A diversificação das atividades produtivas e sociais é uma realidade da agricultura familiar brasileira. O processamento da produção agropecuária e a inserção do produto agroindustrial nos mercados são formas desta diversificação. Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo descrever as relações que formam a rede social dos mercados de proximidade, ou seja, demonstrar as relações que as ARFs mantêm com outros agentes para realizar as ações de troca e comercialização de produtos agroindustriais. A região estudada compreende os municípios que compõe o Corede Jacuí Centro: Cachoeira do Sul, Cerro Branco, Novo Cabrais, Paraíso do Sul, Restinga Seca, São Sepé e Vila Nova do Sul. O estudo caracterizouse como exploratório-descritivo, com a coleta de informações secundárias e primárias. As informações do IBGE sobre as indústrias rurais serviram de suporte para definir o número de entrevistas que seriam efetuadas em cada município. Foram realizadas 41 entrevistas, com o auxílio de um formulário semiestruturado e diários de campo. Utilizou-se de metodologia qualitativa (análise de conteúdo) e quantitativa (medidas de dispersão: média aritmética simples e desvio padrão; medidas de localização: máximo e mínimo) para a análise dos dados. A formação social da rede dos mercados de proximidade envolve interações dos produtores com atores de instituições e da comunidade, com intermediários, pontes de inserção, consumidores e demais agentes da sociedade civil. Destaca-se a venda direta para consumidores urbanos, representando uma média de 51% da produção vendida, cujas formas de comercialização são: de porta em porta, por encomenda, em feiras, em eventos e na propriedade. Nas relações de comercialização e trocas com parentes e vizinhos, as famílias comercializam uma média de 14% e 1%, respectivamente. Estas interações são evidenciadas pela troca de produtos, matéria-prima e serviços na atividade agroindustrial. Quanto às relações comerciais com as pontes de inserção e intermediários, correspondem a 19% e 15% da produção vendida, respectivamente. Para os agricultores, as características de diferenciação dos seus produtos são: o natural, o jeito de fazer, o sabor, o trabalho do agricultor para produzir, o preço, a certificação SIM e a produção ecológica. Dentre as inovações destacamse: a embalagem, a consistência, o tempero, os sabores, a produção light, o tamanho, a concentração do produto e a modificação da receita. / The diversification of the social and productive activities is what usually happens in the Brazilian household agriculture. The agricultural production processing and the agro industrial product insertion in the markets are manners of this diversification. This paper had as main objective to describe the relations that constitute the social networking of the proximity markets to the change and merchandising of the agroindustrial products. The region studied comprehends the cities that belong to Corede Jacuí Centro: Cachoeira do Sul, Cerro Branco, Novo Cabrais, Paraíso do Sul, Restinga Seca, São Sepé and Vila Nova do Sul. This study was characterized as an exploratory-descriptive analysis, with the gathering of secondary and primary information. The data about agrobusiness provided by IBGE gave a support to define the number of interviews that would be done in each city. 41 interviews have been accomplished, with the assistance of a semi-structured form and field diaries. Qualitative methodology has been used (content analysis) and quantitative (disperse measurements: simple arithmetic average and standard deviation; localization measurements: maximum and minimum) for the data analysis. The social formation of the proximate market networking involves interactions of the producers with actors of institutions and the community, with middlemen, insertion bridges, consumers and other agents of the civil society. The direct sale to the urban consumer has been highlighted, representing an average of 51% of the sold production, whose merchandising forms are: door to door, by order, at fairs, at events and at the property. In the relationships of marketing and exchanges with relatives and neighbors, the families commercialized an average of 14% and 1% respectively. These interactions are spotlighted by the exchange of products, raw material, and services at the agroindustrial activity. Concerned with the commercial relationship with the insertion bridges and middlemen, it corresponds to 19% and 15% of the commercialized production, respectively. According to the peasants, the characteristics that differ their products are: the natural, the way to make, the flavor, the farmer’s work to produce, the price, the SIM certification and the ecological production. Among the innovations some are pointed out: the package, the consistency, the seasoning, the flavors, the light production, the size, the product concentration and the recipe modification.

The objective of this diploma thesis is examining the evolution of household´s incomes in two comparable periods and evaluating the changes in household´s incomes in the sorting by regions, size of municipality and by occupation of heads of households. This task was preceded by characteristic of household incomes, measure of incomes differentiation and determination of the poverty line. Next the objective of this diploma thesis is compilation a matrix of economic mobility. The practical part is devoted to analysis of incomes through basic statistical characteristics by regions, size of municipality and by occupation of heads of households. Further is measured income´s differentiation, determined the poverty line by the methodology of EUROSTAT and assembled the matrix mobility. In THE end all my reach results evaluated, which I made in the practical part.

A diversificação das atividades produtivas e sociais é uma realidade da agricultura familiar brasileira. O processamento da produção agropecuária e a inserção do produto agroindustrial nos mercados são formas desta diversificação. Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo descrever as relações que formam a rede social dos mercados de proximidade, ou seja, demonstrar as relações que as ARFs mantêm com outros agentes para realizar as ações de troca e comercialização de produtos agroindustriais. A região estudada compreende os municípios que compõe o Corede Jacuí Centro: Cachoeira do Sul, Cerro Branco, Novo Cabrais, Paraíso do Sul, Restinga Seca, São Sepé e Vila Nova do Sul. O estudo caracterizouse como exploratório-descritivo, com a coleta de informações secundárias e primárias. As informações do IBGE sobre as indústrias rurais serviram de suporte para definir o número de entrevistas que seriam efetuadas em cada município. Foram realizadas 41 entrevistas, com o auxílio de um formulário semiestruturado e diários de campo. Utilizou-se de metodologia qualitativa (análise de conteúdo) e quantitativa (medidas de dispersão: média aritmética simples e desvio padrão; medidas de localização: máximo e mínimo) para a análise dos dados. A formação social da rede dos mercados de proximidade envolve interações dos produtores com atores de instituições e da comunidade, com intermediários, pontes de inserção, consumidores e demais agentes da sociedade civil. Destaca-se a venda direta para consumidores urbanos, representando uma média de 51% da produção vendida, cujas formas de comercialização são: de porta em porta, por encomenda, em feiras, em eventos e na propriedade. Nas relações de comercialização e trocas com parentes e vizinhos, as famílias comercializam uma média de 14% e 1%, respectivamente. Estas interações são evidenciadas pela troca de produtos, matéria-prima e serviços na atividade agroindustrial. Quanto às relações comerciais com as pontes de inserção e intermediários, correspondem a 19% e 15% da produção vendida, respectivamente. Para os agricultores, as características de diferenciação dos seus produtos são: o natural, o jeito de fazer, o sabor, o trabalho do agricultor para produzir, o preço, a certificação SIM e a produção ecológica. Dentre as inovações destacamse: a embalagem, a consistência, o tempero, os sabores, a produção light, o tamanho, a concentração do produto e a modificação da receita. / The diversification of the social and productive activities is what usually happens in the Brazilian household agriculture. The agricultural production processing and the agro industrial product insertion in the markets are manners of this diversification. This paper had as main objective to describe the relations that constitute the social networking of the proximity markets to the change and merchandising of the agroindustrial products. The region studied comprehends the cities that belong to Corede Jacuí Centro: Cachoeira do Sul, Cerro Branco, Novo Cabrais, Paraíso do Sul, Restinga Seca, São Sepé and Vila Nova do Sul. This study was characterized as an exploratory-descriptive analysis, with the gathering of secondary and primary information. The data about agrobusiness provided by IBGE gave a support to define the number of interviews that would be done in each city. 41 interviews have been accomplished, with the assistance of a semi-structured form and field diaries. Qualitative methodology has been used (content analysis) and quantitative (disperse measurements: simple arithmetic average and standard deviation; localization measurements: maximum and minimum) for the data analysis. The social formation of the proximate market networking involves interactions of the producers with actors of institutions and the community, with middlemen, insertion bridges, consumers and other agents of the civil society. The direct sale to the urban consumer has been highlighted, representing an average of 51% of the sold production, whose merchandising forms are: door to door, by order, at fairs, at events and at the property. In the relationships of marketing and exchanges with relatives and neighbors, the families commercialized an average of 14% and 1% respectively. These interactions are spotlighted by the exchange of products, raw material, and services at the agroindustrial activity. Concerned with the commercial relationship with the insertion bridges and middlemen, it corresponds to 19% and 15% of the commercialized production, respectively. According to the peasants, the characteristics that differ their products are: the natural, the way to make, the flavor, the farmer’s work to produce, the price, the SIM certification and the ecological production. Among the innovations some are pointed out: the package, the consistency, the seasoning, the flavors, the light production, the size, the product concentration and the recipe modification.

The demand for domestic services has increased globally during the last two decades and today domestic workers constitute a large portion of the workforce, especially in developing countries. Yet domestic work is undervalued and poorly regulated, and many domestic workers are underpaid and unprotected. This has been recognised by international organisations, such as the International Labour Organisation (ILO). The struggle of domestic workers has lead to improvements to their rights and conditions in many countries. Yet working conditions and wages remain poor in many countries, including South Africa. This booklet sheds light on this problem. There are 888 000 domestic workers in South Africa, which accounts for 7% of total formal employment (Labour Force Survey, May 2010). The vast majority of these workers do not belong to a trade union and do not partake in collective bargaining or are unaware of their rights to bargain and to join trade unions. The South African Domestic Services and Allied Workers Union (SADSAWU) is a trade union for domestic workers in South Africa and campaigns for the improvement of rights and conditions of domestic workers. It recognises that it is not as powerful as it could be and it would have a bigger influence on the legislating authorities if there were more members which were strongly organised. There are numerous difficulties to organise domestic workers, some are related to the education level of the workers and some lies within the nature of the work (many are live-in workers and therefore have no contact with other domestic workers as a natural part of their work). However, SADSAWU has over many years built up a lot of experience and developed a solid vision to build a strong domestic workers movement, and is therefore well placed to fight these difficulties. This booklet also serves as an organising tool for domestic workers. The aim is to raise awareness of the rights of domestic workers and to encourage workers to organise.

Magister Artium - MA / This study explored the livelihood activities in female-headed households in Vrygrond, Cape Town. The objective of this study was to identify and analyse livelihood strategies adopted by female-headed households. The Capability Approach was used as a theoretical framework of the study. This approach drew on the idea that resources and abilities enable people to achieve a range of valued ways of being and doing. / South Africa

Finanzielle Resilienz und der Umgang mit finanziellen Risiken sind wesentliche Bestandteile einer erfolgreichen finanziellen Inklusion. Die persönlichen Faktoren, die finanzielles Management formen, sind allerdings nicht umfassend bekannt. Diese Dissertation untersucht wie nicht-standard-ökonomische Präferenzen und Vorstellungen („Beliefs“) dazu beitragen können verschiedene Vorgehensweisen im finanziellen Risikomanagement von Haushalten zu verstehen. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf Ländern, die kurz davor stehen einkommensstarke Ökonomien zu werden und in denen die Auswahl an finanziellen Produkten und die finanzielle Inklusion stetig wachsen. Vier Bereiche des finanziellen Risikomanagements werden betrachtet. Kapitel zwei analysiert den Zusammenhang zwischen Ungleichheitsaversion und der Aufnahme von Versicherungen. Dazu wird ein neuartiges Maß für Ungleichheitsaversion konstruiert und in einer Haushalts-Panelumfrage in Thailand verwendet. In Kapitel drei wird der Effekt von sozialen Vergleichen auf die Schuldenaufnahme in einem Laborexperiment in Deutschland untersucht um zwei Arten von Peer Effekten zu entflechten: Sorge um das soziale Ansehen und Peer Information. Kapitel vier erforscht potenzielle Unterschiede in Unsicherheitspräferenzen und in Beliefs zwischen Individuen, die vermeintlich ein hohes Risiko managen: Selbständige aus der Notwendigkeit und Selbstständige aus der Möglichkeit heraus als auch Menschen mit Migrationsgeschichte in Albanien und im Kosovo. In Kapitel fünf werden Beliefs und deren potenzieller Effekt auf Überschuldung innerhalb der gleichen Panel-Stichprobe in Thailand wie in Kapitel zwei studiert. Alle Kapitel folgen einem gemeinsamen methodologischen Ansatz indem Labor- oder sogenannte lab-in-the-field-Experimente verwendet werden. In drei Kapiteln wird die Evidenz aus dem Labor in Relation zu Resultaten aus dem wahren Leben gesetzt, die mit selbstberichteten Umfragedaten erfasst werden. / Financial resilience and managing financial risks are key factors of a successful financial inclusion. The personal factors that shape financial management are, yet, not well understood. This dissertation studies how non-standard economic preferences and beliefs might help explain different financial management practices of households. The focus is on countries that are on the verge of becoming high income economies and where financial products and inclusion are steadily expanding. Four domains of financial risk management are considered. Chapter two analyzes the relationship between inequality aversion and insurance take-up. To this end, a novel measure for inequality aversion is constructed and employed in a household panel survey in Thailand. In chapter three, the effect of social comparison on debt taking is investigated in a lab experiment in Germany to disentangle two kinds of peer effects: social image concerns and peer information. Chapter four explores potential differences in uncertainty preferences and in beliefs between supposedly high-risk managers: necessity and opportunity entrepreneurs as well as return migrants in Albania and Kosovo. In chapter five, beliefs and their potential effect on over-indebtedness are studied using the same panel sample in Thailand as in chapter two. All chapters follow a common methodological approach by using lab(-in-the-field) experiments. In three chapters, lab evidence is set in relation to real life outcomes elicited with self-reported survey data.

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It is twenty-one years since South Africa’s democracy and the majority of South African households can still be classified as poor, despite the various interventions by Government to reduce poverty and inequality. The measurement used to determine the financial status of a household at a given point in time is its net equity in accordance with its Statement of Financial Position, calculated as its assets owned less liabilities owed. This study aimed to identify the selected significant factors that affect a South African household’s net equity value. In order to achieve the aim of this study, a heuristic model consisting of two components was developed. The first component considered which assets and liabilities should be included in determining a household’s net equity and how these assets and liabilities should be valued. The second component identified the selected factors that influence a household’s net equity. The heuristic model was applied to the empirical data using three phases. Firstly, the net equity value was calculated for each household. This was followed by an analysis of the selected factors that significantly influence household net equity. The last phase was performed to determine the effect of the identified selected factors in explaining the difference between households that have above average net equity values and those having below average values. The results of the study indicated that 11 selected factors significantly influence the net equity value in the South African household’s Statement of Financial Position. Seven of those factors significantly explain between 28,3 percent and 38,1 percent of the differences in the net equity value of a household when comparing the households with above average net equity value with those with below average values. This is useful information for policy makers in identifying the selected factors that will most significantly increase the net equity value of a household with a net equity value below the South African average. / Centre for Accounting Studies / M. Com. (Accounting Science)

It is twenty-one years since South Africa’s democracy and the majority of South African households can still be classified as poor, despite the various interventions by Government to reduce poverty and inequality. The measurement used to determine the financial status of a household at a given point in time is its net equity in accordance with its Statement of Financial Position, calculated as its assets owned less liabilities owed. This study aimed to identify the selected significant factors that affect a South African household’s net equity value. In order to achieve the aim of this study, a heuristic model consisting of two components was developed. The first component considered which assets and liabilities should be included in determining a household’s net equity and how these assets and liabilities should be valued. The second component identified the selected factors that influence a household’s net equity. The heuristic model was applied to the empirical data using three phases. Firstly, the net equity value was calculated for each household. This was followed by an analysis of the selected factors that significantly influence household net equity. The last phase was performed to determine the effect of the identified selected factors in explaining the difference between households that have above average net equity values and those having below average values. The results of the study indicated that 11 selected factors significantly influence the net equity value in the South African household’s Statement of Financial Position. Seven of those factors significantly explain between 28,3 percent and 38,1 percent of the differences in the net equity value of a household when comparing the households with above average net equity value with those with below average values. This is useful information for policy makers in identifying the selected factors that will most significantly increase the net equity value of a household with a net equity value below the South African average. / Taxation / M. Phil. (Accounting Science)