The aim of this thesis is to analyze legislative regulation of the transfers of the ownership of the cooperative apartments. The reason for my research is, because I consider this topic to be hot, relevant and still developing, moreover with new Czech private law legislation, which is coming into force on 1st January 2014. This thesis composes of four chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of transfers of ownerships of cooperative apartments. Chapter one is introductory and defines basic terminology important for understanding this thesis. It is subdivided into for subsections. First subsection introduce cooperative company, it`s principles and more. Second subsection investigates housing cooperatives as special type of cooperatives, it`s legal base and special forms. Third subsection deals with definition of apartment and the last subsection with cooperative apartments. Second chapter in this thesis is addresses issue of comparison of ownership, rent or cooperative rent, deals with every regime and finds out cons and pros of each one of them. Third chapter is the main one, which illustrates types of transfers of the ownership of the cooperative apartments, which are possible in Czech law. It also deals with procedure of transfer itself and introduces special conditions in certain...

Problemdiskussion: Bostadsrättsföreningars höga skuldsättning har diskuterats frekvent i diverse medier senaste åren och en räntehöjning kan påverka föreningens medlemmar avsevärt. Köparnas kunskapsbrist och oförmåga att avläsa en årsredovisning på ett korrekt sätt kan innebära problem för föreningens samtliga intressenter. Bankerna är den intressent som utför professionella ekonomiska analyser av bostadsrättsföreningarna och bör således ha mest kunskap kring ämnet.   Problemformulering: Hur analyserar banker bostadsrättsföreningar och dess årsredovisning i samband med kreditförfrågan och finns det några problem med årsredovisningens nuvarande utformning?  Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att beskriva och öka förståelsen om hur bostadsrättsföreningar och dess årsredovisning analyseras av banker vid kreditförfrågan. Studien avser att undersöka, jämföra och utvärdera teori med empiri för att hitta eventuella mönster, likheter och skillnader mellan bankernas tillvägagångssätt.  Metod: Att med syftet som utgångspunkt och genom användandet av en kvalitativ metod uppnå en djupare förståelse inom ämnet. En fallstudie har valts som forskningsstrategi för att undersöka olika bankers arbetssätt.  Slutsatser: Bankerna anser att det finns problem med utformningen av årsredovisningen för bostadsrättsföreningar, där det största problemet rör föreningens avskrivningar. Att bostadsrättsföreningarna presenterar väldigt varierande underhållsplaner är också problematiskt. Fortsättningsvis fastslås att revisorn inte har någon stor roll i kreditprocessen och att val av K-regelverk inte spelar någon roll för bankens arbete. Endast två av fem banker anser att föreningens representant kan påverka kreditbeslutet. Nyckeltalet soliditet fastslås som icke användbart samtidigt som belåningsgrad pekas ut som dess ersättare, och är tillsammans med räntetålighet de viktigaste nyckeltalen. / Problem Description: The high level of indebtedness of housing cooperatives has been discussed frequently in various media in recent years and an interest rate increase can significantly affect the cooperatives members. The buyers' lack of knowledge and the inability to correctly evaluate an annual report can lead to problems for the housing cooperatives all stakeholders. The banks are the only stakeholder who performs professional economic analyzes of the housing cooperatives and should therefore have the most knowledge about the subject. Research Question: How do banks analyze housing cooperatives and its annual report in connection with the credit inquiry and are there any problems with the current format of the annual report? Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to describe and increase the understanding of how housing cooperatives and its annual report are analyzed by banks when requesting credit. The study intends to investigate, compare and evaluate theory with empirical evidence to find possible patterns, similarities and differences between banks' approaches. Methodology: To achieve a deeper understanding of the subject a qualitative method was used. A case study has been chosen as a research strategy to investigate the way different banks work with Housing Cooperatives. Conclusions:The banks consider that there are problems with the design of the annual report for housing cooperatives, where the biggest problem concerns the depreciation. The fact that the cooperative housing present very varied maintenance plans is also problematic. Further on, it is stated that the auditor has no major role in the credit process and that the choice of “K-regelverk” does not play a role in the bank's work. Only two out of five banks believe that the housing cooperative’s representative can influence the credit decision. The key ratio solvency is determined as not useful, while the loan-to-value ratio is pointed out as its replacement, and together with interest-rate tolerance they are the most important key figures.

1 Abstract Transfer of ownership of flats from the cooperatives to its members The aim of this thesis is to analyze the legislative regulation of transfers of ownership of flats from housing cooperatives to their members. This is a hot topic, since there are still many members who have not yet settled legal claims against the housing cooperatives. Attention is paid to the legislation contained in the Act on ownership of flats. In addition, legal regulation in the Transformation Act is mentioned, which introduced legislation on transfer of ownership from housing cooperative to its members. Individual provisions of the Commercial Code, which relates to housing cooperatives legislation, are also being analyzed. The thesis consists of four chapters. The first chapter discusses the formation and development of housing cooperatives, explains its basic principles and mainly characterizes concepts of former housing cooperatives. This introductory chapter also defines the basic terms of the housing cooperatives, such as a cooperative housing and cooperative apartment. The second chapter is interpretation of the contemporary legislation on transfer of ownership of cooperative units. Firstly, the legal protection of a member of a housing cooperative is analyzed in detail. Considerable attention is paid to contractual...

Housing problem had firstly emerged in Ankara after the establishment of Turkish Republic and increased after the 2nd World War. With the population increases in the cities, due to the migration from rural to urban areas, the housing need have increased also as well as the other requirements. Housing Cooperatives that had first developed at 1934 represent a new type of licensed residence. Some precautions such as financial support were taken by the governments to solve this continuously rising housing problem. Therefore, the housing cooperatives had been supported effectively by the governments especially after 1960&rsquo / s. In 1980&rsquo / s, the housing necessity caused different searches in governmental level. Then, a clear resurgence observed in the housing sector with the means of Mass Housing laws accepted. The housing efforts in Adana had been accelerated with the establishments of housing cooperatives after 1960&rsquo / s and the constructions had performed great leaps nearly in every decade. This thesis analyzes the effects of housing cooperatives on the urban development of Adana city.

This thesis deals with housing in terms of housing cooperatives. The introduction explains the general characteristics of housing stock with its long history. The next part of the thesis elaborately deals with the basics of the legal regulation of the cooperatives according to the Commercial Code. There are legal and property characteristics of a cooperative in Commercial code, effective from 1. 1. 1992. There are rules emendating the establishment of a cooperative, the abolition and the termination of a cooperative, questions connected to membership in a cooperative and to rights of a member of a housing cooperative, in the Commercial Code. However, since the legal adaptation of housing cooperatives in Commercial code is very general, the position of the members of these cooperatives, including theirs rights and obligations, is regulated by their statutes. The members control the substantial matters of cooperative by collectively elected authority (usually board of directors) or at the general members meeting. The next part of thesis deals with the questions related to the ownership of an apartment, which was formerly a cooperative apartment (it was owned by a housing cooperative), however in connection with transformation of already existing housing cooperatives, which lies on mostly on an adaptation to...

This thesis focuses on the analysis of a small housing cooperative and owners associations. First part is about housing cooperatives , there are described the general aspects of their founding, management and display of selected financial operations. Subsequently, these aspects are compared with the owners associations and the differences between them are illustrated . The practical part is focused on the analysis of specific housing cooperative.

Living in the modern world is an energy-intensive activity. The residential sector accounts for almost a quarter of Sweden's total energy consumption and many buildings in Sweden are not as energy efficient as they could be. Estimations indicate that the energy consumption of the entire residential sector could be halved if improvements such as improved isolation and updated heating systems were implemented. About 65% of the total energy consumption in apartment buildings comes from heating and water heating. This makes it difficult to influence on an individual level since these systems are managed on a building level. In housing cooperatives which is common in Sweden, such changes take long time and the board managing the building usually lacks relevant competence. All Sweden's municipalities offer free and objective energy advisors to both individuals and companies. This paper examines, through interviews and a field study, how these energy advisors work towards housing cooperatives and if digital tools could in any way facilitate their working process. Four major areas of concern have been identified and a design concept that addresses these issues will be presented. The results indicate that digital tools could lead to more time and resources being put on housing cooperatives that have high potential to make energy savings and help to create longer relationships and offer the right kind of support at the right time. / Att leva i den moderna världen är en energiintensiv aktivitet. Vårt boende står för nära en fjärdedel av Sveriges totala energiförbrukning och många byggnader i Sverige är inte så energieffektiva som dom skulle kunna vara. Beräkningar visar att hela bostadssektorns energiförbrukning skulle kunna halveras om effektiviseringar i form av förbättrat klimatskal och uppdaterade värmesystem genomfördes. Värme och varmvatten står för runt 65% av den totala energiförbrukningen i flerbostadshus. Det gör det svårt att påverka på individnivå eftersom man behöver se på byggnaden som helhet. I Bostadsrättsföreningar går en sådan process långsamt och oftast saknas relevant kompetens för att genomföra de nödvändiga förändringarna. I Sveriges alla kommuner erbjuds kostnadsfri och objektiv klimat- och energirådgivning till både privatpersoner och företag. Denna uppsats undersöker, med hjälp av intervjuer och en fältstudie, hur dessa klimatrådgivare jobbar gentemot bostadsrättsföreningar samt om digitala verktyg på något sätt skulle kunna effektivisera processen. Fyra större övergripande problemområden identifieras och ett designkoncept som angriper dessa problem presenteras. Resultaten indikerar att digitala verktyg skulle leda till att mer tid och resurser läggs på bostadsrättsföreningar som verkligen har potential att göra energibesparingar samt hjälpa till att skapa längre relationer och erbjuda rätt typ av stöd vid rätt tidpunkt.

The Swedish government has set a long-term goal which implies that Sweden's electrical production should be based on one hundred percent of renewable energy until the year of 2040, which among other things include solar cells. To involve more people into this process The Swedish Energy Agency has evaluated which different investment motivations there is. They mention that the motivations for housing cooperatives and various companies with the main purpose to produce solar energy for their own use, are hard to define. The main purpose of this thesis is to evaluate what the different motivations for investing in solar plants, for the housing cooperatives and various companies, might be. More specifically it will focus on companies and housing cooperatives as an empiric example of actors who invest in medium sized solar plants. The main purpose of the thesis leads to two different query formulations which is what are the different motivations for housing cooperatives and companies for investing in medium sized solar plants? And what might be an obstruction for housing cooperatives and companies for investing in medium sized solar plants? This thesis contributes to further evaluation of the different motivations and the obstructions there might be by interviewing companies which have installed one or more solar plants and a survey to various companies and housing cooperatives to gather the thoughts of a possible future investor. From the interviews and survey, we got the conclusion that the most important motivations are economy, technology interest and environmental awareness. Furthermore, we got to the conclusion that the time of the payback of the investment, which is a big part of the economical motivation, might be an obstruction because of the unclear preconditions for calculating the investment. Many of the involved respondents implies that this is caused by the lack of competence from the potential investors and uncertainty of the government's incentives. / Till år 2040 har regeringen satt upp ett mål som säger att Sveriges elproduktion ska vara hundra procent baserad på förnybara källor vilket bland annat innefattar solceller. För att få fler att investera har man från Energimyndighetens sida undersökt vilka drivkrafter som finns för att investera i en solcellsanläggning. De nämner att drivkrafterna hos bostadsrättsföreningar och företag med huvudsyfte att producera solenergi för egen användning är spretiga. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att utreda vilka underliggande drivkrafter företagen och bostadsrättsföreningarna har kring investering i solcellsanläggningar. Mer specifikt kommer detta arbete fokusera på företag och bostadsrättsföreningar som ett empiriskt exempel av aktörer som anlägger medelstora solcellsanläggningar. Syftet leder till två frågeformuleringar som rapporten utgår ifrån och dessa är vilka underliggande drivkrafter har företag och bostadsrättsföreningar i investering av medelstora solcellsanläggningar? Samt vilka eventuella hinder har företag och bostadsrättsföreningar i investering av medelstora solcellsanläggningar? Rapporten bidrar till att vidare undersöka drivkrafterna och eventuella hinder genom intervjuer av företag med en eller flera solcellsanläggningar installerade och en enkätundersökning till företag och bostadsrättsföreningar som eventuella framtida investerare. Dessa intervjuer och enkätfrågor har resulterat i att de största drivkrafterna verkar vara ekonomi, teknikintresse och miljömedvetenhet. Vidare tyder resultaten på att payback-tiden, som är en stor del av den ekonomiska drivkraften, kan vara ett hinder för att investera då förutsättningar för kalkylen inte är helt självklara. Många av de tillfrågade menar att det dels beror på kompetensbristen hos eventuella investerare samt otydligheter kring de politiska styrmedel som finns.

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis sets out to explore housing co-operatives as an alternative housing delivery mechanism in South Africa. This is done by critically examining the housing policy post 1994, as well as the various mechanisms government implemented in an attempt to manage the service delivery within the housing sector. The thesis also explores the role that co-operatives played in South Africa’s history and draws some historical comparisons in relation to the establishment of housing co-operatives internationally and locally. In exploring the various types of housing co-operatives, insights emerge about their structure, potential and limitations. The thesis examines the themes of public service delivery and explores possible alternatives to the failing traditional model of public service delivery. The thesis focuses on the experiences and perceptions that South Africans have with regards to local government process in housing service delivery. The thesis concludes that local government should play an active role in creating more collaborative partnerships; one that focuses on training and facilitating the efforts of civil society to establish entities such as housing cooperatives. This requires a fundamental shift in the manner in which local government approaches service delivery in the housing sector. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis het ten doel behuisings kooperatiewe te verken as ’n alternatiewe behuisingsmeganisme in Suid-Afrika. Dit is gedoen deur n kritiese ondersoek van die behuisingsbeleid na 1994, sowel as die verskeie meganismes wat die regering probeer implementeer het in ’n poging om die dienslewering binne die behuisingsektor te beheer. Die tesis ondersoek die rol wat koöperatiewe gespeel het in Suid-Afrika se geskiedenis en het ’n historiese vergelyking gemaak met betrekking tot die stigting van behuisingskoöperatiewe op internasionale sowel as op plaaslike vlak. In die tesis van die verskillende tiepe behuising koöperasies het sekere ideas na vore gekom ten opsigte van hul struktuur, potensiaal en beperkinge. Die tesis ondersoek die temas van publieke dienslewering en het ook na die alternatiewe gekyk ten opsigte van publieke dienslewering. Die tesis fokus op die ervarings en persepsies van Suid- Afrikaners met betrekking tot die plaaslike regering se proses van behuisings dienslewering. Die tesis word afgesluit met voorstelle waarin plaaslike regering 'n aktiewe rol speel in die skepping van meer samewerkende vennootskappe, een wat fokus op die opleiding en die fasilitering waarin pogings van die burgerlike samelewing entiteite tot stand bring soos byvoorbeeld behuising koöperasies. Dit vereis ’n fundamentele verandering in die wyse waarop plaaslike regering dienslewering benader in die behuisingsektor.

Diante do novo cenário nacional que se abre para a provisão de moradia, dentro das possibilidades das linhas de crédito concedidas pelo governo federal a partir de recursos destinados ao Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida entidades - PMCMVe, as Entidades Organizadoras assumem novo papel enquanto agentes produtores do espaço e passam a se organizarem como empreendedoras na produção de suas moradias. Essas entidades encontram dificuldades em competir com o mercado formal imobiliário na disputa por territórios, ocupando, desse modo, as áreas menos valorizadas das cidades, reproduzindo a segregação residencial pela dificuldade de acesso à terra, devido a alguns aspectos: a) pouca experiência em gerir seus empreendimentos; b) os escassos recursos financeiros; c) baixa articulação política junto ao poder público; d) dificuldade de acesso à terra urbanizada a este segmento de baixa renda. O objetivo desta pesquisa, portanto, é estudar os processos de produção do espaço urbano a partir da autogestão habitacional pelas Entidades Organizadoras - EO do PMCMVe. Foi realizada investigação sobre quem são e como atuam essas entidades, bem como as estratégias utilizadas para autogerir seus empreendimentos, desde o acesso à terra até a construção das moradias e de infraestrutura. Analisa-se a construção de novas territorialidades na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre a partir desses agentes, tendo como foco a sua metrópole, no período entre 2009 e 2014, referentes às duas primeiras fases do Programa. São utilizados como fonte de pesquisa dados secundários a partir dos cadastros dos empreendimentos contratados pelo Ministério das Cidades e dados disponibilizados pela Caixa Econômica Federal - CEF, verificados e confrontados com informações obtidas através de entrevistas a agentes envolvidos no processo de implementação dos empreendimentos. / Given the new national scenario which opens up for the provision of housing, within the possibilities of lines of credit granted by the federal government from resources allocated to the Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida entidades - PMCMVe, the Organizing Entities assume a new role as agents that produce the space and begin to organize themselves as entrepreneurs in the production of their dwellings. These entities find it difficult to compete with the formal real estate market in the territory dispute, occupying the least valued areas of the cities, reproducing the residential segregation due to the difficulty of access to the land, on account of some aspects: a) little experience in managing their enterprises; b) scarce financial resources; c) low political articulation with the public authorities; d) Difficulty of access to urbanized land to this low-income segment. The objective of this research is to study the processes of urban space production from the housing self-management by the Organizing Entities of PMCMVe. A research is carried out on which are these entities and how they operate, as well as the strategies used to self-manage their enterprises, from access to land to the construction of housing and infrastructure. It is analyzed the construction of new territorialities in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre from these agents, focusing on their metropolis, in the period between 2009 and 2014, referring to the first two phases of the Program. As source of investigation, secondary data are used from the registers of the enterprises contracted by the Ministério das Cidades and data provided by Caixa Econômica Federal - CEF, verified and confronted with information obtained through interviews with agents involved in the implementation process of the enterprises.