<p>The principal purpose of this thesis has been to analyse the importance of women´s waged work with handicrafts for the household economy in the Swedish countryside during a period of rapid industrialisation and growth. The point of departure for the analysis has been a theoretical and methodological frame of interpretation on three levels. The levels that have been studied are the national institutional level of society, the level of the local society and the household level.</p><p>This thesis has shown that women’s ways of providing for themselves cannot be explained with reference to any one factor. The explanation for the gender division of labour must be seen as the result of the interplay of several different factors on different levels. By investigating how the conditions for making a living looked like on the three different levels, the thesis has shown that, together, factors on the national institutional and the local societal levels, as well as on the individual household level, affected women’s work and how it can be understood.</p><p>The thesis has described how the ideal of the breadwinner has changed during the transition from an agrarian to an industrial society. By studying a traditional form of female wage work – handicrafts – during a period when women were not expected to be gainfully employed, the thesis has shown that this transition was a slow process that manifested itself differently on different levels and that the old agrarian gender order survived for a long time despite the fact that people’s means of making a living had changed in a fundamental way. Women’s handicraft work was a continuing feature during this transitional period.</p>

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between frequent childhood mobility and perceived social support, education level, and economic well-being in a sample of former Even Start parents. Theoretically the mechanisms for the disruption of frequent mobility are studied through both social capital theory and an ecological model. As individuals are uprooted and moved from one environment to the next they are faced with the developmental challenge of continuous adaptation. With each move losses of social capital at the individual, family, and community level are experienced. The most striking factor about the results of the qualitative analysis is the parallel it finds to previous quantitative studies on the outcomes and risk factors of frequent mobility. The participants who experienced frequent mobility in childhood described lives that were chaotic and uncertain. Frequent childhood mobility was directly mentioned by several of the participants as a factor increasing hardship in their lives, associated with participants' retrospective accounts of their poverty status in childhood and their economic status at the time of the interviews. A lack of significant parental social support in the group experiencing high childhood mobility, and its presence in the low childhood mobility group suggests the disruption frequent childhood mobility may cause in the ability of this group to obtain needed parental social support. In a population where risk factors are already present frequent childhood mobility seems to be a key factor in further reducing life chances. / Graduation date: 2004

This dissertation deals with consumption in Swedish households between 1913 and 2001. More specifically, it asks whose resources matter most in determining consumption patterns. As a second question, the dissertation also attempts to establish whether the fact that simple covariance between a spouse’s background variables implies that the spouse has any influence at all over the household’s consumption decisions. The theoretical background is mostly drawn from literature regarding intra-household allocations: on the one hand cooperative game theory and on the other hand sociological theory. Cooperative game theory establishes influence, say or power within the household as a function of the marriage’s or cohabitation’s alternative cost, i.e., the difference between the utility level for a married or cohabiting person as opposed to a single person. Sociological theory considers the contribution one makes to the total level of utility in the household, whether in the form of monetary income, household work or as something else. This is in part conceptualized as a difference between exit and voice. The dissertation’s statistical analysis uses three surveys of household expenditure conducted in 1913, 1952 and 1999-2001. They give us an excellent picture of what they actually purchased during that year. The sample sizes are 552, 596 and 3,501, respectively. The dissertation’s main result is that human capital is a previously underestimated determinant of influence in consumption decisions. As the female stock of human capital increases, so does her influence over the household’s consumption decisions. In an attempt to determine the level of democracy within households, the dissertation uses a complementary data source: a questionnaire called “The Swedish People 1955”. Here, one of the questions directed to females was whether they checked with their husbands before deciding on a purchase, as a measure of intra-household democracy. This was then regressed upon the female share of total income, ideological position and two forms of human capital, one general and one for household work. Both forms of human capital lead to democratic households, which is taken to mean that human capital is important not only because it increases labor opportunities in the event of divorce (exit) but also because it increases female voice.

The principal purpose of this thesis has been to analyse the importance of women´s waged work with handicrafts for the household economy in the Swedish countryside during a period of rapid industrialisation and growth. The point of departure for the analysis has been a theoretical and methodological frame of interpretation on three levels. The levels that have been studied are the national institutional level of society, the level of the local society and the household level. This thesis has shown that women’s ways of providing for themselves cannot be explained with reference to any one factor. The explanation for the gender division of labour must be seen as the result of the interplay of several different factors on different levels. By investigating how the conditions for making a living looked like on the three different levels, the thesis has shown that, together, factors on the national institutional and the local societal levels, as well as on the individual household level, affected women’s work and how it can be understood. The thesis has described how the ideal of the breadwinner has changed during the transition from an agrarian to an industrial society. By studying a traditional form of female wage work – handicrafts – during a period when women were not expected to be gainfully employed, the thesis has shown that this transition was a slow process that manifested itself differently on different levels and that the old agrarian gender order survived for a long time despite the fact that people’s means of making a living had changed in a fundamental way. Women’s handicraft work was a continuing feature during this transitional period.

published_or_final_version / Comparative Asian Studies / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

published_or_final_version / abstract / Social Work and Social Administration / Master / Master of Philosophy

The Domestic Workers Skills Development Project, funded by the National Skills Fund, was designed to improve the skill levels of domestic workers in South Africa. It also was intended to address their historical lack of education and to advance their socio-economic circumstances. This study investigates the implementation of this project within the framework of community development. Basadi Pele Foundation, a Non-Governmental Organisation, was a participant in this project. The central question was how to empower marginalised women through skills development. This implies a learning process for domestic workers and all involved. Different learning theories are investigated to develop an understanding of how these illiterate adult women learned during this opportunity. The conclusion reached by this study is that a gender sensitive environment, created by government institutions and the NGO involved, enabled domestic workers to change their lives and circumstances; enhancing this project and contributing to its success. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

La mobilité quotidienne est au cœur des réflexions sur la durabilité des villes. Moyen de réaliser ses activités quotidiennes et clé de voute des relations sociales, ses aspects économiques, et notamment ce que doivent dépenser les ménages pour se déplacer, sont un enjeu actuel majeur.Cette thèse propose une réflexion sur les interactions entre forme urbaine et mobilité quotidienne au travers du prisme des dépenses de mobilité. Pour questionner ces interactions, deux méthodes sont utilisées, indissociables l’une de l’autre.La première méthode consiste à acquérir une compréhension des effets de l’environnement construit du lieu de résidence sur le budget mobilité des ménages. Les données présentes dans les Enquêtes Ménages Déplacements sont particulièrement adaptées à cet exercice, car elles contiennent une richesse d’information importante sur les individus ainsi que leur mobilité,équipements, opinions et lieu d’habitation. Le terrain d’étude de ce travail est l’aire urbaine de Lyon, qui abrite une grande diversité de territoires et de modes de transport et où sont disponibles de nombreuses bases de données.Tout d’abord, une typologie de territoires a été construite, basée sur les principaux déterminants de la mobilité : densité, iversité, design, accessibilité aux destinations, distance aux transports collectifs et démographie. Ensuite, un cadre d’analyse systémique des relations entre forme urbaine et mobilité quotidienne a été élaboré afin d’identifier trois indicateurs qui permettent de les appréhender : la motorisation, le choix modal et les distances parcourues par modes. La typologiede territoires se révèle fortement explicative sur ces trois indicateurs. Une analyse des évolutions des mobilités entre 1995 et 2015 permet également d’identifier de nouveaux enjeux liés à l’évolution des prix, des comportements et de la démographie.Ce questionnement est ensuite prolongé à travers l’expression et la mesure des mécanismes d’intervention des caractéristiques du lieu de résidence sur le budget mobilité. A l’aide de la technique des modèles d’équations structurelles, les chemins causaux existant entre la forme urbaine locale et le budget mobilité sont explicités. Cette méthode est appliquée sur différentespopulations et types de territoires – ménages actifs puis retraités sur l’agglomération de Lyon puis sur les territoires périurbains – afin d’acquérir une compréhension fine du budget mobilité des ménages.La seconde méthode consiste à tester diverses organisations morphologiques et fonctionnelles du territoire à l’échelle du bassin de vie, afin de mesurer les effets sur le budget mobilité des ménages. Ce travail est réalisé à l’aide d’un modèle d’interaction transport-urbanisme, SIMBAD, qui permet de conduire une analyse systémique et multi-échelles des effets de la forme urbaine sur le budget mobilité. Divers scénarios de forme urbaine sont simulés, participant ainsi au débat sur la durabilité des formes urbaine monocentrique compacte, étalée diffuse et polycentrique dans une logique de Transit Oriented Development.Par ailleurs, les enseignements de la première méthode, c’est-à-dire le traitement des Enquêtes Ménages Déplacements pour étudier les effets de la forme urbaine locale sur le budget mobilité, nous incitent à conduire une analyse multi-échelles des résultats des simulations : une réflexion sur la différenciation des impacts selon l’organisation du territoire et selon le lieu de résidence à l’intérieur de l’aire urbaine est ainsi menée.Ce travail de thèse apporte donc à la fois des éléments méthodologiques pour analyser les interactions entre forme urbaine et budget mobilité, avec la construction de modèles d’équations structurelles et l’usage d’un modèle d’interaction transport-urbanisme dans un objectif de simulation, ainsi que divers résultats et éclairages qui viennent prolonger la littérature scientifiqueexistante. / Daily mobility is at the heart of debate on urban sustainability. A mean to carry out our daily activities and a key to social interactions, economic aspects and especially household expenditures linked to mobility are a major current issue.This thesis proposes a discussion on the interactions between urban form and daily mobility through mobility expenditures. Two interrelated methods of analysis are used to investigate these interactions.The first one relies on a comprehensive understanding of the effects of the built environment on daily mobility budgets. Household surveys are especially suited to this analysis because they provide a wealth of information on individuals’ attributes, their mobility, equipment, opinions and housing characteristics. Combined with various local or national databases, it is possible to estimate a household budget for every surveyed household. The case study for this analysis is the Lyon urban area. It contains very different built environments, and hosts a diverse array of transport modes. Furthermore, numerous databases are available for our analysis.First, we build a typology of territories based on the main daily mobility determinants: density, diversity, design, accessibility to destinations, distance to transit and demography. Then, an analytical framework of relations between urban form and daily mobility is built to identify three indicators to apprehend them: motorization, modal choice and distance per mode. This typology of territories is tested on these three indicators and appears to be highly significant. An analysis of the mobility evolution between 1995 and 2015 also identify various new issues related to prices, behavioral and demographic evolutionsThis line of questioning is extended through the identification and quantification of the effects of built environment characteristics on household mobility budgets. Using a Structural Equation Modelling method, causal paths between local urban form and household expenditures are presented. This method is applied to different types of population and territories – workers and retired households of the Lyon agglomeration then on the same types in suburban areas – in order to understand householdmobility budgets.The second method consists of testing various morphological and functional organizations of the territory in order to measure their effects on daily mobility budgets. This work is conducted using a land use and interaction model (LUTI), SIMBAD, which allows us to conduct a systemic and multiscale analysis of urban form on daily mobility budgets. Different scenarios of urban form are thereafter simulated, contributing to the debate on the durability of monocentric, sprawled or polycentric citiesin a Transit Oriented Development urban form. Besides, lessons learned from data processing of Households Surveys encourage us to conduct a multiscale analysis. A discussion on the differentiation of impacts depending on the global form of the territory is conducted.This thesis work presents innovative methodological elements to analyze the interactions between urban form and mobility budgets, including the construction of structural equations models and the use of a LUTI model to simulate urban environments. It also offers novel results, which contribute to the current scientific literature.

The National Solid Waste Policy recommends that, in adequate final disposal, only unserviceable waste should be released, which it is not the case of organic waste that accounts more than half of the municipal solid waste generation in the country. In this context, this research aimed to develop a proposal for a selective collection of the organic fraction of household solid waste (OFHSW) in Pici neighborhood, Fortaleza-CE, aiming its use for the generation of biogas from the anaerobic digestion. This research occurred in 05 (five) steps, namely: the development of the environmental education (EE) program; physical characterization of household solid waste (HSW); the implementation of a selective collection program of OFHSW; the physical and chemical characterization of OFHSW; and the anaerobic biodegradability tests. Initially, a socio-environmental questionnaire was applied to a total of 175 residences, in which most of its residents presented favorable socioeconomic characteristics for the development of this project. The HSW sampled showed a high average of per capita generation (0.93 Kg/hab.dia), low apparent specific weight (average of 156 Kg/mÂ) and high percentage of organic matter (average of 55.9%). In regard to the participation in the selective collection program, there was a potential participation of 61% of the residences, from which 33% effectively donated a clean OFHSW. The OFHSW showed slightly acidic characteristics, consisting of 74% moisture and 26% of TS, being basically composed of putrescible organic matter (VS = 92.15% TS on average) and rich in nutrients (average of TP= 0.68% and TKN = 1.43%). In biodegradability tests to analyze the effect of operating conditions, better results were found of SMA, biogas production and composition and COD removal in the flasks incubated at a speed of 150 rpm and with addition of 1 g/L of alkalizing. The pretreatment type that provided a higher biodegradability of OFHSW was the thermal one, in which the matter was exposed to a 30 minutes process of autoclaving, where were identified the largest removals of VS (41% removed), COD (56% removed) and value of SMA (1.0777 gCOD-CH4/gVS.d). It is also emphasized that in all the biodegradability tests, about 60% or more of the biogas composition was methane. It was observed that EE actions were able to provide a representative participation of the population in the OFHSW segregation / A PolÃtica Nacional de ResÃduos SÃlidos preconiza que na disposiÃÃo final adequada somente os rejeitos devem ser lanÃados, nÃo sendo o caso dos resÃduos orgÃnicos, que constituem mais da metade dos resÃduos sÃlidos urbanos gerados no paÃs. Diante desse contexto, esta pesquisa teve como principal objetivo desenvolver uma proposta de coleta seletiva da fraÃÃo orgÃnica dos resÃduos sÃlidos domiciliares (FORSD) no bairro Pici, Fortaleza-CE, visando sua utilizaÃÃo para a geraÃÃo de biogÃs a partir da biodigestÃo anaerÃbia. Esta pesquisa ocorreu em 05 (cinco) etapas, sendo elas: o desenvolvimento do programa de educaÃÃo ambiental (EA); a caracterizaÃÃo fÃsica dos resÃduos sÃlidos domiciliares (RSD); a implantaÃÃo do programa de coleta seletiva da FORSD; a caracterizaÃÃo fÃsica e quÃmica da FORSD; e, os ensaios de biodegradabilidade anaerÃbia. Inicialmente, aplicou-se questionÃrio socioambiental, abordando-se um total de 175 residÃncias, com um pÃblico que possuiu, em sua maioria, caracterÃsticas socioeconÃmicas favorÃveis ao desenvolvimento deste projeto. O RSD amostrado apresentou uma geraÃÃo per capita mÃdia elevada (0,93 Kg/hab.dia), baixo peso especÃfico aparente (156 Kg/mÂ, em mÃdia) e percentual de matÃria orgÃnica elevada (mÃdia de 55,9%). Quanto à participaÃÃo no programa de coleta seletiva, registrou-se uma participaÃÃo em potencial de 61% das residÃncias e com 33% doando efetivamente a FORSD limpa. A FORSD apresentou caracterÃsticas ligeiramente Ãcidas, constituÃda de 74% de umidade e 26% de ST, sendo basicamente composta por matÃria orgÃnica putrescÃvel (STV = 92,15% dos ST, em mÃdia) e rica em nutrientes (mÃdia de PT = 0,68% e de NTK = 1,43%). Nos ensaios de biodegradabilidade, para anÃlise da influÃncia das condiÃÃes operacionais, foram encontrados melhores resultados de AME, produÃÃo e composiÃÃo de biogÃs e remoÃÃo de DQO nos frascos incubados a uma rotaÃÃo de 150 rpm e com adiÃÃo de 1g/L de alcalinizante. O tipo de prÃ-tratamento que proporcionou maior biodegradabilidade da FORSD foi o tÃrmico submetido a 30 minutos no processo de autoclavagem, em que foram registrados as maiores remoÃÃes de STV (41% removido), DQO (56% removida) e valor de AME (1,0777 gDQO-CH4/gSTV.d). Ressalta-se tambÃm que nos ensaios de biodegradabilidade cerca de 60% ou mais da composiÃÃo do biogÃs era gÃs metano. Observou-se que as aÃÃes de EA proporcionaram uma participaÃÃo representativa da populaÃÃo na segregaÃÃo da FORSD.