Den aktuella studien ämnar undersöka huruvida de mest brottsfrekventa delområdena i Malmö även är de delområden med högst brottsskadevärde. Genom en analys av registerdata över anmälda brott framkommer det att 13 delområde i Malmö både uppvisar det högsta brottsskadevärdet och den högsta brottsfrekvensen. Fem delområden har dock enbart ett högt brottsskadevärde samtidigt som fem delområden enbart har en hög brottsfrekvens. Detta indikerar på att brottsbekämpande aktörer även bör komplettera sina arbetsmetoder mot brottsfrekventa plaster med metoder som riktar sig mot platser med höga brottsskadevärden. Därmed är det tänkbart att det brottsförebyggande arbetet skulle effektiviseras. I resultatet framkommer det även svaga samband mellan flertalet olika oberoende variabler, kopplade till teori, och delområden som kan klassificeras som brottsfrekventa och/eller med ett högt brottsskadevärde. Sammanfattningsvis uppmuntrar studien till vidare forskning inom ämnet med fokus på mikroplatser. / The current study aims to investigate whether or not the neighborhoods with the highest crime rates in Malmö also are the areas with the highest crime harm. A database analysis of reported crime incidents shows that 13 of the highest crime rate neighborhoods likewise are the neighborhoods with the highest crime harm rate. Five neighborhoods are solely classified as high crime rate neighborhoods meanwhile five are classified solely as high crime harm neighborhoods. This result indicates that the crime fighting agencies should supplement their working methods against high-crime areas with methods targeting neighborhoods with high crime harm. Thereby it is possible that the crime prevention could work more efficiently. The result also shows on weak correlations between several different independent variables, linked to theory, and neighborhoods that can be classified as high crime rate neighborhoods and/or a high crime harm neighborhoods. In conclusion the study encourages for further research on the subject with focus on microplaces.

Rosengård är beläget i östra Malmö vilket polisen upprättat som ett utsatt område.Problematiken kring den öppen narkotikahandel sker i dagsläget frekvent på platseri området, främst söder om Amiralsgatan som klassats som ett särskilt utsatt områdemed hot spots. Inom den öppna narkotikahandeln ingår innehav, bruk ochöverlåtelse av narkotika och är fokus för materialet i studien. I april år 2018beviljades ansökan om kamerabevakning i Rosengård för att reduceranarkotikabrott. Kunskapen om kamerabevakningens brottsförebyggande effekt pånarkotikabrott vid hot spots är begränsat i svensk kontext. Effekten avkamerabevakning är omtalad eftersom forskare påvisat att brotten kan upphöra menäven förflyttas till närliggande områden. Syftet med den aktuella studien är därmedatt utvärdera kamerabevakningen på hot spots i Rosengård mellan åren 2016 till2019, särskilt söder om Amiralsgatan. Studien undersöker om kamerabevakning ären effektiv metod för att förebygga, förhindra och avslöja den öppnanarkotikahandeln, eller om brotten förflyttas till närliggande områden.Föreliggande studie genomförs med en kvantitativ ansats, där en utvärdering viaför- och eftermätningar görs utifrån brottsdata från Polismyndighetensärendehanteringssystem rationellanmälningrutin (RAR). Studiens urval valdesutifrån interventionsområdet Rosengård med Kroksbäck/Bellevuegården somkontrollområde samt Annelund, Persborg och Augustenborg som närliggandejämförelseområden. Resultatet som uppkommit genom analys visade att innehav,bruk och överlåtelse av narkotika hade ökat i Rosengård efter kamerabevakningenimplementerades. Kameran fungerade för att avslöja narkotikabrott, men inteförebygga och förhindra. Resultatet visade på en potentiell förflyttning avnarkotikabrott till de närliggande jämförelseområderna men inte i vilkenomfattning. Vidare forskning bör bedrivas gällande den fortsatta effekten avkamerabevakningen i Rosengård efter år 2019, för att kunna utveckla resonemangetom kamerabevakningen även kan förebygga och förhindra narkotikabrott. / Rosengård in the eastern parts of Malmö has been established as a vulnerable areaby the police. Problems with open drug trafficking is currently occurring frequentlyin the area, mainly south of Amiralsgatan, which is classified as a particularlyvulnerable area with hot spots. Open drug trafficking includes possession, use andtransfer of drugs - which is the focus of the material in this study. In April year2018, an application for camera surveillance in Rosengård was granted with thepurpose to reduce drug crime. The knowledge of the camera surveillance crimeprevention effect on drug crimes in hot spots is limited in the Swedish context. Theeffect of camera surveillance is widely debated since researchers have shown thatthe crimes can cease but also move to nearby areas. The purpose of the current studyis thus to evaluate the camera surveillance on hot spots in Rosengård between year2016 and 2019, especially south of Amiralsgatan. The study investigates whethercamera surveillance is an effective method for preventing, averting and revealingopen drug trafficking, or if the crimes are being moved to nearby areas. The presentstudy is conducted with a quantitative approach, where an evaluation via pre- andpost-measurements is made on the basis of crime data from the Police Authority'sRational Reporting Routine (RAR). The study sample was chosen based on theintervention area Rosengård with the control areas Kroksbäck/Bellevuegården andnearby comparison areas Annelund, Persborg and Augustenborg. The results of theanalysis showed that possession, use and transfer of drugs had increased inRosengård after the camera surveillance has been implemented. The camera workedto detect drug offenses, but did not prevent and avert. The results showed a potentialrelocation of drug offenses to the nearby comparison areas, but not to which extent.Further research should be conducted on the continued effect of the camerasurveillance in Rosengård after 2019, in order to develop the reasoning whether thecamera surveillance can also prevent and avert drug offenses

No description available.

Fatigue assessment of welded joints using finite element methods is becoming very common. Research about new methods is being carried out every day that show a more accurate estimation of the fatigue life cycle than the previous ones. Some of these methods are investigated in this thesis for a thorough understanding of the weld fatigue evaluation process.The thesis study presents several methods as candidates for analysis of selected case studies for comparison. The sensitivity of methods towards FE model properties was studied. The ease of implementation for further automatization of the method was highly considered from the early stages of the project. A comparison study amongst feasible methods was then performed after analysis.The selected three case studies provided a wide range of difficulties in terms of geometry and loading and made them suitable for the methods to be evaluated. It should be noted that case studies only with fillet welds were considered during the literature study and analysis. Implementation of some methods on a case study where they have not previously been tested before gave a challenging task during the analysis phase. The proposed method after comparison and ranking of the methods based on several criteria such as accuracy, robustness, etc. was the hot spot stress method. The main advantages of this method are its low computational time, less complexity during both pre- and post-processing, and the ability to work for both solid and shell models.Finally, the report gives a walk-through of several functionalities of the post-processor tool built to enhance workflow for the hot spot based fatigue assessment of welds. Pseudo-codes for some functions of the tool are given for clarity. A summary of the workflow is presented as a flowchart. The outputs of the case studies were then evaluated using the tool and compared with the manual evaluation to check the effectiveness of the tool on different scenarios. The tool shows flexibility in handling different types of weld geometry with good agreement to the results obtained manually but only for welds lying on a flat surface. Some of the advantages of the tool are its capability to handle multiple welds simultaneously and the flexibility to the user in selecting the way the results are presented. Most of the postprocessing steps are automatized, while some require user inputs.

Debatten kring ordningsvakternas roll gällande trygghetsarbetet i samhället har blivit allt mer aktuell. Fler och fler kommuner ansöker om ordningsvaktsfördordnanden för att patrullera på otrygga platser, trots att detta ligger utanför ordningsvakternas traditionella arbetsområde, samtidigt som deras inflytande på tryggheten står något oklar. Syftet med denna studie är att utvärdera effekten av implementerandet av ordningsvakter på ett centralt beläget stationsområde i Järfälla kommun. Studien baseras huvudsakligen på en baslinje- och en eftermätning i enkätform som genomförts innan och efter implementerandet av ordningsvakter, men också på kriminalstatistiken från det studerade området. Analysen som genomförts med hjälp av statistiska sambandsanalyser i SPSS har fokuserat på att se hur tryggheten utvecklats i ordningsvakternas förordnandeområde, med särskilt fokus på utvecklingen mellan olika åldersgrupper och mellan män och kvinnor. Dessutom har utvecklingen av den registrerade brottsligheten analyserats genom kriminalstatistiken. Resultatet indikerar att tryggheten inte ökats av insatsen. Däremot har konsekvenserna av otryggheten minskat, och då främst bland kvinnor. Vidare antyder kriminalstatistiken att den registrerade brottsligheten legat relativt konstant de senaste 10 åren, och att implementeringen av ordningsvakter inte haft någon mätbar effekt på de brottstyper som inkluderats i studien. Framtida studier bör likt denna genomföra mätningar vid flera tillfällen över tid med en implementerad trygghetåtgärd däremellan för att bättre kunna uttala sig om åtgärdens direkta påverkan på tryggheten. Samtidigt borde ordningsvakter som trygghetsåtgärd ifrågasättas, både med tanke på evidensbrist gällande deras effekt på tryggheten, men också med anledning av att brottsförebyggande och trygghetsskapande arbete går utanför deras arbetsbeskrivning och ansvarsområde. / The ongoing debate on security guards role in society is becoming more and more stressed. The phenomena has spread through several Swedish counties who´s intentions are to hire security guards for assignments like safety keeping and patrolling which doesn´t comply with their ability and training as security guards. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the implementation of security guards on a central located train station in Järfälla county. The study is based on a former research that used survey methods for the gathering of data. The data was comprised with the help of a two time measure, one before the implementation of security guards and one after. The local criminal record has also been used as data for this study. The study has analyzed these different data through a statistical pattern program called SPSS. The program was used to measure how peoples view of safety had changed in the given location with focus on age and gender. The results indicated that there hasn´t been any change toward the view of safety after the implementation of security guards. Although the consequences of a person’s unsafety has decreased, which can be seen in women especially. Furthermore it can be seen through the local criminal record that the level of crime has been relatively stable the last 10 years. This suggests that the implementation of security guards hasn´t had the effect on crime it presumes to have. Future studies should continue to carry out measurements over time with an implemented security measure in between. This to better be able to express an opinion about the direct impact of the measure on the safety. At the same time security guards as security measure should be challenged, both considering the lack of evidence about their effect on safety, but also regarding that crime prevention and preventing security goes beyond their job descriptions and responsibility.

No description available.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第24730号 / 情博第818号 / 新制||情||138(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科知能情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 阿久津 達也, 教授 山本 章博, 教授 岡部 寿男 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

This study is a spatiotemporal analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic in school-age children (5-18 years) in Tennessee, from 2020-03-19 to 2022-02-12. Trend Analysis, Emerging Hot Spot Analysis, and a time series revealed three significant waves in both age groups. Therefore, Change Point Detection at the county level was completed using six defined change points to identify the wax and wane of the three COVID-19 waves. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis grouped counties with similar change points into six clusters. No spatial pattern was observed in distribution of the six clusters, however, when each change point was evaluated separately, spatial autocorrelation was present, showing that timing of the individual waves was clustered in space. This research describes appropriate spatioanalytical methods useful at different stages of a pandemic and could inform policymaking by public health officials.

‘Knarkrondellen’, which translates to ‘Drug Roundabout’, is a known hot spot for drug trading in Malmö and the police have implemented several measures to prevent the narcotic crimes. This paper sets out to investigate the impact that the police interventions, namely enhanced police foot patrols, improved street lighting and the installation of a surveillance camera, have on the crime rates and the fear of crime at the roundabout. In a multi-method approach, quantitative data from the police register and police surveys as well as qualitative observations and interviews with the residents are analyzed. The findings show that the police interventions did not reach the desired preventative effect in the given study period and indicate the occurrence of displacement. The citizens’ feeling of safety and perception of the problems did not change significantly as a result of the interventions. Overall, the surveys and interviews suggest that the police are on the right track; however, a longer follow-up period is needed in order to examine the long-term effects of the intervention measures. Additionally, an enhanced involvement of the community in the fight against drug crimes appears necessary.

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) and nuisance algal blooms (NABs) are a worldwide phenomenon with implications for human health and safety. HABs occur when algae or bacteria grow in high enough densities to harm animals and humans. A primary component of harmful algal blooms is cyanobacteria, which are aquatic, photosynthesizing microorganisms that produce toxins at high concentrations. Cyanobacterial biomass has increased worldwide in recent decades, raising concern about the future of fresh- and marine-water systems in a changing climate. Understanding the patterns and conditions of past algal blooms can provide useful insights for managing future blooms. Remote sensing can enhance our understanding of the spatiotemporal distribution of HABs and NABs. We used radiometrically corrected images from the USGS Landsat Collections available in the Google Earth Engine for cloud processing. In 2016, the USGS calibrated the sensors of Landsat 4, 5, 7, and 8 to create a continuous collection of satellite images from 1984 to present. We use this 34-year dataset to expand the historical record of algal blooms at our study site and to understand factors relating to the spatiotemporal patterns of these blooms. We applied three models, including the Floating Algae Index (FAI), the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and one developed with in situ chlorophyll-a (chl-a) data, to 398 images masked for cloud cover and lake elevation taken from 34 growing seasons (April – October). We found that the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) used to separate water and land pixels fails under algal bloom conditions, whereas a modified NDWI does not. We also performed an emerging hot spot analysis in ArcGIS using the chlorophyll-a, NDVI, and FAI predictions from the surface reflectance values of the images. Our analysis indicates that the Provo Bay and parts of the eastern shoreline of Utah Lake have had algal blooms for 30 out of the 34 years included in this study, rendering them enduring hot spots. The remainder of the lake is a cold spot, showing clusters of low mean chl-a, NDVI, and FAI values over time. The overall trend of mean NDVI and lake surface area over this 34-year dataset is decreasing, whereas lake water temperature is increasing. This study develops a method for analyzing algal blooms over multiple decades and provides useful information for the management and prediction of future blooms.