colour Word Test and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, indicating improvements in selective attention, cognitive flexibility, visualspatial constructional ability, visuomotor integration, visual memory and organisational strategies. The qualitative results indicted improvements in emotional and behavioural aspects. Executive abilities are a very complex system and evaluation should always include robust and sensitive neuropsychological tests. It seems as if Tourette syndrome could be directly related to executive dysfunction, but not in a simple manner as aspects may vary due to other more complex factors that may contribute to these dysfunctions. However, for equi-therapy as an alternative form of therapy, the opportunity should not be lost to establish its efficacy because of the possible beneficial outcome. / Thesis (MA (Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Psychology / unrestricted