The present study aimed at investigating the relationship between factors that are inherent in the perceiver, inherent in the situation / attitudes toward marital violence, attributions of blame in a violent incident, and judgments on what the victim should do after a violent incident. Attitudes are assessed via three beliefs that the violence can be justified, the husband is not responsible from the violence, and the blame of the violence can be attributed to the wife. Factors inherent in the perceiver (named individual factors), which are thought to be important, were defined as patriarchal and traditional beliefs about marriage and the family, hostile and benevolent sexism, beliefs about normative approval of violence, and gender. Factors inherent in the situation (named situational factors) were existence of (perceived) provocation in a violent incident, severity of the violence, and employment status of the wife and the husband. 327 METU students (176 female, 151 male) had filled out a questionnaire, in which a violent episode between a husband and a wife was described. The scenario contained manipulations on the situational factors. Other constructs were assessed via Likert type scales. Analyses revealed that the sample had held negative views of marital violence, but tend to disagree with immediate precautions like calling the police after a violent episode. Both situational and societal factors had differential effects on the dependent measures, patriarchy and hostile sexism was found to be especially related with the beliefs about wife beating whereas severity and provocation was strongly related with the attributions of blame. Existence of children had decreased the agreement with reactions that would end up the marriage. Suggestions for future research, and limitations of the study are discussed in addition to the findings.

Magister Commercii (Industrial Psychology) - MCom (IPS) / Sexual harassment in the workplace continues to be experienced by many women around the world. Men may also be sexually harassed in the workplace by women or by other men. Given the pronounced attention accorded over the last few months to high ranking individuals within South Africa and the USA who have allegedly been involved in incidences of sexual harassment, the study is timely. The focus of sexual harassment studies within the workplace is furthermore important as it affects the employees, employers and the workplace as a whole. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the experiences and perceptions of sexual harassment of employees of an information technology company. Information technology has typically been a male dominated occupation, and prevailing traditional, paternalistic attitudes may adversely impact on women's choice and pursuit of a career in this field. However, South African legislation, promulgated to enhance the intake of women and marginalised groups, has sought to strengthen gender equality and, concomitantly, the participation of women in information technology. The current research was conducted by administering the Sexual Harassment Experience Questionnaire and Perception of Sexual Harassment Questionnaire to a sample of 131 employees. These questionnaires were distributed via email within one organisation and four regional branches of the same organisation.

Cognitive Behavioural Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP) has been developed to treat individuals suffering from chronic depression. There is a growing evidence base to suggest that CBASP is effective for these individuals. Given these findings, it is important to understand the process of change during CBASP and how it is affected by the components of the therapy. Purpose: A systematic review and meta analysis aimed to establish whether there is evidence for one of the theoretical foundations of CBASP; that a hostile-submissive interpersonal style is associated with major depressive disorder, and in particular with chronic forms of depression, as suggested by McCullough (2000). An empirical study then aimed to investigate whether the components of CBASP are associated with symptom change for chronically depressed individuals during therapy. It also sought to examine whether individuals experienced change differently in CBASP if it was delivered without using Disciplined Personal Involvement (DPI) by the therapist. The aim of this research was to investigate the process of change within the context of CBASP for individuals receiving the therapy, and to evaluate the usefulness of a multilevel modelling approach to analysing singe-case data. Methods: The literature was systematically searched for research reporting a relationship between depression and interpersonal hostility and/or submissiveness and a meta-analysis conducted to test the strength of this relationship. An empirical study presents analyses of two datasets. The first is a multilevel modelling analysis of data from a CBASP case series, seeking to determine what role the components of CBASP have in symptom change during therapy. A single-case, multiple baseline study then examined the process of symptom change during CBASP. This study included individuals experiencing chronic depression, who completed a series of baseline observations followed by up to 20 sessions of CBASP over a six-month period. Participants were assigned to either receive manualised CBASP, or a form of CBASP without the interpersonal focus. The latter study employed mixed models to evaluate change in individuals in CBASP, and sought to evaluate this novel approach to single-case analysis. Results. The meta analytic review provided preliminary support for McCullough’s (2000) hypothesis that chronically depressed individuals tend to present as more hostile and submissive than individuals with first-episode MDD. Findings from the empirical study suggest that acquisition learning in relation to the situational analysis exercise in CBASP is associated with symptom change but not learning in relation to the interpersonal discrimination exercise. Findings from the single-case analysis, however, provided limited evidence that CBASP without the interpersonal focus is associated with less change over the first few sessions of therapy than CBASP. Multilevel modeling analysis of single cases appeared to provide a useful approach to evaluating within-individual change in therapy, compared with traditional methods such as clinically significant change indices. Discussion: The findings of this thesis provide preliminary evidence for components of McCullough’s (2000) CBASP model. The review’s results pointed to a need for more methodologically sound studies to further investigate the role of interpersonal style in the aetiology and maintenance of chronic depression. Analyses in the empirical study appeared to support the use of Situational Analysis in bringing about symptom change in therapy, but findings were mixed in relation to the interpersonal components of CBASP. The use of a small-N design with multiple baselines allowed for a preliminary analysis of the role of DPI, but incomplete data limited this analysis to the first half of therapy.

Les jeux vidéo violents sont considérés comme un facteur favorisant les violences. Un consensus relativement large est aujourd'hui partagé par une majorité des chercheurs. Une nouvelle génération de travaux doit désormais travailler à déterminer 1. s'il existe des profils plus exposés de joueurs 2. par quels mécanismes causaux les jeux violents augmentent les conduites d'agression. A travers 6 études comprenant une recherche transversale et cinq recherches expérimentales, nous apportons un éclairage nouveau concernant les modulateurs et les médiateurs des effets des jeux vidéo violents sur l'agression humaine. / Violent video games are considered as a risk factor for violence. A fairly broad consensus today is shared among the majority of researchers. A new generation of research must now work to determine 1. if there are more at risk player profiles 2. causal mechanisms by which violent video games increase aggressive behavior. Through six studies including a cross-sectional research and five experimental research studies, we provide a new perspective on the mediators and moderators of violent video game effects on human aggression.

This study analyses mistrust of media. Door-to-door interviews were conducted with 318 respondents in six different parts of Sweden. In 2015 the Swedish research institute SOM published an interesting study of mistrust of media in Sweden, showing that the group that mistrust the media is dominated by supporters of the Sweden Democrats. The aim of this study is to gain understanding of the causes and nature of mistrust of media. The interviews featured both open and closed questions, covering political interest and the respondents opinions about what is good and less good in society. This essay primarily analyses the issues that concern trust in the media linked to community involvement. This essay is based on the framework of a larger study by the think tank Arena Idé. The interviews were conducted by 10 interviewers and the coding of the material was done by a person employed by the think tank. For the interview guide, a code scheme was created and the computer programme Nvivo was used for the coding. Employing theories about public connection and the hostile media effect, this study aims to provide a better understanding of popular mistrust. The findings point to the conclusion that there are reasons to believe that a hostile media effect exists. The expressions of mistrust of media are classified into three different themes: Source criticism, Alleged obfuscation of truth, and Angling of media. The connection to society in the group with a low level of trust in the media is found to be narrow but intense.

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Hostile architecture is a medium through which social exclusion is enacted in the public and common areas of our cities. By limiting who is allowed to occupy space, and how they may do so, it functions to define the contours of inclusion in urban space-- all of which is predicated on one’s engagement with the zones of consumerism that have overtaken the cities’ commons. As a result, those without the means to partake are pushed aside, despite the inner-cities’ historical relationships with the poor, unhoused, and marginalized. The purpose of this study is to explore how lived experiences and knowledge of discriminatory architecture can inform a sociological analysis of hostile architecture. By exploring hostile architecture in Calgary, this thesis addresses a specific question: How do people with lived experience of homelessness understand hostile architecture? Through Community-Based Participatory Research and Photovoice, this question is addressed through collaboration with community members with lived experience of homelessness. Collectively, we conclude that those with lived experiences of homelessness understand hostile architecture in a multitude of ways. Amongst these understandings is the notion that hostile architecture not only excludes and displaces the unhoused and marginalized, but that it is also part and parcel of the wider range of hostilities against those experiencing homeless. One key theoretical concept grounds the research. Henri Lefebvre’s ‘Right to the City’ is used as a starting point in discussing what an equitable city might look like. I maintain that the lived experiences and knowledge held by those with experiences of homelessness can sensitize the public, and inform regional and national policymakers about this exclusionary mechanism. / Graduate

Using a sample of 322 married couples (644 spouses) from The Flourishing Families project, this study examined the relationship between marital power and sexual satisfaction as mediated by observed hostile interaction. More specifically, an actor-partner interdependence model (APIM) was used in which husband and wife perceptions of their partner's power were hypothesized to be related to husband and wife self-report of sexual satisfaction, with husband and wife observed hostile interaction as possible mediating variables. Results showed that husband and wife perceptions of power were positively related to their respective husband and wife sexual satisfaction and positively related to their respective hostile interaction. Husband hostile interaction was negatively related to husband sexual satisfaction. Husband and wife perceptions of power were negatively related to their partner's sexual satisfaction, and positively related to their partner's hostile interaction. Husband and wife hostile interaction were negatively related to their partner's sexual satisfaction. Husband observed hostility was a statistically significant mediator of the relationship between husband power and husband sexual satisfaction and of the relationship between wife power and wife sexual satisfaction. Wife observed hostility significantly mediated the relationship between husband power and husband sexual satisfaction.