A partir de análise de dados primários oriundos do Banco Central do Brasil e da Caixa Econômica Federal, bem como da análise de literatura relacionada, o trabalho busca compreender alguns resultados da política de crédito habitacional sob o ponto de vista da universalização da habitação enquanto direito, analisando os principais fundings da política, o SBPE e o FGTS, operando simultaneamente no Sistema Financeiro da Habitação, SFH, e no Sistema Financeiro Imobiliário, SFI. Busca também compreender o funcionamento do SFI na lógica de uma política pública de habitação. A estrutura do SFH, ainda vigente, ganhou uma outra lógica com a aprovação em 1997 do SFI. Os avanços recentes no marco regulatório, com mudanças legais importantes, teriam contribuído para que o SFH chegasse a números recordes em anos recentes. Apesar de todas as investidas para a montagem do SFI de forma completa, os fundos públicos e semi-públicos (ou paraestatais) ainda são o pilar da política habitacional exercida no país. Nota-se nos números recentes a importância da ampliação do crédito como ampliação do acesso das classes de menor renda ao mercado de consumo e a importância da regulação feita pelo estado para que esses números fossem alcançados. A sofisticação financeira do SFI remete a uma discussão do modelo neoclássico de eficiência financeira que se choca com o conceito da universalização da habitação enquanto direito. Dessa forma o trabalho busca discorrer também sobre a esterilização do debate relativo a políticas públicas sob esse diapasão, visto que o discurso do senso comum é que o modelo financeiro quando bem feito é capaz de suportar qualquer política pública. A redução da política pública ao discurso financeiro resulta numa financeirização da política habitacional, com impactos negativos na universalização e no acesso ao bem habitação. / The current work interprets the results of the housing credit policy in terms of housing as a universal right. The analysis is based on primary data from the Central Bank of Brazil, Caixa Economica Federal, and related literature. The analysis is based on the main sources of funding: SBPE and FGTS. Both sources operate simultaneously in the Housing Financial System (SFH) and Real State Financial System (SFI). The operation of the SFI in the framework of the public housing policy is also assessed. The current structure of the SFH acquired a new logic with the approval of the SFI in 1997. The recent advancements in the regulatory framework, with important legal modifications, have contributed to financing the SFH to achieve record numbers in recent years. However, despite all the effort to fully assemble the SFI, public and semi-public funding sources still constitute the pillars of the housing policy in effect. The recent numbers highlight the importance of the credit expansion as a mechanism to expand the access of lower income classes to the consumer market. Also noteworthy is the importance of the governments regulation in the achievement of those numbers. The financial sophistication of the SFI prompts the discussion of the neoclassical model of financial efficiency, which collides with the concept of housing as a universal right. In addition, the current consensus is that a financial model when well executed is able to promote any public policy. The current work also analyzes the lack of debate of public policies from this angle. The reduction of public policies to financial discourse results in the financialization of the housing policy, with negative impact in housing access and universalization.

Orientador: Wilson Cano / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T21:51:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fix_Mariana_D.pdf: 7967112 bytes, checksum: 37e510d9e7357ce4dc184f06f50d914d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A onda de despejos que marcou a crise financeira mundial, iniciada em 2007, atingiu mais de 4,5 milhões de famílias e deixou bairros inteiros praticamente abandonados nas cidades norte-americanas. A crise evidenciou a extensão dos vínculos entre o imobiliário e o financeiro, intensificados nos anos 1980 em diversos países. O crescimento dos empréstimos de tipo subprime (de segunda linha) fez parte do salto ocorrido na massa de capital fictício nesse período, o que, combinado a formas antigas de espoliação, caracteriza a globalização. As famílias recorreram ao endividamento em um contexto de estagnação de salários, de liquidez propiciada, parcial e paradoxalmente, pelo financiamento da China ao enorme déficit comercial dos EUA, de falta de política pública ampla de educação e saúde e de uma história repleta de esforços para manter a habitação como frente de acumulação capitalista e não direito social: a homeownership society. A mundialização financeira incide, no Brasil, sobre um circuito imobiliário que se configurou de modo muito diferenciado em relação ao norte-americano. O circuito imobiliário não segue necessariamente o movimento geral das transformações econômicas e sociais e, assim como outros setores, exige um esforço de compreensão específico. A retrospectiva de diversos arranjos que o circuito imobiliário assumiu no Brasil ao longo do tempo, desde a constituição do mercado de terras até o pacote habitacional Minha Casa Minha Vida, passando pelo BNH, contribuiu para identificar como a financeirização atinge essa trajetória. Os fluxos de capitais - alterados pela lógica financeira - impulsionam transformações na concorrência e na estrutura de propriedade das empresas, em suas estratégias territoriais e de mercado, no canteiro de obras e na forma imobiliária. Superam ou contornam barreiras para alargar o campo de ação do circuito imobiliário - historicamente restrito a uma parcela minoritária da população - e voltam a encontrá-las quando os limites e as contradições se manifestam. Amplas parcelas da população continuam sujeitas aos ciclos de despejo, assentamento precário e irregular, e expulsão. As transformações identificadas colocam novos problemas para o pensamento crítico sobre o urbano e para os estudos sobre financeirização. Sugerem, ainda, que a luta pelo direito à cidade enfrenta novos desafios com o aumento da capacidade do capital de impor seus requerimentos e das dificuldades para que a paisagem urbana responda a critérios não mercantis e universais, no campo dos direitos sociais / Abstract: The wave of evictions in the wake of the worldwide financial crisis, that began in 2007, hit over 4,5 million American families, and left whole neighborhoods to their own devices in American cities. The crisis has revealed the extent of the links between real estate and finance, which, in several countries, intensified during the 1980s. The growth of subprime loans was part of the increase in the mass of fictitious capital in this period, which, combined with early forms dispossession, characterizes globalization. Families resorted to debt in a context of wage stagnation, of liquidity partially and paradoxically propitiated by China's funding of the USA's enormous trade deficit, of a lack of a wide-ranging public policy on education and health, and of a history of efforts to keep housing as a site for capital accumulation and not as a social right. In Brazil, the financial globalization has impacted a real estate market that had been configured very distinctively from the American case. Besides, the real estate market does not necessarily follow the general movement of economic and social transformations. Thus, along the lines of other sectors, such a market demands a specific comprehension effort, to which this thesis contributes. The retrospective look at the diverse arrangements that the real estate circuit has taken up in Brazil over time, since the constitution of the land market up to the housing set of policies ?My Home, My Life?, as well as those of the National Housing Bank, has contributed to identify how financialization has impacted this trajectory. The flows of capital - changed by financial logic - have driven transformations in competition and in the enterprises' property structure, in their territorial and market strategies, in the building site, and in the real estate form. They overcome or circumvent barriers in order to widen the field of action of the real estate market, and find them again when the limits and contradictions are manifested. The identified transformations pose fresh problems for critical thinking about urban issues and for studies on financialization. They suggest, further, that the struggle for the right to the city faces new challenges - such as the increase of the capital's capacity to impose its requirements, and of the difficulties for the urban landscape to respond not to mercantile criteria, but instead, to universal social rights / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico

[pt] O Rio de Janeiro passou por um momento de grandes transformações urbanas, em consequência da escolha da cidade como sede de grandes eventos esportivos: a Copa do Mundo de Futebol de 2014 e os Jogos Olímpicos de 2016. Com uma justificativa de tornar uma cidade acessível para receber os megaeventos, inúmeras obras foram realizadas na cidade, principalmente em áreas de grande valor imobiliário, o que provocou uma remoção de inúmeras favelas. Dentre os processos envolvidos nos processos de remoção, encontra-se também o assistente social. Este trabalho tem como finalidade refletir sobre uma atualização de assistente social em processos de remoção, tendo como norte os princípios contidos no Código de Ética Profissional de 1993. Para tal, o presente trabalho aborda o papel do assistente social na habitação, procurando entender o surgimento da profissão e os desafios encontrados para o exercício da sua prática profissional. Com o intuito de um contexto histórico atual, este trabalho é um resgate histórico sobre o contexto de favelização, principalmente na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, assim como os impactos trazidos com a realização dos megaeventos. Essas reflexões irão contribuir para uma análise do estudo de caso referente à Vila Autódromo, um dos casos mais emblemáticos das remoções ocorreu na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. / [en] Rio de Janeiro went through a time of great urban transformation, as a result of being chosen as the host city for major sporting events: the 2014 Football World Cup and the 2016 Olympic Games. With a justification of making the city accessible to receiving the mega-events, countless works were carried out in the city, mainly in areas of great real estate value, which caused a removal of countless favelas. Among the processes involved in the removal processes, there is also the social worker. This paper aims to reflect on a social worker update in removal processes, based on the principles contained in the Code of Professional Ethics of 1993. To this end, the present paper addresses the role of the social worker in housing, trying to understand the emergence of the profession and the challenges encountered for the exercise of their professional practice. With the intention of a current historical context, this work is a historical rescue on the context of favelização, mainly in the city of Rio de Janeiro, as well as the impacts brought by the mega-events. These reflections will contribute to an analysis of the case study referring to Vila Autódromo, one of the most emblematic cases of removals occurred in the city of Rio de Janeiro.

The rapid increase in student enrolment in universities has brought about a number of concerns, including off campus student housing as Institutions of Higher Learning are unable to accommodate all students on campus. Due to the extremely small number of students that are currently being accommodated on campus, many students are forced to find accommodation off campus. Property owners nearby Institutions of Higher Learning have begun letting their homes to students for economic gain. Housing of students has become a new business venture for many surrounding houses and large buildings. This study examined some of the problems associated with non-accredited accommodation in Summerstrand in order to provide recommendations towards a policy for off campus student accommodation. The study investigated the experiences of both students and landlords in order to establish some of the requirements a property owner needs to meet in order to be legible to house students. Ultimately the study will make recommendations for an effective policy for off-campus student accommodation in the Nelson Mandela Bay. An effective policy for the development of student housing in the Nelson Mandela Bay needs to be formulated as students can be exploited by landlords and landlords can exploited by students. The study identified 4 particular areas of concern namely rent, security, facilities and maintenance; and provided recommendations for the policy for off-campus accommodation.

Two developments that may impact house prices have dominated the residential property landscape in South Africa in recent years, namely government’s planned social housing developments and residential property value assessments carried out by local municipalities across South Africa for property tax purposes. Social housing developments are often plagued by “local opposition”, who argue that subsidised housing units may have a negative effect on adjacent non-subsidised residential housing. Negative preconceptions of social housing form the basis of this argument, which is commonly referred to as the “not-in-my-backyard” (NIMBY) syndrome. International studies conducted have, however, produced mixed results with some concluding that social housing developments lead to a reduction in nearby property prices, whilst others conclude that they lead to an improvement in surrounding property values. Currently, the state of the South African economy and demographics are limiting previously disadvantaged, poor peoples’ access to affordable and safe housing, and for this reason the basis of the NIMBY rationale deserves closer attention. In order to test the validity of the NIMBY rationale, this study examines, by means of the hedonic price method, the effect of an existing housing establishment catering for low-income earners (the Walmer/Gqebera Township) on adjacent property values in the suburb of Walmer, Port Elizabeth, Nelson Mandela Bay in the Eastern Cape. The study concludes that the low-cost housing development exerts a negative impact on the property values of nearby houses - the average owner of a non-subsidised residential property in Walmer would be willing to pay between R38 033 and R46 898 to be situated 200 metres further away from the Walmer Township. This conclusion is subject to three qualifications. The first is that the Walmer Township is not a recognised social housing development but merely a proxy for one. The second qualification is that a relatively small data set was used in this study and only one social housing development was considered. The third qualification is that the study period is from 1995 to 2009, which necessitated the adjustment of market prices to constant 2009 rands. For this purpose, data from the Port Elizabeth and Uitenhage section of the ABSA house price indices were used. It was not possible to disaggregate the indices further to obtain a Walmer-specific index. It is possible that an imperfect correlation exists between the Walmer property trend and the metropolitan (Port Elizabeth and Uitenhage) trend used in this study. Based on the results of this doctoral investigation it is recommended that a monthly rebate on property rates of between R269.40 and R332.19 be implemented for affected Walmer residents. This amount could be sufficient to mitigate the capital loss associated with proximity to the Walmer Township. In terms of the management of social housing projects, it is strongly recommended that the following occur in order to alleviate the NIMBY syndrome: existing dwellings should be renovated, tenants should be monitored, dwellings should be appropriately designed and maintained, the composition of the host neighbourhood should be assessed and the image of social housing should be improved. With regard to the renovation of dwellings, social housing site preference should be given to existing structures in need of renovation, as positive externalities are associated with the renovation of such properties. The monitoring of tenants needs to take place in order to ensure that the financial and behavioural obligations of the tenants are met, and that informal “shack dwellings” do not materialise on site, and finally, that tenant default rates remain low. The appropriate management of these projects will also aid in combating the perception that social housing developments lead to private residential property devaluation. In respect of residential property value assessments, many homeowners have recently argued that there is very little equivalence between the municipality’s valuations and true market values. This study uses, inter alia, the hedonic price model to investigate the accuracy of the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality’s 2007/2008 valuation roll. The investigation was limited to the valuation roll applicable to the Walmer neighbourhood. The study finds that there is, on average, a 13.89 percent difference between market prices and the 2007/2008 municipal assessed values. In addition, this study finds that an attributebased hedonic price model produces property price predictions that are more in line with true market values. This finding is subject to two qualifications. The first qualification is that only the Walmer neighbourhood’s assessed values were considered, thus limiting the findings. The second qualification is that a relatively small data set was used.

In the past years the government has been giving speeches and promises to South African Residents about housings for all but this is still a challenge. This is problematic for the township Joe Slovo in the sense that more than one third of the population live in small, unsafe shacks. It is evident that many suffer from the slow delivery of houses and many residents are affected negatively in the struggle for proper housing.

The delivery of social housing is consistently plagued with problems ranging from reduced budget allocation, scarcity of adequately zoned lands and neighborhood opposition. Though limited, provincial funding is still available in BC. However, land acquisition remains a problem. Municipal governments are recognized to have the influence to increase the amount of land for affordable housing projects through the use of zoning by-laws. This thesis argues that the exclusionary character of the municipal zoning by-law does not encourage the creation of affordable housing units. Amendments to the Municipal Act under Bill 57 which allow BC municipalities to negotiate with developers to set aside some units as affordable through density bonusing and inclusionary zoning do not also guarantee that units can be created. Both strategies are dependent on the performance of the market place. This thesis explores an alternative form of affirmative zoning as a possible municipal initiative that can facilitate the creation of affordable housing units by reviewing governments' activities in affordable housing provision and by looking at Surrey as an illustrative case. The alternative form calls for the amendment of the zoning by-law to include a specific zone for affordable housing and pre-zoning of vacant municipal-owned lands for affordable housing. By adopting this strategy, a municipal government departs from its traditional reactor role. Surrey has demonstrated that in order to adopt affirmative zoning, a municipality has to be governed by a socially-committed council who should bring affordable housing provision as a visible component in the municipal agenda. The case also shows that the process has inherent constraints. The provincial government may prohibit councils from identifying affordable housing as a distinct zone while neighbourhoods can still mount strong opposition against the process. Senior governments may start to "dump" social housing projects in municipalities that have adopted this mechanism. With this mechanism in place, a municipal government may expect to accommodate additional population and consequently, an additional demand on municipal resources and services. However, the adoption of the strategy can provide municipal governments with an alternative option, enhance the planning process, foster public acceptance of affordable housing projects, and shorten the approval process. Two lessons are drawn from this thesis: • municipal resources can be re-directed to facilitate the process of creating affordable housing units and • planners and decision-makers should assume a progressive philosophy, leadership and social commitment to ensure that the strategy works. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This diploma thesis deals with housing policy and rent housing in Czech republic. First basic terms of housing and consequences of rent housing are described. The second chapter concentrates on the rent housing, in detail particular kinds of this sort of housing are described. The third chapter introduces historical development and reasons of rent restriction in Czech republic. The next part concentrates on the development of law and conception documents in the field of housing policy and current legal form of rent housing. The last part analyses financial availability of housing, it presents the development of restricted rent prices and introduces the prediction model of impacts of rent liberalization applied on the law of unilateral increase of rents. It suggests also possible compensations of these effects.

The thesis is focused on social housing - public policy, that is applied in many countries of the EU. Czech Republic is currently trying its implementation. Due to rising household's costs of housing, rising expenses on demand-oriented housing policy in form of housing benefits and difficult to solve social exclusion, social housing appears to be one of the more accessible ways of solution. The goal of the thesis is at first to analyze and evaluate known forms of social housing and its application from the economic perspective, then to form reccomendations for the Conception of Social Housing for the Czech Republic in the period 2015-2025 using comparison to already-existing Austrian model. This text answers the main research question how does functioning model of social housing look like and what are the economic impacts of it on households.

The diploma thesis is focused on the problems in the sector of rental and co-operative housing since the nineties of the twentieth century in the Czech Republic. Firstly the thesis deals with the description of the basic concepts such as housing, supply and demand for housing, housing policy and instruments through which it achievs its goals. Further the thesis analyzes the current situation in the housing stock and its allocation to individual sectors. The third chapter concentrates on the issue of rental and co-operative housing. This chapter provides ample space for development of regulation as well as deregulation of rents. The end of the chapter foccuses the attention on the issue of social housing not only in the Czech Republic but also in selected countries of the European Union. The last two chapters deal with state housing support, where in addition to promoting the supply side mentioned is also housing benefit and satisfaction with living in the Czech Republic.