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This study investigates the public perception of whether there is enough coverage of COVID-19 vaccine complications by government agencies and the media. The theoretical rationale is the roles of the hostile media effect and social responsibility theory in the public's perception of the media coverage of COVID-19 vaccine complications. The central question is whether the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the CDC, local health departments, and the major media (cable news, TV news, newspapers, social media) have provided enough information about the COVID-19 vaccine complications to the public. The research method includes three surveys. The first two were administered before the Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved the same questions. The first was a November 2022 Qualtrics survey of adults (N = 156) in two politically different counties, Democratic-dominant Dallas County and Republican-dominant Collin County. The second was a paid survey using Survey-Monkey with a national sample of US adults (N = 210) in June 2023. The third survey included adults (N = 130) and used Qualtrics after IRB approval using a university listserv and the Nextdoor app for Collin County, again striving for balance between Republicans and Democrats. Both the Qualtrics surveys were also posted on Facebook and X (formerly Twitter). All three surveys showed dissatisfaction with the government and the media and suggested both a hostile media effect that crossed party lines and a counter-hostile media effect. The conclusion is that the public needs and wants more information, and the media needs to better address its social responsibility for government oversight.

Hostile architecture is a passive design phenomenon in cities used to discourage the public presence of the unhoused population. Examples include benches with middle armrests to prevent individuals from lying to sleep and trashcans with locks to prevent garbage picking. These designs exist within a larger web of anti-homeless laws and regulations popularized by neoliberal governments as broader social welfare programs that support this vulnerable population are abandoned. The homeless population is one that faces several health disparities and increased mortality compared to the general population. Hostile architecture likely influences the health of the homeless and worsens these disparities by forcing these individuals to relocate to more remote and harmful places in the city. Due to this relationship, hostile architecture can and should be brought into the purview of the field of urban bioethics using several ethical frameworks. It is only through a multidisciplinary approach that research deficits can be addressed, and the plight of the homeless community be improved. / Urban Bioethics

1 Abstract The thesis titled Partisans perception of controversial topics in online news and influence of hostile media effect is dedicated to a modern phenomenon from the field of media effects and media audience research called hostile media effect. Its theory has been shaping since the mid 80s of the previous century and it is defined as a tendency of polarized partisans to perceive even-handed and balanced media coverage of a controversial topic as biased against their own opinion. With this effect, both polarized groups evaluate unbiased media content as more favorable towards the contrary point of view. Theoretical part includes the history of the phenomenon, its context within development of new digital media and social media, factors that influence its impact and how it affects cognitive processes, therefore why there is a tendency of such perceptions within polarized partisans. The last chapter of theory covers a summary of major studies and their findings. In the research part, I conducted a questionnaire inspired by an American study from 2012 that observes different perceptions of media coverage among partisans in the topic of mandatory children vaccination. This is the first research that confirmed a tendency of hostile media phenomenon on Slovak online population.

In cases concerning a hostile takeover occurring in the United States, the board of directors must fulfill the duties set forward by the Unocal test. If the board of directors succeed, it implies that the decision, regardless if it is a bad decision, is protected by the Business Judgment Rule. The Business Judgment Rule presumes that the board of directors in good faith made an informed decision in the line of the corporations’ interests. The Business Judgment Rule is inherently unique for American companies. In Sweden liability for directors is based on a culpa evaluation which in turn is based on principles deriving from tort law. This is the result from the corporate law only providing for a very limited part concerning liability. In this thesis, the different judicial systems are explained with focus on differences and similarities based on duties of the board. Moreover, the different liabilities from a Swedish and an American perspective will be discussed. Concluding, it is hard to distinguish a Swedish version of the Business Judgment Rule, however, the creation of one would most likely be beneficial since it, to a large extent, provides for a better business world. / Vid ett fientligt företagsförvärv i USA måste styrelseledamöterna visa att de uppfyller de krav som framställts genom Unocal-testet. Lyckas styreledamöterna uppfylla kraven så blir de skyddade från skadeståndsrättsligt ansvar i enlighet med the Business Judgment Rule, oavsett om beslutet ledde till en dålig affär. The Business Judgment Rule presumerar att styrelseledamöterna i god tro fattat ett välgrundat affärsbeslut som ligger i bolagets intresse. The Business Judgment Rule är unikt för amerikanska bolag. I Sverige utgår skadeståndsansvar för styrelseledamöter från en culpabedömning, vilket baseras på allmänna skadeståndsrättsliga principer då den aktiebolagsrättsliga skadeståndsdelen är begränsad. I denna uppsats redogörs de olika rättssystemen med fokus på likheter och skillnader i styrelseuppdraget. Vidare diskuteras styrelseledamöternas skadeståndsansvar utifrån ett amerikanskt och ett svenskt perspektiv. Slutligen visas det att det är svårt att se en svensk version till the Business Judgment Rule, men att en sådan troligen skulle vara att föredra då regeln ger effekter som bidrar till en bättre affärsvärld.

This study examines the problem of operationally defining "hostile environment" sexual harassment, ruled a type of disparate treatment actionable under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act by the United States Supreme Court on June 19, 1986. Although the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission defines a hostile environment as an "intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment," there is no consensus as to what is "offensive" behavior. An extensive review of the literature yielded various attempts to define and ascertain the magnitude of sexual harassment, but the fact that the actual percentages varied indicates that this is a difficult issue to measure. As perception by the victim is the key, this study surveyed 125 working women from all over the United States to determine their perceptions of behaviors that constitute sexual harassment. Discriminant analysis was then used to correctly classify 95% of the women according to their perceptions of having experienced sexual harassment. Using tests for proportions, three hypotheses were found significant. Women who have been sexually harassed are more likely to view sexual harassment as a major problem. Older men are more likely to have their behavior perceived as sexual harassment. In addition, women who have experienced acts such as staring, flirting, or touching in the workplace are more likely to perceive those acts as sexual harassment. The hypotheses deemed not statistically significant yielded interesting results. Younger women are not more likely to be harassed than older women. Neither are single or divorced women more likely to experience sexual harassment. All women, regardless of age, marital status, or geographic location, are vulnerable to sexual harassment. Of importance are which variables contributed the most to the women's perceptions of sexual harassment. None of the demographic variables was found significant, but the women perceived that they had been sexually harassed if sexual remarks, touching, sexual propositions, or staring were directed toward them in the workplace. Thus, these acts were perceived as constituting a hostile environment.