我國於2001年通過金融控股公司法（以下簡稱金控法）以來，迄今已逾十年，金融控股公司（以下簡稱金控）之家數已達16家，其中所整合的金融機構型態包含銀行、證券、保險、投信等相關事業等，多達9 0家以上，子公司之總數量高達100家，顯見金控為增加其股東及公司利益、擴展事業體等目的，而對於併購活動日益頻繁。 依據金控發動併購時是否已取得目標金融機構的同意，可區分為合意收購或非合意收購之屬性，然金控是否均適合兩種屬性？本文藉由金控收購的相關法制深入研究本議題。金控收購子公司之法制歷經三次重大修訂，爰將歷次更迭區分為三個階段分別論述，配合實務上真實發生之個案進行研析，論究金控收購子公司之成敗因素，亦即，本文藉由法制演繹、文獻整合、案例分析之研究方法，探究我國金控法收購子公司之法制，並提出結論與建議。

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This research explores how women who wear the veil face discrimination and everyday racism in society. The purpose of the study is to investigate how veiled health care workers experience discrimination and everyday racism in health care from colleagues and patients. By studying women's vulnerability, it is possible to gain a better understanding of what veiled women go through. The veiled women meet new patients and colleagues every day. Every day is a new challenge for them. These women have to endure racist and discriminatory comments from patients and colleagues on a daily basis, which results in them being affected in their work. I interviewed four veiled healthcare professionals who were willing to share their personal experiences with discrimination and everyday racism. The results showed that the women used humor to deal with racism and all respondents suffered from anxiety and pressure when dealing with patients and colleagues. The respondents felt subordinated and excluded. They experienced ethnic discrimination and religious discrimination. The patients and colleagues could express hostility towards the veil and assume that the women were oppressed because they wore the veil.

Gender differences play an important role in the diversity that exists in our world today. Evan as infants, our young minds are able to grasp that there are large differences in the roles and expectations for males and females and that these differences contribute to the variety of experiences that we encounter in our interactions with the two genders. As we grown from children into adults, it is clear that the biased opinions we form regarding the opposite sex in childhood are too simplistic in their ideologies, and during the time that we mature into young adults, our opinions mature as well. Although there has been much research into the development of attitudes from childhood into adulthood, the role that self-esteem may play in the process has been somewhat neglected. This thesis explored the nature of self-esteem and tested its salience with regard to intergroup gender bias in children and ambivalent sexism in adults. In the child sample (n=20), intergroup gender bias was found to be correlated positively with global self-worth. In the adult sample (n=218), elevated levels of global self-worth were correlated with hostile sexism in females and with benevolent sexism in males. Surprisingly few types of specific self-esteem (self-perceived peer social competence, behavioral conduct, physical appearance, and athletic competence) were found to correlate with intergroup gender bias in children and ambivalent sexism in adults.

Thesis (LLM. (Labour Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / Sexual harassment remains an issue in the workplace as result of ineffective legislative and other measures that fail to recognise sexual harassment as a form of discrimination that is gender orientated. Gender inequality is credited as one of the contributors of sexual harassment, as more women than men suffer sexual harassment in the workplace. Moreover, sexual harassment has adverse effects on the individual who is on the receiving end of it, which are psychological in nature. This alone may lead to the abuse of substances as a form of coping mechanism, to arriving late to work or quitting which also affects productivity. In an attempt to confront the issue of sexual harassment, laws were created over the years, both at national and international level. Although some countries show efficiency in the creation of these laws by responding with urgency, some countries have had a more difficult time formulating appropriate and effective laws, with some countries having very little laws aimed at combatting sexual harassment in the workplace. At the same time workplace sexual harassment policies have proven to be an effective weapon against the gendered inequality that is sexual harassment if implemented effectively.

Hur vi planerar och utformar stadens offentliga rum påverkar vår uppfattning om den urbana miljön. Den offentliga ytan ska planeras för att vara tillgänglig för varje medborgare utan någonting som förhindrar möjligheten att delta i stadens utbud. Vår utbildning inom urban miljö har gett oss en bra grund och kunskap för att analysera stadens gestaltning. Den har även gett oss möjligheten att tolka dolda sociala exkluderingar som uppstår på grund av hur stadsrummet är utformat. I denna studie avser vi därmed att undersöka ett fenomen som utmanar uppfattningen om att alla stadens rum är tillgängliga för alla, nämligen ett fenomen vid namn fientlig stadsplanering. Vi har, genom att tolka och förstå, undersökt teoretiska förklaringar till fenomenets innebörd, uppkomst, samt påverkan. Vår kvalitativa studie har genomförts med metodologin ‘grounded theory’, för att först undersöka nuvarande kunskapsläget för att sedan bilda en teori. Vi har genomfört en litteraturinsamling baserad på relevant litteratur och forskning för att analysera fenomenet. Studien omfattar en kartläggning av fientlig stadsmöblering genom observationer i Malmö för att tolka hur fenomenet kan utforma sig i staden. Till sist, utfördes en intervju med en tjänsteman inom Malmö stad för att få kompletterande uppgifter till vår analys och en djupare förståelse för hur en av stadens planerare ser på utformningen av stadsrummen. Resultatet visar att fientlig stadsmöblering placeras i stadsrummen för att förhindra beteenden, och därmed personer, som samhället ser som ‘icke-önskvärda’. Dessa beteenden har vi förankrat till teorier om rätten till staden, den attraktiva konsumtionsstaden, maktstrukturer och den mänskliga dimensionen; där alla har förklaringar till varför ‘icke-önskvärt’ beteende exkluderas, samt varför fenomenet uppstått. Resultatet visar även att fientlig stadsmöblering förekommer i centrala Malmö vid Triangelns stationsområde, där vi identifierade en fientligt utformad bänk. Utöver det, förekommer fenomenet väldigt lite inom staden, vilket går ihop med hur Malmö stad önskar planera staden. Vidare visar resultatet att fenomenet har tydliga nyliberala och kapitalistiska förankringar, där konsumtion är i framkant. Staden planeras för ekonomisk tillväxt och en bra ‘image’, vilket innebär att konsumenten prioriteras i hierarkin om vem de offentliga rummen planeras för. På grund av detta implementerar man fientlig stadsmöblering. / How we plan and design the city's public spaces affects our perception of the urban environment. The public space should be planned to be accessible to every citizen without anything that prevent the opportunity to participate in the city's offerings. Our education in urban environment has given us a good foundation and knowledge for analyzing the city's design. It has also given us the opportunity to interpret hidden social exclusions that arise due to how the urban space is designed. In this study we intend to investigate a phenomenon that challenges the notion that all city spaces are accessible to all, namely a phenomenon called hostile architecture. We have, by interpreting and understanding, investigated theoretical explanations for the phenomenon's meaning, origin, and impact. Our qualitative study has been carried out with the methodology ‘grounded theory’, to first examine the current state of knowledge and then form a theory. We have conducted a literature collection based on relevant literature and research to understand the phenomenon. The study includes a mapping of hostile city furniture through observations in the city of Malmö to interpret how the phenomenon can take shape in the city. Finally, an interview was conducted with an official within the city of Malmö to get additional information for our analysis and gain a deeper understanding of how one of the city's planners view the design of the city spaces. The results show that hostile urban furniture is placed in urban spaces to prevent behaviors, and thus people, that society sees as 'undesirable'. We have anchored these behaviors to theories about the right to the city, the attractive city of consumption, power structures and the human dimension; where each theory has an explanation for why 'undesirable' behavior is excluded, and why the phenomenon has arisen. The results also show that hostile urban furniture occurs in central Malmö, next to Triangle station, where we identified a hostile bench. Beyond that, the phenomenon occurs very rarely in the city, which goes hand in hand with how Malmö wishes to plan the city. Furthermore, the results show that the phenomenon has clear neoliberal and capitalist roots, where consumption is at the forefront. The city is planned for economic growth and a good ‘image’, which means that the consumer is prioritized in the hierarchy of whom the public places are planned. Because of this, hostile urban furniture will be used.

This dissertation deals with the moral permissibility of abortion. It is argued that abortion is morally justifiable when the pregnancy is a result of rape (but only during the first trimester of pregnancy), when the pregnancy threatens the woman's life or long-term health, or when tests indicate to a high degree of scientific certainty that the foetus will be abnormal to such an extent, so as never to be capable of acquiring any human characteristics other than basic biological properties. Potential is adopted as a suitable criterion by which a being acquires a serious right to life. Rationality is examined closely, but shown to be inadequate since it leads to inconsistencies and does not accord with our general belief and sentiments. It is argued that all living beings have some right to life, but that sentient beings have more moral standing than nonsentient ones. Potential is argued to be the suitable comparison criterion when comparing beings of different species, and sentience when comparing beings of the same species. The dissertation is rights-oriented and reasons are given why this approach was adopted in favour of a virtue-oriented one. It is argued that a rights-oriented approach is more precise. / Philosophy, Practical and Systemic Theology / M.A. (Philosophy)

循著時光的隧道，自二十世紀初以來，全球企業併購的熱潮方興未艾，時至今日「併購」已為一般人所熟知，併購的型態更演變出多種樣貌。本文以敵意併購為基調，蒐集全球2000年至2015年樣本，研究結果顯示，敵意併購之宣告對主併公司股東短期有不利之影響，若目標公司採取防禦策略時，對主併公司股東而言亦不利。故如果一公司欲發動敵意併購時，需考量目標公司是否有防禦措施的設置，惟此結果未達顯著水準。 此外本研究亦針對敵意併購下主併公司股東的異常報酬，探討影響股東異常報酬的原因，實證結果得知，併購溢價越高，對於主併公司股東顯著不利，驗證「贏家的詛咒」理論，亦即併購溢價越多，將使得主併公司持股人的財富移轉至目標公司身上，對主併方股東有不利之影響。 / The trend of Merger and Acquisition is booming as of 20th century and the pattern has become variable and complicated. In this study, hostile takeover, one of the focal point on the subject of M&A, is to be discussed. Samples are collected from 2000 to 2015 globally by SDC platinum. Result shows that hostile takeover activity does not benefit shareholders’ interest of the acquiring firm. If the target firm adopts defensive tactics, situation will be worse. Therefore, as the bidding firm, it has to considered whether there are defensive tactics against hostile takeover in the target. While these aren’t significant result. Furthermore, this paper attempts to find the factors which would affect shareholders’ abnormal return under hostile takeover, and result shows M&A premium significantly does. The higher of M&A premium, the more unfavorable to the shareholders’ interest of the acquiring firm. It supports the theory of “winner’s curse”. That is, as M&A premium increases, shareholders’ wealth of the acquiring company is expected to transfer to the targets more which is adverse to the shareholders of the acquiring one.

雖然國內論文對企業併購的研究不在少數，範圍涵蓋併購的動機、類型、績效、策略與法律等，但針對敵意併購的研究則甚少，且研究大多著重於目標公司反接管策略的探討，鮮少對敵意併購後的績效進行討論。因此，本研究欲藉由資料包絡分析法，衡量我國敵意併購目標公司於併購發生後的經營效率變動的情況，及探討國內企業敵意併購之動機。 本研究以1986年至2001年台灣的併購活動為研究對象，實證發現主併者在選擇善意或敵意併購目標時有所差異；主併者選擇在善意併購目標公司時，對於目標公司之經營績效並無特別偏好；但在選擇敵意併購目標公司時，則以經營效率不佳者為對象，並透過敵意併購改善其經營效率；此外，敵意併購目標公司在替換掉管理能力不佳的管理者後，其效率進步的程度大於善意併購目標公司。因此，本研究樣本顯示台灣敵意併購支持懲戒式接管的動機假設。 / / Many scholars did researches on merger and acquisition (M&A) before, and the research scope involved motives, types, performance, strategies and laws of M&A; however, few of them mentioned hostile takeovers. Besides, most of hostile takeovers researches focus on anti-takeovers defenses of target companies, only a few researches discussed about post-takeover performance after hostile takeovers. This research attempts to measure the efficiency change of target companies after hostile takeovers, and discuss the motives of hostile takeovers in Taiwanese enterprises. The sample year includes Taiwan from 1986 to 2001. The research findings reveal that in the samples of friendly takeovers, there were no specific preference for choosing the targets companies. On the other hand, in the samples of hostile takeovers cases, the research findings denote that most of the target companies were underperformance, which triggers the takeover action. Moreover, the result demonstrates that hostile takeovers present better performance improvement than friendly takeovers do. The findings support hostile takeovers disciplinary motives implication in Taiwan.

金融海嘯至少證明了兩件事：1.企業沒有不倒神話、2.看不見的風險才是風險。前者尚未結束，後者還在發生。 美國在1934年賣出第一張「董監事與重要職員責任險」保單（Directors and Officers’ Liability Insurance，簡稱D&O Insurance），到我國1996年10月9日財政部核准由外商(美國環球產物保險公司)推出第一張D&O，中間相距了近62年，而我國推出上開保單的前三年間僅不過十七家公司投保，其漠視之程度與曲高和寡之現象可見一般。 根據投資人保護中心的統計，到2008年6月底為止，投保中心替投資人提出集體訴訟向問題公司求償金額已達240億元，而參加集體訴訟求償的投資人也高達六萬四千人。然而按保險公會統計資料顯示，國內的董監責任險投保規模尚不大，在2003年總投保的保費規模只有2.49億元，到了2007年總投保的保費規模也才6.23億元，但是國內的董監責任險賠款率的比重卻直線上升，2003年這項賠款率才只有0.59％，但近年則已跳升直逼12％，等於保險業每承做十件董監責任險，就有一件多會面臨求償。 2001年美國安隆案（Enron）爆發金融危機（西北大學教授說：『這是有史以來美國人對資本主義比對政治信心還低落的時刻』），此為「公司治理」這門近年顯學正式拉開序幕，之後接二連三金融醜聞、財務弊案不斷，迫使政府、大眾投資人與企業高度警覺的至少對三個議題感到興趣：一是「企業內部資訊必須透明化」；二是「代理問題下經理人應該受到監督」；三是「盡責的董監事與重要職員應該受到保護」。 2003年敝人因工作關係向企業界登門推廣D&O Insurance，儘管從簡報的過程與互動中清晰可見D&O Insurance被需求的殷切，但往往在論及保單條款複雜的設計與風氣未開的雙重前題下，2002年我國通過「證券投資人暨期貨交易人保護法」、2003年成立投資人保護中心(僅需20位投資人授權即可由投資人保護中心提出團體訴訟)、投資人保護中心所提之訴訟，訴訟標的一億元以上免裁判費（2009年4月29日下修為一千萬，以一審裁判費需繳1％計算，即繳交裁判費由一百萬元大幅降至十萬元）、及免擔保假扣押等有利武器下，無異對投資人興訟撞開方便之門，同時為董監事及重要職員投下一顆不定時的深水炸彈、2006年證券交易法修正（要求公開發行公司應設立獨立董事、主張舉證責任之倒置---舉證責任由投資人轉移至經營管理階層。使經營管理層陷入「舉證之所在，敗訴之所在」的下風。）、令人聞之色變的「內線交易」定義模糊不明及罰則的大大加重（證交法第157條）--如果因為內線交易而「損及證券市場穩定者，加重其刑二分之一」，最高可以判20年有期徒刑，外加7.5億元罰金。這個刑度是我國除了死刑、無期徒刑以外最重的罪，和美國內線交易罪的25年有期徒刑也很接近（賴英照說法—從內線交易到企業社會責任第14頁），在如此種種足以為「董監事暨重要職員責任保險」推波助瀾的具體氛圍下，2009年止本國上市櫃公司投保者仍只有區區六百多家之譜，相較於英美國家90%的投保率相去甚遠。顯見D&O Insurance在我國未來的發展空間仍大，也可說，待努力及探討的地方甚為遼闊。 董事、監察人與重要職員肩負了許多證券交易法、公司法及民刑法上的責任與義務，而敵意併購中目標公司為了捍衛經營權，在策略應用上為了出奇不意的效果，往往需要機密性地進行，以免增加更多風險，而就在董監事與重要職員最需要D&O Insurance給予適時的倚靠與保障時，這張保單是否不負所託的展現它存在的價值？本文以實務個案探究之。 從敵意併購中目標公司的角度檢視D&O Insurance，本文提及諸多觀點，提綱挈領地針對公司治理、保單條款、及企業責任等部分提出建議，期能使保險公司從「保費低廉、理賠迅速」轉為「積極輔導、降低風險」的經營模式，提高相關人員對本保單接受度，進而由被動的接受到主動的保單設計，共創更完善的金融保險體制。 / The financial tsunami had proved that there is no corporation can exist forever and the invisible risk is the most important kind of risk. Until now, they are still occurring. The first Directors and Officers’ Liability Insurance policy (D&O Insurance) was sold in U.S.A. 1934. In Taiwan, the first D&O Insurance was sold in October 9, 1996. We can find out that D&O Insurance is ignored in Taiwan. Based on the data of Investor Protection Center in June 2008, the amount of the claims which were aroused by it can reach NT 240 billion. And the number of the investors can reach 64,000 people. Besides, based on the data of Insurance Association, the insurance premium in 2003 reached 249 million, in 2007 reached 623 million. Thus we can find out that D&O Insurance is not popular in Taiwan. But the loss run is getting more and more. For example, in ten policies, there is a one case will make a claim. In other words, the compensation rate can reach 12%. Since 2001, the Enron case aroused attention of the government, the investment and operators in U.S. Furthermore, the government had promoted related rules to increase the directors’ and officers’ liability. In 2003, I had visited corporations and promoted D&O Insurance. Although the process of briefing and interaction can find out the strong demand of policy, but they had lower will to buy it. It might content several reasons, for examples, clauses are too complex and difficult to understand. Rising claims activity, including lawsuits by investors, tougher policy standards and coverage disputes, is the latest developments in the D&O insurance arena. As a result, some carriers have added limits to policies. The directors and officers bear liability of Securities and Exchange Act, Company Act, Civil Code. When the target company tries to protect the right of management against the hostile takeover action, they sometimes have to take any tactic in private and might also be faced more risk. Could D&O Insurance distribute the risks which are aroused from the defense in the hostile takeover action? This article will study on the case and try to find the answers. We use the angle of the target company to inspect the function of D&O Insurance and hopefully try to amend it with the suggestion in the context. The function of D&O Insurance could be the key of corporate governance or distribution risks. For example, when the carriers provide the policy, we truly hope they could also provide positive solution to help the target company. Furthermore, the target company could participate in the design of policy.